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44 results for “geographic clines”
Data from: Environmental and geographic conditions on the breeding grounds drive Bergmannian clines in nightjars
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Body size variation in polyplacophoran mollusks: geographic clines and community structure along the Southeastern Pacific
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: To evaluate the latitudinal pattern of body size within and among chiton species employing phylogenetically structured analyses, and to examine the role of geographic variation in temperature, productivity and oxygen availability as potential environmental drivers.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Coastal habitats of the Southeastern Pacific along a latitudinal range of nearly 6,000 km, from the Equator to Patagonia (~ 2º to 56º S).</p> <p><strong>Time Period</strong>: Present (2011 – 2017).</p> <p><strong>Major taxa</strong>: 31 species of polyplacophoran mollusks.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We measured the body length of 6,162 individuals collected in 62 sites, and reconstructed the phylogeny of this group based on two mitochondrial and one nuclear gene regions. We combined this information with data of sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a concentration –as a proxy of primary productivity– and dissolved oxygen, and assessed which variables best explain the variation in size both within and among species employing phylogenetic generalised least squares (PGLS) and a model comparison approach.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: Our analyses show that body size increases consistently with latitude, both within and among species, following Bergmann's rule. Variation in sea surface temperature along the latitudinal gradient provided a substantially better fit than chlorophyll-a and dissolved oxygen. Our results support the temperature-size rule for this lineage and suggest that similar processes could underlie the emergence of intra and interspecific gradients in body size of polyplacophorans. At the community level, chiton species richness was higher at intermediate latitudes and positively correlated with body size variation, suggesting that heterogeneity in size may reduce interspecific competition and contribute to species coexistence in this group. Overall, our study demonstrates that historical events, macroecological adaptive trends and local processes at the community level contribute to the distribution and size variation of polyplacophoran species along the Southeastern Pacific.</p>
Body size variation in polyplacophoran mollusks: geographic clines and community structure along the Southeastern Pacific
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Data from: Evidence for spatial clines and mixed geographic modes of speciation for North American cherry-infesting Rhagoletis (Diptera:Tephritidae) flies
An important criterion for understanding speciation is the geographic context of population divergence. Three major modes of allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric speciation define the extent of spatial overlap and gene flow between diverging populations. However, mixed modes of speciation are also possible, whereby populations experience periods of allopatry, parapatry, and/or sympatry at different times as they diverge. Here, we report clinal patterns of variation for 21 nuclear-encoded microsatellites and a wing spot phenotype for cherry-infesting <i>Rhagoletis</i> (Diptera: Tephritidae) across North America consistent with these flies having initially diverged in parapatry followed by a period of allopatric differentiation in the early Holocene. However, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) displays a different pattern; cherry flies at the ends of the clines in the eastern USA and Pacific Northwest share identical haplotypes, while centrally located populations in the southwestern USA and Mexico possess a different haplotype. We hypothesize that the mitochondrial difference could be due to lineage sorting but more likely reflects a selective sweep of a favorable mtDNA variant or the spread of an endosymbiont. The estimated divergence time for mtDNA suggests possible past allopatry, secondary contact, and subsequent isolation between USA and Mexican fly populations initiated before the Wisconsin glaciation. Thus, the current genetics of cherry flies may involve different mixed modes of divergence occurring in different portions of the fly's range. We discuss the need for additional DNA sequencing and quantification of prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive isolation to verify the multiple mixed mode hypothesis for cherry flies, and draw parallels from other systems to assess the generality that speciation may commonly involve complex biogeographies of varying combinations of allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric divergence.
