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51 results for “generalist predator”
Figure 5 in Variations in trophic niches of generalist predators with plant community composition as indicated by stable isotopes and fatty acids
Figure 5. Principal components analysis of the relative abundance (mol %, logit- transformed) of individual NLFAs of Trochosa ruricola using body size (small, large), flooding index (FI), plant species richness (SR), plant functional group richness (FG), presence of grasses (Gr), legumes (Leg), small herbs (SH) and tall herbs (TH) as supplementary variables.
Figure 4 in Variations in trophic niches of generalist predators with plant community composition as indicated by stable isotopes and fatty acids
Figure 4. Variations in δ15N signatures of Trochosa ruricola as affected by flooding index (P = 0.04, R2 = 0.12) and body size (small, large; P <0.01).
Figure 1 in Variations in trophic niches of generalist predators with plant community composition as indicated by stable isotopes and fatty acids
Figure 1. Variations in δ15N and δ13C signatures of Harpalus rufipes (black) and Trochosa ruricola (pink) across the study site of the Jena Experiment.
Figure 3 in Variations in trophic niches of generalist predators with plant community composition as indicated by stable isotopes and fatty acids
Figure 3. Principal components analysis of the relative abundance (mol %, logit-transformed) of individual NLFAs of Harpalus rufipes using flooding index (FI), plant species richness (SR), plant functional group richness (FG), presence of grasses (Gr), legumes (Leg), small herbs (SH) and tall herbs (TH) as supplementary variables.
Figure 6 in Variations in trophic niches of generalist predators with plant community composition as indicated by stable isotopes and fatty acids
Figure 6. Principal components analysis of the relative abundance (mol%, logit- transformed) of individual PLFAs of soil microorganisms using flooding index (FI), plant species richness (SR), plant functional group richness (FG), presence of grasses (Gr), legumes (Leg), small herbs (SH) and tall herbs (TH) as supplementary variables.
Figure 2 in Variations in trophic niches of generalist predators with plant community composition as indicated by stable isotopes and fatty acids
Figure 2. Variations in δ15N signatures of Harpalus rufipes (P <0.01, R2 = 0.11) as affected by plant species richness (log-transformed).
Fig. 5 in Inherited sterility in Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Pest population suppression and potential for combined use with a generalist predator
Fig. 5. Prey consumption in the choice test involving progeny of irradiated females. Number of T. absoluta eggs consumed per T. cucurbitaceus (mean ± SE) individual in 24 h from the following T. absoluta eggs crosses, ♀U × ƋU and ♀I × ƋU. The different letters above the 2 error bars indicates that there was a significant difference in the numbers of eggs consumed based on the crosses from which they had originated, even though the female parent had been irradiated in 1 of the crosses (paired t tests, P <0.05). U = untreated, I = irradiated.
Fig. 3 in Inherited sterility in Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Pest population suppression and potential for combined use with a generalist predator
Fig. 3. Prey consumption in the no-choice test. Number of T. absoluta eggs consumed per T. cucurbitaceus (mean ± SE) individual in 24 h from following T. absoluta eggs crosses: ♀U × ƋU,♀U × ƋI or ♀I × ƋU.The same letter above the 3 error bars indicates that there were no significant differences in the numbers of eggs consumed based on the crosses from which they had originated (ANOVA, P> 0.05). U = untreated, I = irradiated.
Fig. 1 in Inherited sterility in Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Pest population suppression and potential for combined use with a generalist predator
Fig. 1. Population suppression by irradiated individuals and their progeny over 12 weeks at a 10:1 irradiated:untreated ratio. a) Number of eggs/ cage, b) number of small larvae /cage and c) number of large larvae/cage (mean ± SE). Only 1 release of irradiated moths was made, i.e., at the beginning of the experiment. For details see text on Experiment 1.
