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50 results for “gape”
Are you scared yet? Variations to cue components elicits differential prey behavioral responses even when gape limited predators are relatively small.
Anti-predator behavior is often evoked based on measurements of risk calculated from sensory cues emanating from predators independent of physical attack. Yet, the exact sensory indices of cues used in risk assessment remain largely unknown. To examine how different predatory cue indices of information are used in risk assessment, we presented prey with various cues from sublethal gape-limited predators. Rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus (Girard, 1852)) were exposed to predatory odors from sublethal-sized largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède, 1802)) to test effects of changing predator abundance, relative size relationships, and total predator length in flow through mesocosms. Foraging, shelter use, and movement behavior were used to measure cue effects. Foraging time depended jointly upon predator abundance and total predator size (p = 0.030). Specifically, high predator abundance resulted in decreased foraging efforts as gape ratio increased. Similarly, sheltering time depended on the interaction between predator abundance and gape ratio when predator abundance was highest (p = 0.020). Crayfish significantly increased exploration time when gape ratio increased (p = 0.010). Thus, this study shows crayfish can use different indices of predatory cues, namely total predator abundance and relative size ratios, in risk assessment but do so in context-specific ways.
Data from: Multimodal in situ datalogging quantifies inter-individual variation in thermal experience and persistent origin effects on gaping behavior among intertidal mussels (Mytilus californianus)
In complex habitats, environmental variation over small spatial scales can equal or exceed larger-scale gradients. This small-scale variation may allow motile organisms to mitigate stressful conditions by choosing benign microhabitats, whereas sessile organisms may rely on other behaviors to cope with environmental stresses in these variable environments. We developed a monitoring system to track body temperature, valve gaping behavior, and posture of individual mussels (Mytilus californianus) in field conditions in the rocky intertidal zone. Neighboring mussels' body temperatures varied by up to 14°C during low tides. Valve gaping during low tide and postural adjustments, which could theoretically lower body temperature, were not commonly observed. Rather, gaping behavior followed a tidal rhythm at a warm, high intertidal site; this rhythm shifted to a circadian period at a low intertidal site and for mussels continuously submerged in a tidepool. However, individuals within a site varied considerably in time spent gaping when submerged. This behavioral variation could be attributed in part to persistent effects of mussels' developmental environment. Mussels originating from a wave-protected, warm site gaped more widely, and they remained open for longer periods during high tide than mussels from a wave-exposed, cool site. Variation in behavior was modulated further by recent wave heights and body temperatures during the preceding low tide. These large ranges in body temperatures and durations of valve closure events - which coincide with anaerobic metabolism - support the conclusion that individuals experience "homogeneous" aggregations such as mussel beds in dramatically different fashion, ultimately contributing to physiological variation among neighbors.
Software and data for: VGWatch: A low-cost stand-alone monitor to measure the valve gape of bivalves in the field
<p>Software and data abstract:</p> <p>This archive includes an Arduino script for utilizing the valve gape monitor outlined in the paper. Additionally, it provides an R script for calibrating the monitor and magnet. Finally, it contains valve gape data from three mussels, collected using the described monitor, along with a script for the analysis.</p> <p> </p> <p>Paper abstract:</p> <p>Valve gape monitors are utilised to measure the extent of bivalve’s shell openings. This measurement is correlated with their filter-feeding activity, and valve closure can serve as an indicator of various environmental stressors, including poor water quality, the presence of predators, and human disturbance. We developed an inexpensive, stand-alone, and reusable valve gape monitor; enabling collection of sufficient and independent spatial replication <em>in situ</em>. The monitor is made using Arduino hardware and software, and we share the design and code. We tested it in the field with three mussels as a proof of concept. The mussels were likely actively feeding most of the time. Two of the mussels were in close vicinity and demonstrated similar valve gape patterns. The monitor enables to measure valve gape in high resolution, providing insights into bivalve biology, ecosystem functioning, and the effects of environmental conditions, including anthropogenic stressors.</p>
