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FIG. 1 in Beyond shells: first detailed morphological description of the mangrove-associated gastropod Haminoea cf. fusca (A. Adams, 1850) (Cephalaspidea, Haminoeidae), with a COI phylogenetic analysis

FIG. 1. — Bayesian phylogenetic tree based on partial sequences of the COI gene. Figures on nodes are posterior probabilities, scale bar refer to branch lengths. Coloured squares refer to species that are Indo West Pacific in origin, whereas grey squares to Atlantic and eastern Pacific species. PP, 1. The specimen here used from the Philippines is depicted in Gosliner et al. 2015: 30, lower right.

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Fig. 3. A. a in Untangling species identity in gastropods with polymorphic shells in the genus Bolma Risso, 1826 (Mollusca, Vetigastropoda)

Fig. 3. A. a, Bolma henica madagascarensis (Indian Ocean); b, Bo. henica abyssorum; c, Bo. henica henica, with type locality represented by a white star (Fiji Island, Southwest Pacific); d, Bo. cf. minutiradiosa. B. a–d, distinct shell morphs found in Bo. recens, with type locality represented by a white star (Kiwi seamount, Three Kings Ridge). C. a, Bo. mainbaza, with type locality (South Madagascar); b, Bo. pseudobathyraphis, with type locality (South New Caledonia); c, Bo. millegranosa; d, Bo. opaoana with type locality (South New Caledonia, Crypthélia Bank).

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Fig. 4 in Untangling species identity in gastropods with polymorphic shells in the genus Bolma Risso, 1826 (Mollusca, Vetigastropoda)

Fig. 4. Shell diversity across the molecular phylogeny of the "deep-water" clade of the subfamily Turbininae (Williams 2007, i.e., the genera Astraea, Bellastraea , Bolma and Guildfordia). The phylogeny is based on Bayesian analyses of the concatenated sequences from cox1 and 28 S genes, incorporating an uncorrelated relaxed, log- normal clock produced using *BEAST. The tree is a maximum clade credibility tree with median node heights based in 9000 trees. Support values are posterior probabilities (PP); branches < 50% were collapsed. Species names are labelled on the right-hand side. Species hypotheses previously delineated by the integrative taxonomy approach are highlighted by the grey boxes.

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Fig. 2 in Untangling species identity in gastropods with polymorphic shells in the genus Bolma Risso, 1826 (Mollusca, Vetigastropoda)

Fig. 2. [next page] Molecular based species delineation of the genus "Bolma". A. Ultrametric tree produced using BEAST based on cox1 sequences. B. PSHs derived from the GMYC model and labelled from 1 to 37. C. PSHs derived from the GMYC model using the lower limit of the equivalent of a 95% confidence interval, and labelled from A to ZD. D. SSHs drawn from congruency between cox1 and 28S. Boxes with a black outline indicate that the SSH was monophyletic in both cox1 and 28S trees. Boxes without a black outline highlight SSHs for which molecular data were either incomplete or non-informative. SSHs labelled from A to ZD (following step C) or with the species name when our sequences matched published data associated with the species names. E. PSHs derived from the Bayesian analysis based on 28S sequences. F. Bayesian, non-ultrametric tree produced using BEAST based on 28S sequences. G. Species names retained in the present study. For the SSH E-F-G-H, the name Bo. henica was retained; however, Bo. henica abyssorum, Bo. henica madagascarensis and Bo. henica henica are represented as sub-species separated by white dotted lines. For both trees, nodal support values are posterior probabilities (PP), shown only for PP> 50%. Branches with PP <50% were collapsed. Red and green branches correspond to monophyletic species hypotheses. Colour coded boxes: red corresponds to cox1 PSHs supported by PP> 95%; light red corresponds to cox1 PSH supported by PP <95%; light grey corresponds to cox1 and 28S singletons; a grey cross represents missing data; green corresponds to 28S species hypotheses supported by PP> 95%; light grey corresponds to groups of genotypes displaying diagnostic 28S sites. Specimen numbers are given in the Supplementary file.