Fig. 4 in Inherited sterility in Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Pest population suppression and potential for combined use with a generalist predator
Fig. 4. Prey consumption in the choice test involving progeny of irradiated males. Number of T. absoluta eggs from following T. absoluta eggs crosses, ♀U × ƋU and ♀U × ƋI,consumed per T. cucurbitaceus (mean ± SE) individual in 24 h. The same letter above the 2 error bars indicates that there was no significant difference in the numbers of eggs consumed based on the crosses from which they had originated, even though the male parent had been irradiated in 1 of the crosses (paired t tests, P> 0.05). U = untreated, I = irradiated.
Fig. 2 in Inherited sterility in Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Pest population suppression and potential for combined use with a generalist predator
Fig. 2. Population suppression by irradiated individuals and their progeny over 12 weeks at a 15:1 irradiated:untreated ratio. a) Number of eggs/cage, b) number of small larvae /cage and c) number of large larvae/cage (mean ± SE). Only 1 release of irradiated moths was made, i.e., at the beginning of the experiment. For details see text on Experiment 2.
Data from: Habitat edge responses of generalist predators are predicted by prey and structural resources
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Data from: Quantifying predator dependence in the functional response of generalist predators
A long-standing debate concerns how functional responses are best described. Theory suggests that ratio dependence is consistent with many food web patterns left unexplained by the simplest prey-dependent models. However, for logistical reasons, ratio dependence and predator dependence more generally have seen infrequent empirical evaluation and then only so in specialist predators, which are rare in nature. Here we develop an approach to simultaneously estimate the prey-specific attack rates and predator-specific interference (facilitation) rates of predators interacting with arbitrary numbers of prey and predator species in the field. We apply the approach to surveys and experiments involving two intertidal whelks and their full suite of potential prey. Our study provides strong evidence for predator dependence that is poorly described by the ratio dependent model over manipulated and natural ranges of species abundances. It also indicates how, for generalist predators, even the qualitative nature of predator dependence can be prey-specific.
Data from: Human food subsidies drive individual specialization and intrapopulation dietary differences in a generalist predator
<p>Generalist species can exhibit individual specialization (IS), where individuals adopt specialized foraging behaviors not attributable to age, sex, or social dominance. While IS increases with the diversity of available foraging resources (ecological opportunity), the potential impact of human food subsidies on ecological opportunity is unknown. We quantified the isotopic niche width of Steller's Jays (Cyanocitta stelleri), a synanthropic predator and dietary generalist, across a gradient of human land-use categories ranging from subsidized (park campgrounds) to unsubsidized (forest interior) habitats in a protected area in California. We asked (1) if isotopic niche width was better predicted by individual foraging behavior than sex, social dominance, or habitat category (indicating IS) and (2) if degree of IS exhibited by jays increased with the availability of human food subsidies. We characterized the isotopic niche space occupied by individual jays relative to the population using carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope values. Using linear models, we found that jay diet variation was best explained by individual behavior and habitat use rather than by sex or social dominance. While degree of IS increased with the availability of human foods, individual jays exhibited a variety of foraging behaviors in all habitats that were segregated by foraging stratum and use of human foods. Individual diet also determined the degree of specialization, as jays that specialized on human foods had the narrowest niche width regardless of habitat. Management efforts targeted at generalist wildlife exhibiting large degrees of IS should therefore account for the impact of food subsidies on foraging behavior. Approaches that involve aversive conditioning may fail where highly-specialized individuals are unlikely to encounter treatments, therefore we recommend simultaneous efforts to limit human food subsidies (e.g., information campaigns and improved containment of human food and food waste), and deployment across the largest possible extent of foraging microhabitats and substrates in order to ensure exposure of whole populations to emetic eggs.</p>
Data for the article entitled: Linking sexual size dimorphism to trophic niche partitioning in a generalist predator
