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8 results for “genotype-by-genotype interaction”
Data for: A diverse parasite pool can improve effectiveness of biological control constrained by genotype-by-genotype interactions
<p>The outcomes of biological control programs can be highly variable, with natural enemies often failing to establish or spread in pest populations. This variability has posed a major obstacle in use of the bacterial parasite <em>Pasteuria</em> <em>penetrans</em> for biological control of <em>Meloidogyne</em> species, economically devastating plant-parasitic nematodes for which there are limited management options. A leading hypothesis for this variability in control is that infection is successful only for specific combinations of bacterial and nematode genotypes. Under this hypothesis, failure of biological control results from the use of <em>P</em>. <em>penetrans</em> genotypes that cannot infect local <em>Meloidogyne</em> genotypes. We tested this hypothesis using isofemale lines of <em>M</em>. <em>arenaria</em> derived from a single field population and multiple sources of <em>P</em>. <em>penetrans</em> from the same and nearby fields. In strong support of the hypothesis, susceptibility to infection depended on the specific combination of host line and parasite source, with lines of <em>M</em>. <em>arenaria</em> varying substantially in which <em>P</em>. <em>penetrans</em> source could infect them. In light of this result, we tested whether using a diverse pool of <em>P</em>. <em>penetrans</em> could increase infection and thereby control. We found that increasing the diversity of the <em>P</em>. <em>penetrans</em> inoculum from one to eight sources more than doubled the fraction of <em>M</em>. <em>arenaria</em> individuals susceptible to infection and reduced variation in susceptibility across host lines. Together, our results highlight genotype-by-genotype specificity as an important cause of variation in biological control and call for the maintenance of genetic diversity in natural enemy populations.</p>
Data for: A diverse parasite pool can improve effectiveness of biological control constrained by genotype-by-genotype interactions
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Male and female genotype and a genotype-by-genotype interaction mediate the effects of mating on cellular but not humoral immunity in female decorated crickets
<p>Sexually antagonistic coevolution is predicted to lead to the divergence of male and female genotypes related to the effects of substances transferred by males at mating on female physiology. The outcome of mating should thus depend on the specific combination of mating genotypes. Although mating has been shown to influence female immunity in diverse insect taxa, a male-female genotype-by-genotype effect on female immunity post-mating remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigate the effects of mating on female decorated cricket baseline immunity and the potential for a male-by-female genotype interaction affecting this response. Females from three distinct genotypic backgrounds were left unmated or singly mated in a fully reciprocal design to males from the same three genotypic backgrounds. Hemocytes and hemocyte microaggregations were quantified for female cellular immunity, and phenoloxidase, involved in melanization, and antibacterial activity for humoral immunity. In this system, female cellular immunity was more reactive to mating, and mating effects were genotype dependent. Specifically, for hemocytes, a genotype-mating status interaction mediated the effect of mating per se, and a significant male-female genotype-by-genotype interaction determined hemocyte depletion post-mating. Microaggregations were influenced by the female's genotype or that of her mate. Female humoral immune measures were unaffected, indicating the propensity for post-mating effects on female is dependent on the component of baseline immunity. The genotype-by-genotype effect on hemocytes supports a role of sexual conflict in post-mating immune suppression, suggesting divergence of male genotypes with respect to modification of female post-mating immunity, and divergence of female genotypes in resistance to these effects.</p>
Data from: Genotype-by-genotype interactions between an insect and its pathogen
Genotype-by-genotype (G×G) interactions are an essential requirement for the coevolution of hosts and parasites, but have only been documented in a small number of animal model systems. G×G effects arise from interactions between host and pathogen genotypes, such that some pathogen strains are more infectious in certain hosts and some hosts are more susceptible to certain pathogen strains. We tested for G×G interactions in the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) and its baculovirus. We infected 21 full-sib families of gypsy moths with each of 16 isolates of baculovirus and measured the between-isolate correlations of infection rate across host families for all pairwise combinations of isolates. Mean infectiousness varied among isolates and disease susceptibility varied among host families. Between-isolate correlations of infection rate were generally less than one, indicating nonadditive effects of host and pathogen type consistent with G×G interactions. Our results support the presence of G×G effects in the gypsy moth–baculovirus interaction and provide empirical evidence that correlations in infection rates between field-collected isolates are consistent with values that mathematical models have previously shown to increase the likelihood of pathogen polymorphism.
Strong genotype-by-genotype interactions between aphid-defensive symbionts and parasitoids persist across different biotic environments
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The dynamics of coevolution between hosts and parasites are influenced by their genetic interactions. Highly specific interactions, where the outcome of an infection depends on the precise combination of host and parasite genotypes (G × G interactions), have the potential to maintain genetic variation by inducing negative frequency-dependent selection. The importance of this effect also rests on whether such interactions are consistent across different environments or modified by environmental variation (G × G × E interaction). In the black bean aphid, <i>Aphis fabae</i>, resistance to its parasitoid <i>Lysiphlebus fabarum</i> is largely determined by the possession of a heritable bacterial endosymbiont, <i>Hamiltonella defensa</i>, with strong G × G interactions between <i>H. defensa</i> and <i>L. fabarum</i>. A key environmental factor in this system is the host plant on which the aphid feeds. Here, we exposed genetically identical aphids harbouring three different strains of <i>H. defensa</i> to three asexual genotypes of <i>L. fabarum </i>and measured parasitism success on three common host plants of <i>A. fabae</i>, namely <i>Vicia faba</i>, <i>Chenopodium album</i> and <i>Beta vulgaris</i>. As expected, we observed the pervasive G × G interaction between <i>H. defensa</i> and <i>L. fabarum</i>, but despite strong main effects of the host plants on average rates of parasitism, this interaction was not altered significantly by the host plant environment (no G × G × E interaction). The symbiont-conferred specificity of resistance is thus likely to mediate the coevolution of <i>A. fabae </i>and <i>L. fabarum</i>, even when played out across diverse host plants of the aphid.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Strong genotype-by-genotype interactions between aphid-defensive symbionts and parasitoids persist across different biotic environments
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Male and female genotype and a genotype-by-genotype interaction mediate the effects of mating on cellular but not humoral immunity in female decorated crickets
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Data from: Genotype-by-genotype interactions between an insect and its pathogen
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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