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Data from: Effects of light quality on colonization of tomato roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and implications for growth and defense
<p>Beneficial soil microbes can enhance plant growth and defense, but the extent to which this occurs depends on the availability of resources, such as water and nutrients. However, relatively little is known about the role of light quality, which is altered during shading, resulting in a low red: far-red ratio (R:FR) of light. We examined how low R:FR light influences arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF)-mediated changes in plant growth and defense using <em>Solanum lycopersicum </em>(tomato) and the insect herbivore <em>Chrysodeixis chalcites</em>. We also examined effects on third trophic level interactions with the parasitoid <em>Cotesia marginiventris</em>. Under low R:FR light, non-mycorrhizal plants activated the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), resulting in enhanced biomass production. However, mycorrhizal inoculation decreased stem elongation in shaded plants, thus counteracting the plant's SAS response to shading. Unexpectedly, activation of SAS under low R:FR light did not increase plant susceptibility to the herbivore in either non-mycorrhizal or mycorrhizal plants. AMF did not significantly affect survival or growth of caterpillars and parasitoids but suppressed herbivore-induced expression of jasmonic acid-signaled defenses genes under low R:FR light. These results highlight the context-dependency of AMF effects on plant growth and defense and the potentially adverse effects of AMF under shading.</p>
Data from: Effects of light quality on colonization of tomato roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and implications for growth and defense
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FIGURE 1 in A new endophytic fungus, Tulasnella phuhinrongklaensis (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) isolated from roots of the terrestrial orchid, Phalaenopsis pulcherrima
FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree derived from maximum likelihood analysis of combined ITS and LSU regions of rDNA genes of 44 sequences. Rhizoctonia obscura and R. solani were used as the outgroups. Numbers above branches are the bootstrap statistics percentages (left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right). Branches with bootstrap values ≥ 50% are shown at each branch and the bar represents 0.1 substitutions per nucleotide position. The fungal isolates from this study are in bold. T = type species.
FIGURE 2 in A new endophytic fungus, Tulasnella phuhinrongklaensis (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) isolated from roots of the terrestrial orchid, Phalaenopsis pulcherrima
FIGURE 2. Tulasnella phuhinrongklaensis CMU-CR41 (holotype). Colony on different media after incubation at 25 °C for two weeks. A. Potato dextrose agar. B. Oat meal agar. C. Malt extract agar. D. Corn meal agar. E. Right-angled branching with septate hyphae (arrows). F. Mycelia stained with 5% DAPI showing binucleate cells (arrows). G. Branched chains of monilioid cells. Scale bars: A–D = 10 mm, E = 10 μm, F = 50 μm, G = 20 μm.
Table 1 in The grass root endophytic fungus Flavomyces fulophazii: An abundant source of tetramic acid and chlorinated azaphilone derivatives
<p><b>Table 1</b> Details of Flavomyces fulophazii isolates included in this study.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Isolate No. in this study</th><th>Other strain/isolate/culture names</th><th>Collection area</th><th>Collection date</th><th>Host plant</th><th>ITS GenBank accession No.</th><th>Publication</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>HF-1</th><td>flavo_01</td><td>Fül¨oph´aza, Hungary</td><td>April 2014</td><td><i>Festuca vaginata</i></td><td>MW438310</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>HF-2</th><td>flavo_04</td><td>Fül¨oph´aza, Hungary</td><td>April 2014</td><td><i>Festuca vaginata</i></td><td>MW438311</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>HF-3</th><td>flavo_05</td><td>Fül¨oph´aza, Hungary</td><td>April 2014</td><td><i>Festuca vaginata</i></td><td>MW438312</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>HF-4</th><td>flavo_06</td><td>Fül¨oph´aza, Hungary</td><td>April 2014</td><td><i>Festuca vaginata</i></td><td>MW438313</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>HF-5</th><td>flavo_08</td><td>Fül¨oph´aza, Hungary</td><td>April 