Fig. 2 in A New Cleaning Method for Accurate Examination of Freshwater Gastropod Shell Specimens Covered with Iron-rich Deposits

Fig. 2. Shell surfaces of penultimate whorl of Semisulcospira niponica before and after treatments. The specimens and their order are the same as in Fig. 1. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 7 in A New Cleaning Method for Accurate Examination of Freshwater Gastropod Shell Specimens Covered with Iron-rich Deposits

Fig. 7. Specimens of freshwater and brackish water snails after treatments with 20% ammonium thioglycolate. A, B, Clithon sp., KUZ Z3739; C, D, Heterogen japonica, KUZ Z3737; E, F, Stenomelania hastula, KUZ Z3738; G, H, Semisulcospira decipiens KUZ Z3736; A, C, E, G, Before cleaning; B, D, F, H, After cleaning. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Fig. 1 in A New Cleaning Method for Accurate Examination of Freshwater Gastropod Shell Specimens Covered with Iron-rich Deposits

Fig. 1. Specimens of Semisulcospira niponica before and after treatments. A, Before treatment; B–G, After treatment with sodium hypochlorite (B, C, 3%, KUZ Z3712–Z3713; D, E, 6%, Z3714–Z3715; F, G, 12%, Z3716–Z3717; B, D, F, AP-opened; C, E, G, AP-closed); H–M, After treatment with ammonium thioglycolate; N–S, After treatment with ammonium thioglycolate followed by treatment with 3% sodium hypochlorite (H, I, N, O, 5%, KUZ Z3718–Z3719; J, K, P, Q, 10%, Z3720–Z3721; L, M, R, S, 20%, Z3722–Z3723; H, J, L, N, P, R, AP-opened; I, K, M, O, Q, S, AP-closed). Scale bar: 10 mm.

Fig. 3 in A New Cleaning Method for Accurate Examination of Freshwater Gastropod Shell Specimens Covered with Iron-rich Deposits

Fig. 3. Specimens of Semisulcospira reticulata before and after treatments. A, Before treatment; B–G, After treatment with sodium hypochlorite (B, C, 3%, KUZ Z3724–Z3725; D, E, 6%, Z3726–Z3727; F, G, 12%, Z3728–Z3729; B, D, F, AP-opened; C, E, G, AP-closed); H–M, After treatment with ammonium thioglycolate (H, I, 5%, KUZ Z3730–Z3731; J, K, 10%, Z3732–Z3733; L, M, 20%, Z3734–Z3735; H, J, L, APopened; I, K, M, AP-closed). Scale bar: 10 mm.

Fig. 4 in A New Cleaning Method for Accurate Examination of Freshwater Gastropod Shell Specimens Covered with Iron-rich Deposits

Fig. 4. Shell surfaces of penultimate whorl of Semisulcospira reticulata before and after treatments. The specimens and their order are the same as in Fig. 3. Scale bars: 2 mm.

Fig. 6 in A New Cleaning Method for Accurate Examination of Freshwater Gastropod Shell Specimens Covered with Iron-rich Deposits

Fig. 6. SEM observations of cross sections (A–F) and inner surfaces (G–J) of outer lips. A, Semisulcospira niponica before treatment; B, S. niponica after treatment with 12% sodium hypochlorite, KUZ Z3716; C, S. niponica after treatment with 20% ammonium thioglycolate, KUZ Z3722; D, G, S. reticulata before treatment; E, H, AP-opened S. reticulata after treatment with 12% sodium hypochlorite, KUZ Z3728; F, I, AP-closed S. reticulata after treatment with 20% ammonium thioglycolate, KUZ Z3734; J, AP-opened S. reticulata after treatment with 20% ammonium thioglycolate, KUZ Z3735. Scale bars: 100 µm (A–F), 10 µm (G–J). Abbreviations: CCL, calcium carbonate layer; PL, periostracum layer.

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Рис. 8. Фрагменты раковин пресноводных моллюсков иЗ раскопов поселениЯ Константиновка-1: А, B – створка жемчужницы иЗ раскопа 1, вид снаружи и иЗнутри; C–E – створки жемчужниц Dahurinaia dahurica иЗ раскопа 2; F, G – фрагмент раковины гастроподы иЗ раскопа 2, вид с раЗных ракурсов. Масштабные линейки 2 см. Fig. 8. Fragments of freshwater mollusk shells from the Konstantinovka-1 site excavations: A, B – pearl mussel Dahurinaia dahurica from excavation 1, the inner and outer views; C–E – pearl mussel Dahurinaia dahurica from excavation 2; F, G – fragment of a gastropod shell from excavation 2, view from different angles. Scale bars 2 cm. in Mollusks from the archaeological site Konstantinovka-1 in Primorye (Russian Far East)

Рис. 8. Фрагменты раковин пресноводных моллюсков иЗ раскопов поселениЯ Константиновка-1: А, B – створка жемчужницы иЗ раскопа 1, вид снаружи и иЗнутри; C–E – створки жемчужниц Dahurinaia dahurica иЗ раскопа 2; F, G – фрагмент раковины гастроподы иЗ раскопа 2, вид с раЗных ракурсов. Масштабные линейки 2 см. Fig. 8. Fragments of freshwater mollusk shells from the Konstantinovka-1 site excavations: A, B – pearl mussel Dahurinaia dahurica from excavation 1, the inner and outer views; C–E – pearl mussel Dahurinaia dahurica from excavation 2; F, G – fragment of a gastropod shell from excavation 2, view from different angles. Scale bars 2 cm.