Рис. 6. Ювенильные раковины Laternula elliptica: А1, А3 – левые створки, внешний вид, H×L=3.0×4.4 мм; А2 – вид со стороны дорсального краЯ на сдвоенные створки, обраЗуюЩие по Заднему краю ЗиЯние; А4 – Замок, соединЯюЩий фрагменты раЗрушенных створок (штриховка); Б1 – праваЯ створка, внешний вид, H×L=8.5×14.0 мм; Б2 – внутреннЯЯ поверхность правой створки. Фрагменты раковины вЗрослого моллюска (L=69.7 мм): В1 – вид со стороны дорсального краЯ; В2 – фрагмент правой створки, вид сбоку. ОбоЗначениЯ: ЗК – Задний край; дК – дорсальный край; сКп – складки периостракума; м – макушка; мщ – макушечнаЯ Щель; пр – продиссоконх; хр – хондрофор; ппЛ – поддерживаюЩаЯ пластинка; дпЛ – дополнительнаЯ пластинка; син – синус. Fig. 6. Juvenile shells of Laternula elliptica: A1, A3 – left valves, external view, H×L=3.0×4.4 mm; A2 – paired valves, dorsal view, showing gape through which the siphon project; A4 – hinge with chondrophore and buttress, internal view; Б1– right valve, external view, H×L=8.5×14.0 mm; Б2 – right valve, internal view. Adult shell (L=69.7 мм): B1 – fragment of right valve, dorsal view; B2 – fragment of right valve, lateral view on umbo. Notes: ЗК – posterior margin; дК – dorsal margin; сКп – periostracal wrinkles; м – umbo; мщ – umbonal crack; пр – prodissoconch; хр – chondrophore; ппЛ – buttress; дпЛ – additional supporting plate; син – sinus. in Species of warm-water origin Laternula elliptica (King, 1832) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Laternulidae), a widespread mollusk in recent Antarctica
Рис. 6. Ювенильные раковины Laternula elliptica: А1, А3 – левые створки, внешний вид, H×L=3.0×4.4 мм; А2 – вид со стороны дорсального краЯ на сдвоенные створки, обраЗуюЩие по Заднему краю ЗиЯние; А4 – Замок, соединЯюЩий фрагменты раЗрушенных створок (штриховка); Б1 – праваЯ створка, внешний вид, H×L=8.5×14.0 мм; Б2 – внутреннЯЯ поверхность правой створки. Фрагменты раковины вЗрослого моллюска (L=69.7 мм): В1 – вид со стороны дорсального краЯ; В2 – фрагмент правой створки, вид сбоку. ОбоЗначениЯ: ЗК – Задний край; дК – дорсальный край; сКп – складки периостракума; м – макушка; мщ – макушечнаЯ Щель; пр – продиссоконх; хр – хондрофор; ппЛ – поддерживаюЩаЯ пластинка; дпЛ – дополнительнаЯ пластинка; син – синус. Fig. 6. Juvenile shells of Laternula elliptica: A1, A3 – left valves, external view, H×L=3.0×4.4 mm; A2 – paired valves, dorsal view, showing gape through which the siphon project; A4 – hinge with chondrophore and buttress, internal view; Б1– right valve, external view, H×L=8.5×14.0 mm; Б2 – right valve, internal view. Adult shell (L=69.7 мм): B1 – fragment of right valve, dorsal view; B2 – fragment of right valve, lateral view on umbo. Notes: ЗК – posterior margin; дК – dorsal margin; сКп – periostracal wrinkles; м – umbo; мщ – umbonal crack; пр – prodissoconch; хр – chondrophore; ппЛ – buttress; дпЛ – additional supporting plate; син – sinus.
Fig. 6 in Gape size influences seasonal patterns of piscivore diets in three Neotropical rivers
Fig. 6. Frequency histogram of the largest (SL) 5% of individuals collected each month in seine hauls. Larger individuals became increasingly rare from November to April as water levels fall. Arrows indicate the median size for each month.
Fig. 2 in Gape size influences seasonal patterns of piscivore diets in three Neotropical rivers
Fig. 2. Photographs of representative individuals of the focal species in this study (not preserved). From top: a) Boulengerella cuvieri (SL= 320 mm), b) Boulengerella lucius (SL= 420 mm), c) Cichla temensis (SL= 360 mm), d) Cichla orinocensis (SL= 305 mm).
Fig. 5 in Gape size influences seasonal patterns of piscivore diets in three Neotropical rivers
Fig. 5. Prey/predator body length ratios for four predator species. Relationships are presented from falling water (October) to rising water (May) period. Significant relationships are represented by a solid line and non-significant relationships with dotted lines. Number of stomach contents examined during the study period: Ventuari: C. temensis = 408, C. orinocensis = 698; Cinaruco: C. temensis = 1365, C. orinocensis = 755, B. cuvieri = 292, B. lucius = 411; La Guardia: C. temensis = 444, C. orinocensis = 228, B. cuvieri = 93, B. lucius = 67.