2014</td><td><i>Festuca vaginata</i></td><td>MW438314</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>HF-6</th><td>flavo_09</td><td>Fül¨oph´aza, Hungary</td><td>April 2014</td><td><i>Festuca vaginata</i></td><td>MW438315</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>HF-7</th><td>flavo_11</td><td>Fül¨oph´aza, Hungary</td><td>April 2014</td><td><i>Festuca vaginata</i></td><td>MW438316</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>HF-8</th><td>flavo_13</td><td>Fül¨oph´aza, Hungary</td><td>April 2014</td><td><i>Festuca vaginata</i></td><td>MW438317</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>HF-9</th><td>DSE8/143 = CBS 135664</td><td>Fül¨oph´aza, Hungary</td><td>July 2005</td><td><i>Festuca vaginata</i></td><td>KP184000 a</td><td>Knapp et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><th>HF-10</th><td>DSE8/S = CBS 135761 (T)</td><td>Fül¨oph´aza, Hungary</td><td>July 2012</td><td><i>Festuca vaginata</i></td><td>KP184001 b</td><td>Knapp et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><th>MF-1</th><td>MF03</td><td>Nalaikh, Mongolia</td><td>October 2016</td><td><i>Stipa krylovii</i></td><td>MN537657</td><td>Knapp et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><th>MF-2</th><td>MF04</td><td>Nalaikh, Mongolia</td><td>October 2016</td><td><i>Stipa krylovii</i></td><td>MN537658</td><td>Knapp et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><th>MF-3</th><td>MF05</td><td>Nalaikh, Mongolia</td><td>October 2016</td><td><i>Stipa krylovii</i></td><td>MN537659</td><td>Knapp et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><th>MF-4</th><td>MF06</td><td>Nalaikh, Mongolia</td><td>October 2016</td><td><i>Stipa krylovii</i></td><td>MN537660</td><td>Knapp et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><th>MF-5</th><td>MF07</td><td>Nalaikh, Mongolia</td><td>October 2016</td><td><i>Stipa krylovii</i></td><td>MN537661</td><td>Knapp et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><th>MF-6</th><td>MF08</td><td>Nalaikh, Mongolia</td><td>October 2016</td><td><i>Stipa krylovii</i></td><td>MN537662</td><td>Knapp et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><th>MF-7</th><td>MF09 = DSE8309</td><td>Nalaikh, Mongolia</td><td>October 2016</td><td><i>Stipa krylovii</i></td><td>MN537663 c</td><td>Knapp et al. (2019)</td></tr></tbody></table><p><sup>a</sup> Sequences of further DNA loci of this strain are available: LSU (partial 28S large subunit of the nrRNA gene): KP184039; SSU (partial 18S small subunit of the nrRNA gene): KP184081; ACT (partial actin gene): KP184116; CAL (partial calmodulin gene): KP184159.</p><p><sup>b</sup> Sequences of further DNA loci of this strain are available: LSU: KP184040; SSU: KP184082; ACT: KP184118; CAL: KP184158.</p><p><sup>c</sup> Sequences of further DNA loci of this strain are available: LSU: MN515261; TEF (translation elongation factor 1-α): MN535259. (T): ex-type culture.</p>
Fig. 5 in Endophytic fungus Cladosporium tenuissimum DF11, an efficient inducer of tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza roots
Fig. 5. DF11 effect on the accumulation of tanshinones and salvianolic acid in aseptic seedling roots of S. miltiorrhiza. Compared with the control group, *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001.
Fig. 3 in Endophytic fungus Cladosporium tenuissimum DF11, an efficient inducer of tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza roots
Fig. 3. Root phenotypes of S. miltiorrhiza seedlings 8 weeks after strain DF11 inocculation. (a)the control group inoculated with PDA liquid, (b) the treatment group inoculated with DF11 fungal suspension, (c) and (d) Red boxed areas of (a) and (b) are enlarged in (c) and (d) respectively. Scale bar = 1.0 cm. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 2 in Endophytic fungus Cladosporium tenuissimum DF11, an efficient inducer of tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza roots
Fig. 2. Morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of strain DF11. (a)and(b) Frontal and backside morphology of DF11 colony respectively (Scale bar = 1.0 cm); (c)and(d) Microscopic morphology of spores and mycelium of DF11 respectively (40 × 10, Scale bar = 20 μm); (e)and(g) mycelium structure of DF11 showed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); (e) Mycelium and conidiophore; (f) Conidiophore; (g) Conidium; (h) Neighbor-joining tree of DF11 based on the ITS gene sequences.