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Рис. 2. A – Ancistrolepis grammatus (Dall, 1907): высота 81.5 мм, MIMB 28439; B – Buccinum kinukatsugi Habe et Ito, 1968: высота 53.6 мм, MIMB 28438; C – Buccinum pemphigus Dall, 1907: высота 92.5 мм, MIMB 28431; D – Neptunea insularis (Dall, 1895): высота 102.2 мм, MIMB 28436; E – Neptunea intersculpta (Sowerby, 1899): высота 151.0 мм, MIMB 28437; F – Neptunea convexa Goryachev, 1987: высота 117.3 мм, MIMB 28441; G – Latisipho siphonoides (Dall, 1913): высота 10.0 мм, MIMB 28440; H – Lussivolutopsius memmi Kantor, 1990: высота, 70.0 мм, MIMB 28443. Fig. 2. A – Ancistrolepis grammatus (Dall, 1907): shell height 81.5 мм, MIMB 28439; B – Buccinum kinukatsugi Habe et Ito, 1968: shell height 53.6 мм, MIMB 28438; C – Buccinum pemphigus Dall, 1907: shell height 92.5 мм, MIMB 28431; D – Neptunea insularis (Dall, 1895): shell height 102.2 мм, MIMB 28436; E – Neptunea intersculpta (Sowerby, 1899): shell height 151.0 мм, MIMB 28437; F – Neptunea convexa Goryachev, 1987: shell height 117.3 мм, MIMB 28441; G – Latisipho siphonoides (Dall, 1913): shell height 10.0 мм, MIMB 28440; H – Lussivolutopsius memmi Kantor, 1990: shell height, 70.0 мм, MIMB 28443. in Rare and interesting deep-sea finds of the buccinid gastropods (Gastropoda: Buccinidae) from the Sea of Okhotsk

Рис. 2. A – Ancistrolepis grammatus (Dall, 1907): высота 81.5 мм, MIMB 28439; B – Buccinum kinukatsugi Habe et Ito, 1968: высота 53.6 мм, MIMB 28438; C – Buccinum pemphigus Dall, 1907: высота 92.5 мм, MIMB 28431; D – Neptunea insularis (Dall, 1895): высота 102.2 мм, MIMB 28436; E – Neptunea intersculpta (Sowerby, 1899): высота 151.0 мм, MIMB 28437; F – Neptunea convexa Goryachev, 1987: высота 117.3 мм, MIMB 28441; G – Latisipho siphonoides (Dall, 1913): высота 10.0 мм, MIMB 28440; H – Lussivolutopsius memmi Kantor, 1990: высота, 70.0 мм, MIMB 28443. Fig. 2. A – Ancistrolepis grammatus (Dall, 1907): shell height 81.5 мм, MIMB 28439; B – Buccinum kinukatsugi Habe et Ito, 1968: shell height 53.6 мм, MIMB 28438; C – Buccinum pemphigus Dall, 1907: shell height 92.5 мм, MIMB 28431; D – Neptunea insularis (Dall, 1895): shell height 102.2 мм, MIMB 28436; E – Neptunea intersculpta (Sowerby, 1899): shell height 151.0 мм, MIMB 28437; F – Neptunea convexa Goryachev, 1987: shell height 117.3 мм, MIMB 28441; G – Latisipho siphonoides (Dall, 1913): shell height 10.0 мм, MIMB 28440; H – Lussivolutopsius memmi Kantor, 1990: shell height, 70.0 мм, MIMB 28443.

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Fig. 3 in Epizoic Anthoathecate Species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) Growing on Eroded Shells of Live Gastropods (Nassarius festivus) in Japan

Fig. 3. Hydroid species found on old eroded shells of N. festivus in each collection locality. A. polyps of Dicoryne conybearei (Koajiro); B. gonophores of D. conybearei; C. polyps of Stylactaria misakiensis (Kisarazu); D. gonophores of S. misakiensis; E. polyps of Leuckartiara sp. (Torinosu); F. a medusa of Leuckartiara sp. The yellow arrows indicate the polyps of each hydroid species. Scales=5 mm (A, C, E), 0.5 mm (D, F), 0.1 mm (B).

