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47 results for “fungal plant pathogens”
Decomposition of Microstegium vimineum litter, plants grew through the Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge in 2019. Litter used in this experiment naturally senesced in the fall 2019, decomposition data collected through 2020. Plants were infected or not-infected with the foliar fungal pathogen Bipolaris gigantea during the 2019 growing season.
Decomposition of plant litter, facilitated primarily by microbial decomposers, plays a critical role in biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem function. Emerging pathogens have the potential to impact litter decomposition by altering the chemical composition and associated microbial community of host tissue. Here, we compared litter decomposition of the invasive grass Microstegium vimineum collected from sites with Bipolaris leaf spot symptoms and sites with no apparent disease symptoms in a common garden experiment. Our results revealed that leaf tissue from litter from non-infected sites decomposed more rapidly through the spring than litter from infected sites. Differences in fungal composition between infected and non-infected litter at the start of the experiment largely persisted through the summer. Our work demonstrates that pathogen colonization may facilitate the persistence of infected host litter, potentially slowing the return of nutrients to the environmental pool while also promoting the survival and dispersal of primary inoculum the following season.
Emerging fungal pathogen of an invasive grass: Implications for competition with native plant species
This data package includes data and code from an experiment testing the effects of a leaf spot fungal infection and competition from the invasive (to the U.S.) grass Microstegium vimineum on the performance of three native grass species: Dichanthelium clandestinum, Elymus virginicus, and Eragrostis spectabilis. The experiment was performed between June and September of 2019 in a greenhouse on the University of Florida campus in Gainesville, FL, USA. The leaf spot infection is caused by the fungal pathogen Bipolaris gigantea, which has recently emerged on populations of M. vimineum in the U.S. We tested the hypothesis that infection of B. gigantea would both directly and indirectly affect the native grass species by measuring the change in biomass of each species with and without pathogen inoculation (direct effects) and by measuring the effect of pathogen inoculation on M. vimineum competition through changes in native grass biomass across a density gradient of M. vimneum (indirect effects). The code includes statistical analyses and figures. The code was run using R (version 4.0.1).
Implications of the three-dimensional chromatin organization for genome evolution in a fungal plant pathogen
<p><span>The spatial organization of eukaryotic genomes is linked to their biological functions, although it is not clear how this impacts the overall evolution of a genome. Here, we uncover the three-dimensional (3D) genome organization of the phytopathogen <em>Verticillium dahliae</em>,<em> </em>known to possess distinct genomic regions, designated adaptive genomic regions (AGRs), enriched in transposable elements and genes that mediate host infection. Short-range DNA interactions form clear topologically associating domains (TADs) with gene-rich boundaries that show reduced levels of gene expression and reduced genomic variation. Intriguingly, TADs are less clearly insulated in AGRs than in the core genome. At a global scale, the genome contains bipartite long-range interactions, particularly enriched for AGRs and more generally containing segmental duplications. Notably, the patterns observed for <em>V. dahliae </em>are also present in other <em>Verticillium</em> species. Thus, our analysis links 3D genome organization to evolutionary features conserved throughout the <em>Verticillium</em> genus.</span></p>
Deciphering the interactions between plant species and their main fungal root pathogens in mixed grassland communities
<p>1. Plant diversity can reduce the risk of plant disease, but positive, and neutral effects have also been reported. These contrasting relationships suggest that plant community composition, rather than diversity per se, affects disease risk. Here, we investigated how diversity and composition of plant communities drive root-associated pathogen accumulation belowground.</p> <p>2. In a temperate grassland biodiversity experiment, containing 16 plant species (forbs and grasses), we determined the abundance of root-associated fungal pathogens in individual plant species growing in monocultures and in 4-species mixtures through Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing.</p> <p>3. In the plant monocultures, we identified three major fungal pathogens that differed in host range: <em>Paraphoma chrysanthemicola</em>, associated with roots of forb species of the Asteraceae family, <em>Slopeiomyces cylindrosporus</em>, associated with grass species, and <em>Rhizoctonia solani</em>, associated with multiple forb and grass species. In mixtures, there was no significant reduction in relative abundance of these pathogens in their host species as compared to monocultures. However, in mixtures, there was a significant increase in relative abundance of each pathogen in several non-host and host plant species. Across mixtures, plant community composition affected pathogen relative abundance in individual plant species. This effect was driven by the presence of a particular neighbouring plant species (depending on the pathogen), rather than functional group composition (i.e. grass/forb ratio) or averaged pathogen pressure (based on monocultures) of all neighbours. Specifically, the presence of neighbour host species <em>Achillea millefolium</em> significantly increased <em>P. chrysanthemicola</em>, but decreased <em>R. solani</em> relative abundance in several host and non-host plant species in mixtures.</p> <p>4. Synthesis: Our results indicate that interactions between different plant species – both host and non-hosts – and fungal pathogens underlie effects of plant diversity on root pathogen abundance. Non-host species may act as pathogen reservoirs in diverse plant communities, as they harboured certain pathogens in mixtures, but not in monocultures. Additionally, particular host species can strongly affect pathogen abundance in other (host and non-host) plant species in plant mixtures, suggesting clear effects of species identity in the diversity-disease relationship. Belowground disease risk thus depends on plant community composition rather than diversity per se, via specific interactions between plant species and their root-associated pathogens.</p>
High temperatures reduce growth, infection, and transmission of a naturally occurring fungal plant pathogen
<p>Climate change is rapidly altering the distribution of suitable habitats for many species as well as their pathogenic microbes. For many pathogens, including vector-borne diseases of humans and agricultural pathogens, climate change is expected to increase transmission and lead to pathogen range expansions. However, if pathogens have a lower heat tolerance than their host, increased warming could generate 'thermal refugia' for hosts. Predicting the outcomes of warming on disease transmission requires detailed knowledge of the thermal tolerances of both the host and the pathogen. Such thermal tolerance studies are generally lacking for fungal pathogens of wild plant populations, despite the fact that plants form the base of all terrestrial communities. Here, we quantified three aspects of the thermal tolerance (growth, infection, and propagule production) of the naturally occurring fungal pathogen <em>Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae</em>, which causes a sterilizing anther-smut disease on the herbaceous plant <em>Silene latifolia</em>. We also quantified two aspects of host thermal tolerance: seedling survival and flowering rate. We found that temperatures >30 degreeC reduced the ability of anther-smut spores to germinate, grow, and conjugate in vitro. In addition, we found that high temperatures (30 degreeC) during, or shortly after the time of inoculation strongly reduced the likelihood of infection in seedlings. Finally, we found that high summer temperatures in the field temporarily cured infected plants, likely reducing transmission. Notably, high temperatures did not reduce survival or flowering of the host plants. Taken together, our results show that the fungus is considerably more sensitive to high temperatures than its host plant. A warming climate could therefore result in reduced disease spread or even local pathogen extirpation, leading to thermal refugia for the host.</p>
High temperatures reduce growth, infection, and transmission of a naturally occurring fungal plant pathogen
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Deciphering the interactions between plant species and their main fungal root pathogens in mixed grassland communities
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Evolution of sympatric host-specialized lineages of the fungal plant pathogen Zymoseptoria passerinii in natural ecosystems
<p>This repository contains the data sets from the research paper "Evolution of sympatric host-specialized lineages of the fungal plant pathogen <em>Zymoseptoria passerinii</em> in natural ecosystems"</p>
The population genetics of adaptation through copy-number variation in a fungal plant pathogen
<p>Supplementary Tables S1-S8 for the manuscript "The population genetics of adaptation through copy-number variation in a fungal plant pathogen"</p>
Plant-root pathogenic fungal and plant-mycorrhizal fungal association networks in a subtropical forest