Fig. 1 in Endophytic fungus Cladosporium tenuissimum DF11, an efficient inducer of tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza roots
Fig. 1. The tanshinone biosynthesis pathway in S. miltiorrhiza. AACT: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase, HMGS: 3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA synthase, HMGR: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, MK: mevalonate kinase, PMK: 5-phosphomevalonate kinase, MDC: mevalonate 5-diphosphate decarboxylase, DXS: 1-deoxy-Dxylulose-5- phosphate synthase, DXR: 1- deoxy-D-xylulose-5- phosphatereductoisomerase, MCT: 2-C-methyl-D- erythritol- 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, CMK: 4- (cytidine 5-diphospho) -2-C-methyl- Derythritolkinase, MECPS: 2-C-methyl- erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphatesynthase, HDS: 1-hydroxy-2- methyl-2-(E)- butenyl-4-diphosphate synthase, HDR: 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2- (E)- butenyl-4- diphosphate reductase), IDI: isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, GGPPS: geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, CPS: copalyl diphosphate synthase, KSL: kaurene synthase-like, CYP76AH1: cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP) 76AH1.
Fig. 6 in Endophytic fungus Cladosporium tenuissimum DF11, an efficient inducer of tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza roots
Fig. 6. The effects of DF11 on the expression of genes encoding for key enzymes of tanshinone biosynthesis pathway in S. miltiorrhiza roots. HMGR,3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, GGPPS, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, CPS,copalyl diphosphate synthase, DXR,1-deoxy-D-xylulose5- phosphate reductoisomerase, DXS,1-deoxy-D- xylulose5-phosphate synthase, CYP76AH1,cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP) 76AH1. Compared with the control group, *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001. ACTIN was the internal reference gene.
Fig. 4 in Endophytic fungus Cladosporium tenuissimum DF11, an efficient inducer of tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza roots
Fig. 4. The colonization of DF11 in the root of aseptic seedling of S. miltiorrhiza after immunofluorescence staining (8 weeks). Magnify 400x; Green: ConA-FITC; Blue: DAPI. Control: PDA sterile liquid medium. Red arrow: DF11 is located within the root cell; Red triangle: DF11 is located in the root cell space. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 4 in The grass root endophytic fungus Flavomyces fulophazii: An abundant source of tetramic acid and chlorinated azaphilone derivatives
Fig. 4. Characteristic MS fragmentation of azaphilone compounds 6a, 7–11 (A) and 6b flavochlorine F (B) along with their backbone specific fragment ion structure (C). Corresponding fragment ions generated from protonated molecular ions of these azaphilones by various collision induced dissociation energies, are detailed in the Supplementary Tables S2 and S3.
Fig. 3 in The grass root endophytic fungus Flavomyces fulophazii: An abundant source of tetramic acid and chlorinated azaphilone derivatives
Fig. 3. Extracted ion chromatograms (A–F) for m/z 340.1 (A), m/z 296.1 (B), m/z 252.1 (C), m/z 310.1 (D), m/z 352.1 (E), and m/z 253.1 (F) corresponding to azaphilones, and HR-MS spectra (A′–F′) of azaphilones 6a (flavochlorine E), 7 (flavochlorine A), 8 (flavochlorine B), 9 (flavochlorine C), 10 (flavochlorine G) and 11 (flavochlorine D), respectively, along with their chemical structures (note: HR-MS spectrum of 6b (flavochlorine F) comparable with that of compound 6a, was not depicted). Chromatograms and spectra were obtained from a HPLC separation of the extract prepared from Flavomyces fulophazii culture sample HF-3A.