<p>Sexual size dimorphism is a common phenomenon in mammals, and researchers have been trying to demonstrate the evolutionary causes leading to sexual dimorphism. Two main hypotheses emerged: (i) the sexual selection hypothesis and (ii) the sexual competition hypothesis (also called resource partitioning hypothesis). Here, we attempted to link sexual dimorphism in fishers (Pekania pennanti (Erxleben, 1777)) with their fall diet using stable isotope profiling and body and skull measurements. We used the carcasses of 39 fishers which were caught in eastern Québec during fall 2014 by volunteer trappers as well as several potential prey items ranging from small rodents to cervids. We expected minimal niche overlap between sexes, as males should be able to exploit different prey species than females. We also expected to observe an effect of age class (adults vs. juveniles) on trophic niche. As expected, we found great evidence of sexual dimorphism in both body mass and skull measurements: males were heavier and longer than females and had a larger zygomatic and intracanine width and a longer skull. While proportions of prey in diet according to sex and age did not vary greatly, we found some evidence of niche partitioning using Layman's metrics. Indeed, females tended to have a less diversified and more similar diet compared to one another, whereas males showed more diversified and contrasted diets. Despite our limited sample size, our findings provide partial support to the sexual competition hypothesis, as the difference in body and skull size based on sex could have evolved to lessen intraspecific competition in fishers.</p>
Intricate covariation between exploration and avoidance learning in a generalist predator
<div class="page"> <div class="section"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <p>Many predators avoid unprofitable prey by learning to use visual features of the prey as reliable indicators of quality. However, individual variation in avoidance learning is rarely examined in detail. It has been hypothesized that better avoidance learning ability might correlate with faster exploration tendency, but available data are limited in both quantity and scope. In this study, we examined the covariation between exploration, foraging decisions, and avoidance learning in a generalist lizard <em>Eutropis multifasciata</em> to test the prediction that faster explorers are also better avoidance learners. We also examined how sex, population, and color of unpalatable prey might mediate the exploration-avoidance learning covariation. We collected data on exploration and foraging behavior in individuals from two allopatric populations and quantified changes in foraging decisions over five daily learning trials, in which individuals were presented with normal- and bitter-tasting prey that differed consistently in color. Even though bitter prey elicited strong negative responses, lizards overall did not avoid consuming fewer such prey with learning. Instead, they learned to prioritize palatable prey as the experiment progressed. In concordance with our prediction, we found that faster explorers were generally better avoidance learners, even though sex, population, and prey color were also important. Our study represents a rare experimental test of the exploration-avoidance learning covariation, especially in non-avian systems. Our results suggest that unpalatability might be an ineffective defense against generalist predators such as <em>E. multifasciata</em> and that faster explorers might impose stronger selection for the evolution of warning signals in unprofitable prey.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>
Coursing the mottled mosaic: generalist predators track pulses in availability of neonatal ungulates
<p>The density and distribution of resources shape animal movement and behavior and have direct implications for population dynamics. Resource availability often is "pulsed" in space and time, and individuals should cue in on resource pulses when the energetic gain of doing so exceeds that of stable resources. Birth pulses of prey represent a profitable but ephemeral resource and should thereby result in shifting functional responses by predators. We evaluated movements and resource selection of coyotes (<em>Canis</em> <em>latrans</em>) across a gradient of reproductive stages ranging from late gestation to peak lactation of female mule deer (<em>Odocoileus</em> <em>hemionus</em>) in southwest Wyoming, USA to test whether coyotes exhibited shifts in selection and movement behavior relative to the availability and vulnerability of neonatal mule deer. We expected coyotes to track pulses in availability of neonatal mule deer, and such behavior would be represented by shifts in resource selection and search behavior of coyotes that would be strongest during peak parturition of mule deer. Coyotes selected areas of high relative probability of use by female mule deer and did so most strongly during peak parturition. Further, searching behavior of coyotes intensified during pulses of availability of deer neonates. Our findings support the notion that coyotes exploit pulses of neonatal deer, presumably as an attempt to capitalize on a vulnerable, energy-rich resource. Our work quantifies the behavioral mechanisms by which coyotes consume ungulate neonates and provides one of the first examples of a mammalian predator-prey system centered on a pulsed resource. </p>
Data from: Human food subsidies drive individual specialization and intrapopulation dietary differences in a generalist predator
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Monitoring Eastern flower thrips and soybean thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and the generalist predator, insidious flower bug (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in the American Midwest Suction Trap Network
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Data from: Dietary complexity and hidden costs of prey switching in a generalist top predator
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