<p><span>Although rhizosphere fungi are essential for plant survival and ecosystem functioning, little is known about the processes that structure plant–fungal association networks. In this study, we constructed association networks between 43 plant species and two groups of root-associated fungi (mycorrhizal and pathogenic fungi; MF and PF, respectively) in a diverse subtropical forest. We then evaluated the modularity of plant–MF and plant–PF networks and linked them to the functional traits and phylogenies of both plants and fungi. We observed strong modularity in both plant–MF and plant–PF networks. Phylogenetically related fungi tended to emerge in the same modules. MF from distinct modules associated with plants with different specific root length and specific root area in plant–MF networks. PF from distinct modules associated with plants with different dark respiration rate and light compensation point in plant–PF networks. Plant affiliation to modules was explained by both plant traits and phylogeny </span><span>(22% for plant–MF and 37% for plant–PF networks). In contrast</span><span>, fungal affiliation to modules was explained by fungal phylogeny (</span><span>16% </span><span>for plant–MF and </span><span>29% </span><span>for plant–PF networks). Our results elucidate the link between modularity in plant–root fungal networks and the functional traits and phylogeny of the plants and fungi. Our study highlights the importance of traits and phylogeny in governing root fungal community assembly from network perspective.</span></p>
Positive allometric growth explains the positive effect of foliar fungal pathogens on plant coexistence
<p><span>The data was collected in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai Province, China (101° 18′ 57</span>″ <span>E, 37° 36′ 50</span>″ <span>N; 3 221 m a.s.l.) in 2019 and 2020, including t</span>he species-specific growth allometry (scaling exponent and intercept) fitted by the allometric equation under each treatment in a population-level experiment, i.e., control, fungicide application, neighbor removal (removal), fungicide application × neighbor removal, and the community-level mean and dispersion of the growth allometry (CWM and FDis of growth scaling exponent and intercept, respectively) weighted by the species cover for each plot in a community-level fungicide application experiment.</p>
Data from: Plant attributes interact with fungal pathogens and nitrogen addition to drive soil enzymatic activities and their temporal variation
<p>Nitrogen enrichment can alter soil communities and their functioning directly, via changes in nutrient availability and stoichiometry, or indirectly, by changing plant communities or the abundance of consumers. However, most studies have only focused on one of these potential drivers and we know little about the relative importance of the different mechanisms (changes in nutrient availability, in plant diversity or functional composition, or in consumer abundance) by which nitrogen enrichment affects soil functioning. In addition, soil functions could vary dramatically between seasons, however, they are typically measured only once during the peak growing season. We therefore know little about the drivers of intra-annual stability in soil functioning.</p> <p>In this study, we measured activities of β-glucosidase and acid phosphatase, two extracellular enzymes that indicate soil functioning. We did so in a large grassland experiment which tested the effects, and relative importance, of nitrogen enrichment, plant functional composition and diversity, and foliar pathogen presence (controlled by fungicide) on soil functioning. We measured the activity of the two enzymes across seasons and years to assess the stability and temporal dynamics of soil functioning.</p> <p>Overall β-glucosidase activity was slightly increased by nitrogen enrichment over time but did not respond to the other experimental treatments. Conversely, plant functional diversity, and interactions between plant attributes and fungicide application, were important drivers of mean acid phosphatase activity. The temporal stability of both soil enzymes was differently affected by two facets of plant diversity: species richness increased temporal stability and functional diversity decreased it; however, these effects were dampened when nitrogen and fungicide were added.</p> <p>Synthesis: The fungicide effects on soil enzyme activities suggest that foliar pathogens can also affect belowground processes and the interacting effect of fungicide and plant diversity suggests that these plant enemies can modulate the relationship between plant diversity and ecosystem functioning. The contrasting effects of our treatments on the mean versus stability of soil enzyme activities clearly show the need to consider temporal dynamics in belowground processes, to better understand the responses of soil microbes to environmental changes such as nutrient enrichment.</p>
Independent and differential effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal composition and plant pathogens on plant traits and nitrogen uptake
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Plant size-dependent influence of foliar fungal pathogens promotes diversity through allometric growth
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Plant-root pathogenic fungal and plant-mycorrhizal fungal association networks in a subtropical forest
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Data from: Plant attributes interact with fungal pathogens and nitrogen addition to drive soil enzymatic activities and their temporal variation
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Data from: Sick plants in grassland communities: a growth-defense trade-off is the main driver of fungal pathogen abundance
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Data from: Fungal pathogen species richness: why do some plant species have more pathogens than others?