Fig. 2. A in The grass root endophytic fungus Flavomyces fulophazii: An abundant source of tetramic acid and chlorinated azaphilone derivatives
Fig. 2. A HPLC separation of the extract prepared from Flavomyces fulophazii culture sample HF-3A [full chromatogram A was recorded using UV detection (λ = 280 nm), and trace chromatograms (B, C, D, E, F) were obtained by MS detection, monitoring the extracted ion current for m/z 252.1 (B), m/z 236.1 (C), m/z 234.1 (D), m/z 250.1 (E) and m/z 218.1 (F), corresponding to tetramic acids] and HR-MS spectra (B′, C′, D′, E′, F′) of tetramic acids 1 (dihydroxyvermelhotin), 2 (hydroxyvermelhotin), 3 (oxovermelhotin), 4 (methoxyvermelhotin) and 5 (vermelhotin), respectively, along with their chemical structures.
Fig. 1 in The grass root endophytic fungus Flavomyces fulophazii: An abundant source of tetramic acid and chlorinated azaphilone derivatives
Fig. 1. Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of ITS sequences of representative species in Periconiaceae and Massarinaceae in the suborder Massarineae (Pleosporales). Highlighted sections indicate affiliations to families. Flavomyces fulophazii isolates and the vermelhotin producing CRI247-01 strain (see Kasettrathat et al., 2008) are shown in bold. ML bootstrap support values (≥70) are shown at branches. GenBank accession numbers of the sequences and strain numbers are shown before and after the species names, respectively. Three representative species of the family Lentitheciaceae served as multiple outgroups (highlighted with blue). The scale bar indicates 0.05 expected changes per site per branch.. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Data from: Extensive trans-specific polymorphism at the mating type locus of the root decay fungus Heterobasidion
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Data from: Beech roots are simultaneously colonized by multiple genets of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria amethystina clustered in two genetic groups
In this study we characterize and compare the genetic structure of aboveground and belowground populations of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria amethystina in an unmanaged mixed beech forest. Fruiting bodies and mycorrhizas of L. amethystina were mapped and collected in four plots in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (Poland). A total of 563 fruiting bodies and 394 mycorrhizas were successfully genotyped using the rDNA IGS1 (intergenic spacer) and seven SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers. We identified two different genetic clusters of L. amethystina in all of the plots, suggesting that a process of sympatric isolation may be occurring at a local scale. The proportion of individuals belonging to each cluster was similar among plots aboveground while it significantly differed belowground. Predominance of a given cluster could be explained by distinct host preferences or by priority effects and competition among genets. Both aboveground and belowground populations consisted of many intermingling small genets. Consequently, host trees were simultaneously colonized by many L. amethystina genets that may show different ecophysiological abilities. Our data showed that several genets may last for at least one year belowground and sustain into the next season. Ectomycorrhizal species reproducing by means of spores can form highly diverse and persistent belowground genets that may provide the host tree with higher resilience in a changing environment and enhance ecosystem performance.