Fig. 1 in Gape size influences seasonal patterns of piscivore diets in three Neotropical rivers
Fig. 1. Map of Venezuela showing the locations of the three tributaries of the Orinoco River considered in this study: La Guardia, Cinaruco, and Ventuari Rivers.
Fig. 4 in Gape size influences seasonal patterns of piscivore diets in three Neotropical rivers
Fig. 4. Relationship between estimated predator gape width (from Fig. 3) and measured prey length size. Significant relationships are represented by solid lines and non-significant relationships with dotted lines. a) C. temensis and C. orinocensis; b) B. lucius and B. cuvieri.
Text-fig. 32. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with monocolpate, reticulate pollen"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen with four pollen sacs and an adhering bract (arrow); b) Pollen grains from stamen showing the large gaping, almost circular, aperture with a distinct aperture margin; c) Detail of pollen wall showing finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation and bases of broken columellae; d) Pollen grain showing the large gaping, rounded aperture; e) Pollen grains showing large, rounded aperture (left) and abraded reticulum exposing the surface of the foot layer and long columellae (right). Specimen, Catefica 49-S170144 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (d, e), 1.5 Μm (c). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 32. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with monocolpate, reticulate pollen"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen with four pollen sacs and an adhering bract (arrow); b) Pollen grains from stamen showing the large gaping, almost circular, aperture with a distinct aperture margin; c) Detail of pollen wall showing finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation and bases of broken columellae; d) Pollen grain showing the large gaping, rounded aperture; e) Pollen grains showing large, rounded aperture (left) and abraded reticulum exposing the surface of the foot layer and long columellae (right). Specimen, Catefica 49-S170144 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (d, e), 1.5 Μm (c).
Data from: Multimodal in situ datalogging quantifies inter-individual variation in thermal experience and persistent origin effects on gaping behavior among intertidal mussels (Mytilus californianus)
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Data from: Ecological speciation in European whitefish is driven by a large‐gaped predator
<p>Lake‐dwelling fish that form species pairs/flocks characterized by body size divergence are important model systems for speciation research. Although several sources of divergent selection have been identified in these systems, their importance for driving the speciation process remains elusive. A major problem is that in retrospect, we cannot distinguish selection pressures that initiated divergence from those acting later in the process. To address this issue, we studied the initial stages of speciation in European whitefish (<i>Coregonus lavaretus</i>) using data from 358 populations of varying age (26–10,000 years). We find that whitefish speciation is driven by a large‐growing predator, the northern pike (<i>Esox lucius</i>). Pike initiates divergence by causing a largely plastic differentiation into benthic giants and pelagic dwarfs: ecotypes that will subsequently develop partial reproductive isolation and heritable differences in gill raker number. Using an eco‐evolutionary model, we demonstrate how pike's habitat specificity and large gape size are critical for imposing a between‐habitat trade‐off, causing prey to mature in a safer place or at a safer size. Thereby, we propose a novel mechanism for how predators may cause dwarf/giant speciation in lake‐dwelling fish species.</p>
The bite force-gape relationship as an avenue of biomechanical adaptation to trophic niche in two salmonid fishes
<p>All skeletal muscles produce their largest forces at a single optimal length, losing force when stretched or shortened. In vertebrate feeding systems, this fundamental force-length relationship translates to variation in bite force across gape, which affects the food types that can be eaten effectively. We measured the bite force-gape curves of two sympatric species: king salmon (<em>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</em>) and pink salmon (<em>O. gorbuscha</em>). Cranial anatomical measurements are not significantly different between species, however, peak bite forces are produced at significantly different gapes. Maximum bite force is achieved at 67% of maximum gape for king salmon and 43% of maximum gape for pink salmon. This may allow king salmon to use greater force when eating large or elusive prey. In contrast, pink salmon do not require high forces at extreme gapes for filter feeding. Our results illustrate that the bite force-gape relationship is an important ecophysiological axis of variation.</p>
Fig. 3 in Gape size influences seasonal patterns of piscivore diets in three Neotropical rivers
Fig. 3. Relationship between standard length and gape width for the four predator species.