Variation among plant species in the number of associated herbivore and pathogen species is predicted to fit a species-area relationship in which the area or biomass embodied by a plant species is a function of individual size and geographic range size. This hypothesis is tested using published estimates of geographic range, individual size, and species richness of fungal-pathogens for 490 plant species occurring in the United States and controlling for sampling intensity and phylogenetic effects. The number of pathogens found on a plant species increases with the metrics of plant species' area and/or habitat diversity and their effects are similar between gymnosperm and angiosperm lineages. The strength of this pattern across a diverse set of plant lineages suggests that accumulation and persistence of pathogen species on plant species are governed by the same processes among temperate plants.
Data from: Shifts in diversification rates and host jump frequencies shaped the diversity of host range among Sclerotiniaceae fungal plant pathogens
The range of hosts that a parasite can infect in nature is a trait determined by its own evolutionary history and that of its potential hosts. However, knowledge on host range diversity and evolution at the family level is often lacking. Here, we investigate host range variation and diversification trends within the Sclerotiniaceae, a family of Ascomycete fungi. Using a phylogenetic framework, we associate diversification rates, the frequency of host jump events, and host range variation during the evolution of this family. Variations in diversification rate during the evolution of the Sclerotiniaceae define three major macro-evolutionary regimes with contrasted proportions of species infecting a broad range of hosts. Host-parasite co-phylogenetic analyses pointed towards parasite radiation on distant hosts long after host speciation (host jump or duplication events) as the dominant mode of association with plants in the Sclerotiniaceae. The intermediate macro-evolutionary regime showed a low diversification rate, high frequency of duplication events, and the highest proportion of broad host range species. Our findings suggest that the emergence of broad host range fungal pathogens results largely from host jumps, as previously reported for oomycete parasites, probably combined with low speciation rates. These results have important implications for our understanding of fungal parasites evolution and are of particular relevance for the durable management of disease epidemics.
Complex adaptive architecture underlies adaptation to quantitative host resistance in a fungal plant pathogen
<p>Plant pathogens often adapt to plant genetic resistance so characterization of the architecture underlying such an adaptation is required to understand the adaptive potential of pathogen populations. Erosion of banana quantitative resistance to a major leaf disease caused by polygenic adaptation of the causal agent, the fungus <i>Pseudocercospora fijiensis,</i> was recently identified in the northern Caribbean region<i>. </i>Genome scan and quantitative genetics approaches were combined to investigate the adaptive architecture underlying this adaptation. Thirty-two genomic regions showing host selection footprints were identified by pool sequencing of isolates collected from seven plantation pairs of two cultivars with different levels of quantitative resistance. Individual sequencing and phenotyping of isolates from one pair revealed significant and variable levels of correlation between haplotypes in 17 of these regions with a quantitative trait of pathogenicity (the diseased leaf area). The multilocus pattern of haplotypes detected in the 17 regions was found to be highly variable across all the population pairs studied. These results suggest complex adaptive architecture underlying plant pathogen adaptation to quantitative resistance with a polygenic basis, redundancy, and a low level of parallel evolution between pathogen populations. Candidate genes involved in quantitative pathogenicity and host adaptation of <i>P. fijiensis </i>were identified in genomic regions by combining annotation analysis with available biological data.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.