Table 5 in The grass root endophytic fungus Flavomyces fulophazii: An abundant source of tetramic acid and chlorinated azaphilone derivatives
<p><b>Table 5</b> NMR data of flavochlorine A (compound <b>7</b>) and flavochlorine G (compound <b>10</b>) in methanol- <i>d</i> 4.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>No. a</th><th>flavochlorine A</th><th></th><th>flavochlorine G</th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td><i>δ</i> H</td><td><i>δ</i> C</td><td><i>δ</i> H</td><td><i>δ</i> C</td></tr><tr><th>1</th><td>8.795, <i>s,</i> 1H</td><td>140.8</td><td>8.80, s, 1H</td><td>141.3</td></tr><tr><th>3</th><td>–</td><td>147.5</td><td>–</td><td>145.9</td></tr><tr><th>4</th><td>7.51, <i>s</i>, 1H</td><td>114.0</td><td>7.49, s, 1H</td><td>115.2</td></tr><tr><th>4a</th><td>–</td><td>146.9</td><td></td><td>146.9</td></tr><tr><th>5</th><td>–</td><td>106.8</td><td></td><td>106.7</td></tr><tr><th>6</th><td>–</td><td>174.8</td><td></td><td>174.6</td></tr><tr><th>7</th><td>6.44, <i>s,</i> 1H</td><td>106.6</td><td>6.45, s, 1H</td><td>106.0</td></tr><tr><th>8</th><td>–</td><td>157.9</td><td>–</td><td>158.4</td></tr><tr><th>8a</th><td>–</td><td>107.1</td><td>–</td><td>107.8</td></tr><tr><th>9</th><td>2.95, <i>t</i>, (7.9), 2H</td><td>35.3</td><td>2.90, t (7.6), 2H</td><td>33.62</td></tr><tr><th>10</th><td>1.80, <i>m</i>, 2H</td><td>22.8</td><td>1.80, m, 2H</td><td>21.95</td></tr><tr><th>11</th><td>1.11, <i>t</i>, (7.4), 3H</td><td>13.6</td><td>1.10, t, (6.9), 3H</td><td>12.90</td></tr><tr><th>1′</th><td>4.43, <i>t</i>, (5.0), 2H</td><td>57.5</td><td>4.32, t (7,3), 1H</td><td>54.49</td></tr><tr><th>2′</th><td>3.91, <i>t</i>, (5.0), 2H</td><td>61.6</td><td>2.24, m, 2H</td><td>34.22</td></tr><tr><th>3′</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>3.25, m, 2H</td><td>48.21</td></tr><tr><th>4′</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>1.31, d, (7.0), 3H</td><td>20.97</td></tr><tr><th>5′</th><td></td><td></td><td>–</td><td>176.3</td></tr><tr><th>O–Me</th><td>3.96, <i>s,</i> 3H</td><td>56.4</td><td>3.95, s, 3H</td><td>55.46</td></tr></tbody></table><p><sup>a</sup> Corresponding numbered molecular structures are found in Fig. 3.</p>
Table 2 in The grass root endophytic fungus Flavomyces fulophazii: An abundant source of tetramic acid and chlorinated azaphilone derivatives
<p><b>Table 2</b> High resolution mass-spectral (positive ion mode) data for compounds detected in Flavomyces fulophazii culture extracts.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Compound</th><th></th><th>Formula</th><th>Detected ion</th><th>Detected formula</th><th>Calculated <i>m/z</i></th><th>Found <i>m/z</i></th><th>diff (ppm)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>No. a</th><td>Name</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>1</th><td>10,11-dihydroxy-vermelhotin</td><td>C12H13O5N</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C12H14O5N</td><td>252.0866</td><td>252.0865</td><td>0.472</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M+Na]+</td><td>C12H13O5NNa</td><td>274.0686</td><td>274.0684</td><td>0.853</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>11-hydroxy-vermelhotin</td><td>C12H13O4N</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C12H14O4N</td><td>236.0917</td><td>236.0915</td><td>0.908</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M+Na]+</td><td>C12H13O4NNa</td><td>258.0737</td><td>258.0735</td><td>0.500</td></tr><tr><th>3</th><td>11-oxo-vermelhotin</td><td>C12H11O4N</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C12H12O4N</td><td>234.0761</td><td>234.0758</td><td>1.129</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M+Na]+</td><td>C12H11O4NNa</td><td>256.0580</td><td>256.0577</td><td>1.363</td></tr><tr><th>4</th><td>11-methoxy-vermelhotin</td><td>C13H15O4N</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C13H16O4N</td><td>250.1074</td><td>250.1072</td><td>0.698</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M+Na]+</td><td>C13H15O4NNa</td><td>272.0893</td><td>272.0890</td><td>1.136</td></tr><tr><th>5</th><td>vermelhotin</td><td>C12H11O3N</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C12H12O3N</td><td>218.0812</td><td>218.0809</td><td>1.145</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M+Na]+</td><td>C12H11O3NNa</td><td>240.0631</td><td>240.0628</td><td>1.351</td></tr><tr><th>6a</th><td>flavochlorine E</td><td>C16H18O5NCl</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C H O NCl35 16 19 5</td><td>340.0946</td><td>340.0944</td><td>0.785</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M + H+2]+</td><td>C H O NCl37 16 19 5</td><td>342.0917</td><td>342.0912</td><td>1.335</td></tr><tr><th>6b</th><td>flavochlorine