Data from: Separate and combined effects of boat noise and a live crab predator on mussel valve gape behaviour
<p><strong>Data abstract:</strong></p> <p>Data on the valve gape of mussels and the behaviour of stimulus crabs during sound exposure trials. We provide the raw valve gape data, processed data, and scripts to process the raw data, make plots, and run the statistics.</p> <p><strong><span>Paper abstract:</span></strong></p> <p><span>Noisy human activities at sea are changing the acoustic environment, which has been shown to affect marine mammals and fishes. Invertebrates, such as bivalves, have so far received limited attention despite their important role in the marine ecosystem. Several studies have examined the impact of sound on anti-predator behaviour using simulated predators, but studies using live predators are scarce. In the current study, we examined the separate and combined effects of boat sound playback and predator cues from shore crabs (<em>Carcinus maenas</em>) on the behaviour of mussels (<em>Mytilus</em> spp.). We examined the behaviour of the mussels using a valve gape monitor and scored the behaviour from the crabs in one of two types of predator test conditions from video footage to control for effects from potential, sound-induced variation in crab behaviour. We found that mussels closed their valve gape during boat noise and with a crab in their tank, but also that the stimulus combination did not add up to an even smaller valve gape. The sound treatment did not affect the stimulus crabs, but the behaviour of the crabs did affect the valve gape of the mussels. Future research is needed to examine whether these results stand <em>in situ</em> and whether valve closure due to sound have fitness consequences for mussels. The effects on the well-being of individual mussels from anthropogenic noise may be relevant for population dynamics in the context of pressure from other stressors, their role as ecosystem engineers, and in the context of aquaculture.</span></p>
Data from: Separate and combined effects of boat noise and a live crab predator on mussel valve gape behaviour
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The bite force-gape relationship as an avenue of biomechanical adaptation to trophic niche in two salmonid fishes
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Data from: Ecological speciation in European whitefish is driven by a large‐gaped predator
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Data from: Female-biased gape and body-size dimorphism in the New World watersnakes (tribe: Thamnophiini) oppose predictions from Rensch's Rule
Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is ubiquitous across animals with female bias most prominent in snakes and other ectothermic organisms. To understand how SSD evolves across species, Rensch's Rule predicts that in taxa where males are larger, SSD increases with body size. In contrast, where females are larger, SSD decreases with body size. While this rule holds for many taxa, it may be ambiguous for others, particularly ectothermic vertebrates. Importantly, this rule suggests that the outcomes of SSD over phylogenetic time scales depends on the direction of dimorphism predicated on the difference in reproductive efforts between males and females. Here we examine SSD in the context of Rensch's Rule in Thamnophiini, the garter and waternsakes, a prominent group composing the North American snake biota. Using a dated phylogeny, measurements of gape, body and tail size, we show that these snakes do not follow Rensch's Rule, but rather female-biased SSD increases with body size. We in turn find that this allometry is most pronounced with gape and is correlated with both neonate and litter size, suggesting that acquiring prey of increased size may be directly related to fecundity selection. These changes in SSD are not constrained to any particular clade; we find no evidence of phylogenetic shifts in those traits showing SSD. We suggest several ways forward to better understand the anatomical units of selection for SSD and modularity
Data from: Size selection by a gape-limited predator of a marine snail: insights into magic traits for speciation
The intertidal snail Littorina saxatilis has repeatedly evolved two parallel ecotypes assumed to be wave adapted and predatory shore crab adapted, but the magnitude and targets of predator-driven selection are unknown. In Spain, a small, wave ecotype with a large aperture from the lower shore and a large, thick-shelled crab ecotype from the upper shore meet in the mid-shore and show partial size-assortative mating. We performed complementary field tethering and laboratory predation experiments; the first set compared the survival of two different size-classes of the crab ecotype while the second compared the same size-class of the two ecotypes. In the first set, the large size-class of the crab ecotype survived significantly better than the small size-class both on the upper shore and in the laboratory. In the second set, the small size-class of the crab ecotype survived substantially better than that of the wave ecotype both on the upper shore and in the laboratory. Shell-breaking predation on tethered snails was almost absent within the lower shore. In the laboratory shore crabs (Pachygrapsus marmoratus) with larger claw heights selected most strongly against the small size-class of the crab ecotype, whereas those with medium claw heights selected most strongly against the thin-shelled wave ecotype. Sexual maturity occurred at a much larger size in the crab ecotype than in the wave ecotype. Our results showed that selection on the upper shore for rapid attainment of a size refuge from this gape-limited predator favors large size, thick shells, and late maturity. Model parameterization showed that size-selective predation restricted to the upper shore resulted in the evolution of the crab ecotype despite gene flow from the wave ecotype snails living on the lower shore. These results on gape-limited predation and previous ones showing size-assortative mating between ecotypes suggest that size may represent a magic trait for the thick-shelled ecotype.
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