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Fig. 1 in Epizoic Anthoathecate Species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) Growing on Eroded Shells of Live Gastropods (Nassarius festivus) in Japan

Fig. 1. Sampling locations of shells of living Nassarius festivus bearing epizoic hydroid polyps. A. Kisarazu, Chiba Pref. (Stylactaria misakiensis), B. Koajiro, Kanagawa Pref. (Dicoryne conybearei), C. Torinosu, Shirahama, Wakayama Pref. (Leuckartiara sp.), D. Isozaki, Ibaraki Pref. (Koellikerina bouilloni in Namikawa and Kawamura, 2021), E. Takehara, Hiroshima Pref. (Leuckartiara sp. in Kondo et al., 2020).

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Fig. 2 in Epizoic Anthoathecate Species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) Growing on Eroded Shells of Live Gastropods (Nassarius festivus) in Japan

Fig. 2. Nassarius festivus collected from Torinosu, Shirahama, Wakayama Pref., showing erosion of older shells. A–B. fresh shells; C–E. old eroded shells. Scale=5 mm.

Fig. 5 in Organismal Responses to Coastal Acidification Informed by Interrelating Erosion, Roundness and Growth of Gastropod Shells.

Fig. 5. Relationships for shell growth rate, shell roundness, and erosion index.. (A) Shell growth rate and roundness measured directly for snails from the secondary population. (B) Shell roundness plotted against erosion index for the primary population. (C) Predicted growth rate plotted against the erosion index. Regression equations and significant differences are given in the Materials and Methods section. Dashed lines represent 95% CI.

Fig. 4 in Organismal Responses to Coastal Acidification Informed by Interrelating Erosion, Roundness and Growth of Gastropod Shells.

Fig. 4. (A–B) Relationships for shell growth rate and shell size based on the secondary data set. (C) Erosion time (ET) as a function of shell size (SL), and (D) comparison of standardized erosion time (SET) between the acidified (EM) and non-acidified (UB) sites using the primary data sets. Dashed lines represent 95% CI. Red symbols indicate snails collected from the acidified site and black symbols from the non-acidified site.

Fig. 3 in Organismal Responses to Coastal Acidification Informed by Interrelating Erosion, Roundness and Growth of Gastropod Shells.

Fig. 3. (A–C) Relationships between total suture length, eroded suture length and shell length for snails from acidified (EM, red) and reference (UBD, black) sites. (D–F) Relationships between erosion index (EI), shell erosion rank (SER), and shell length (SL). Mean values are indicated by large circles. Regression equations and significant differences are given in the Materials and Methods section.

Fig. 1 in Organismal Responses to Coastal Acidification Informed by Interrelating Erosion, Roundness and Growth of Gastropod Shells.

Fig. 1. Methods for determining shell roundness, shell dissolution and growth rate. (A) Shell roundness was assessed from shell width (SW)/ shell length (SL). Shell erosion rank (SER) was scored using eight segments, where moderate erosion (ridges still observed) covered> 50% of the numerically greatest segment. The vertical line through the shell bisects the apical angle. By forming the apical angle we could measure projected SL (the intrinsic responder), as the actual SL is influenced by extrinsic apical dissolution in acidified water. (B) Comparison of SER (upper) and Erosion Index (EI) methods (lower). EI was calculated from the spiral suture length of the eroded shell divided by the total planospiral shell spiral length (R/ (Y and R)) using severe erosion (ridges not observed) determined from apical views (lower images). Upper images show the abapertural surfaces of the same shells, giving their SERs. (C) The growth rate was estimated from the shell margin extension of marked and recaptured snails (n = 22). The marginal extension is shown to far exceed shell length (SL) extension. EA, spire whorl, EB, body whorl, S, shell suture, W1-4, shell whorls.

Fig. 2 in Organismal Responses to Coastal Acidification Informed by Interrelating Erosion, Roundness and Growth of Gastropod Shells.

Fig. 2. (A–C). Comparisons between the localities in shell length, shell width and shell roundness (SW/SL). Data are shown as median, 25–75%, min-max (see key). (D) Relationships between shell width and shell length are: EM (y = -0.55 + 0.686x; r = 0.97; p <0.001) and UB (y = 1.157 + 0.57x; r = 0.93; p <0.001). Red circles indicate the acidified locality (EM) and black circles, the non-acidified locality (UB).