F</td><td>C16H18O5NCl</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C H O NCl35 16 19 5</td><td>340.0946</td><td>340.0944</td><td>0.696</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M + H+2]+</td><td>C H O NCl37 16 19 5</td><td>342.0917</td><td>342.0913</td><td>1.160</td></tr><tr><th>7</th><td>flavochlorine A</td><td>C15H18O3NCl</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C H O NCl35 15 19 3</td><td>296.1048</td><td>296.1045</td><td>1.039</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M + H+2]+</td><td>C H O NCl37 15 19 3</td><td>298.1018</td><td>298.1016</td><td>0.763</td></tr><tr><th>8</th><td>flavochlorine B</td><td>C13H14O2NCl</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C H O NCl35 13 15 2</td><td>252.0786</td><td>252.0783</td><td>1.162</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M + H+2]+</td><td>C H O NCl37 13 15 2</td><td>254.0756</td><td>254.0753</td><td>1.310</td></tr><tr><th>9</th><td>flavochlorine C</td><td>C16H20O3NCl</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C H O NCl35 16 21 3</td><td>310.1204</td><td>310.1202</td><td>0.863</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M + H+2]+</td><td>C H O NCl37 16 21 3</td><td>312.1175</td><td>312.1171</td><td>1.178</td></tr><tr><th>10</th><td>flavochlorine G</td><td>C18H22O4NCl</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C H O NCl35 18 23 4</td><td>352.1310</td><td>352.1307</td><td>0.859</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M + H+2]+</td><td>C H O NCl37 18 23 4</td><td>354.1281</td><td>354.1276</td><td>1.418</td></tr><tr><th>11</th><td>flavochlorine D</td><td>C13H13O3Cl</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C H O Cl35 13 14 3</td><td>253.0626</td><td>253.0622</td><td>1.417</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M + H+2]+</td><td>C H O Cl37 13 14 3</td><td>255.0596</td><td>255.0593</td><td>1.444</td></tr></tbody></table><p><sup>a</sup> Numbers of compounds correspond to those in Figs. 2 and 3.</p>
Table 6 in The grass root endophytic fungus Flavomyces fulophazii: An abundant source of tetramic acid and chlorinated azaphilone derivatives
<p><b>Table 6</b> Antiproliferative activity of vermelhotin, hydroxyvermelhotin and flavochlorine A isolated from <i>Flavomyces fulophazii</i> culture extracts.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Cell line</th><th>Antiproliferative activity (IC50, μM)</th><th></th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td>vermelhotin</td><td>hydroxy-</td><td>flavochlorine</td><td>reference a</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>vermelhotin</td><td>A</td><td>Dau</td><td>Sal</td></tr><tr><th>A2058</th><td>12.1</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td>67.9</td><td>0.3 1</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>HepG2</th><td>10.1</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td>1.2 2</td><td>5.8 3</td></tr><tr><th>A431</th><td>19.9</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td>0.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>U87</th><td>28.6</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td>0.4 2</td><td>0.8</td></tr><tr><th>EBC-1</th><td>20.0</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td>1.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>SH-SY5Y</th><td>12.9</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td>0.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>HT-29</th><td>31.4</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td>0.2 4</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>HL-60</th><td>9.4</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td>0.02 5</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>MonoMac-</th><td>17.1</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td>0.6</td><td>2.2 3</td></tr><tr><th>6</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>LCLC-</th><td>37.0</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td>8.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>103H</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>HEK-293</th><td>21.6</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td>no</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>data</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>H838</th><td>22.1</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td>10.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>VERO</th><td><i>></i> 100</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td><i>></i> 100</td><td>no</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>data</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
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