Data from: Geographic clines in wing morphology relate to colonization history in New World but not Old World populations of yellow dung flies
Geographic clines offer insights about putative targets and agents of natural selection as well as tempo and mode of adaptation. However, demographic processes can lead to clines that are indistinguishable from adaptive divergence. Using the widespread yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria (Diptera: Scathophagidae), we examine quantitative genetic differentiation (QST) of wing shape across North America, Europe and Japan, and compare this differentiation with that of ten microsatellites (FST). Morphometric analyses of 28 populations reared at three temperatures revealed significant thermal plasticity, sexual dimorphism and geographic differentiation in wing shape. In North America morphological differentiation followed the decline in microsatellite variability along the presumed route of recent colonization from the southeast to the northwest. Across Europe, where S. stercoraria presumably existed for much longer time and where no molecular pattern of isolation by distance was evident, clinal variation was less pronounced despite significant morphological differentiation (QST>FST). Shape vector comparisons further indicate that thermal plasticity (hot-to-cold) does not mirror patterns of latitudinal divergence (south-to-north), as might have been expected under a scenario with temperature as the major agent of selection. Our findings illustrate the importance of detailed phylogeographic information when interpreting geographic clines of dispersal traits in an adaptive evolutionary framework.
Data from: Breakdown of a geographic cline explains high performance of introduced populations of a weedy invader
1. What drives the evolution of increased growth and fecundity in plants introduced to a novel range is not well understood. 2. We investigate between-range differences in performance for Verbascum thapsus, a weedy invader known to grow larger in its introduced than native range. Specifically, we question whether adaptation to herbivory or climate best explains increased performance of introduced populations. 3. We grew 14 native and 22 introduced populations of V. thapsus in two common garden locations: near Prague, Czech Republic (native range) and in Colorado, USA (introduced range). By removing herbivores from half of the plants within each garden we tested the prediction of the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis: increased performance is driven by an evolutionary shift of resources away from defence against herbivory towards growth and reproduction. We then investigated whether genetically based clines in performance are expressed along climate gradients within both the native and introduced ranges. 4. On average, seeds produce larger rosettes when collected from the introduced versus native range. While this evolution of increased growth in introduced populations in part matches the prediction of EICA, climate, not herbivory, best explains this between-range difference. Specifically, seeds collected from the native range produce smaller rosettes as the climate of origin becomes cooler and drier, while there is no cline in performance in rosettes grown from seed collected from the introduced range, which are large regardless of climate of origin. Thus, a climate-based cline within the native range best explains lower average performance of native compared to introduced populations. SYNTHESIS: The breakdown in a potentially adaptive cline emphasizes the need to more closely investigate the evolutionary processes that shape geographic structuring (or its absence) within the introduced range. In addition, EICA is not universally applicable to all invasion scenarios, and our findings underscore the importance of testing underlying assumptions alongside the predictions of this hypothesis.
Supplementary material 1 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Supplementary material 1 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig. 11 in So different but nonetheless the same species: multiple geographic clines explain the diverse forms of the anthidiine bee Rhodanthidium caturigense s.l. (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Fig. 11 Evolutionary history of Rhodanthidium caturigense from various parts of the distribution area as inferred by using the maximum likelihood method and Kimura 2-parameter model. Numbers shown
Fig. 9 in So different but nonetheless the same species: multiple geographic clines explain the diverse forms of the anthidiine bee Rhodanthidium caturigense s.l. (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Fig. 9 Relationship between the scutum width of Rhodanthidium caturigense and the geographic latitude. The scutum width highly correlates with other morphometric parameters and is a good indicator of body size
Fig. 10 in So different but nonetheless the same species: multiple geographic clines explain the diverse forms of the anthidiine bee Rhodanthidium caturigense s.l. (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Fig. 10 Mean scutum width in the seven operational units (OUs) of Rhodanthidium caturigense. While scutum width is similar in the southern populations, there is significant sexual dimorphism some northern populations
Fig. 6 in So different but nonetheless the same species: multiple geographic clines explain the diverse forms of the anthidiine bee Rhodanthidium caturigense s.l. (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Fig. 6 Shape and coloration of the clypeus A, B in the male and coloration of abdominal terga C, D in the female of Rhodanthidium caturigense. In southern populations, the male clypeus is yellow or almost yellow, with a straight or only shallowly emarginate apical margin A. In northern populations, particularly in the Alps, the male
Fig. 5 in So different but nonetheless the same species: multiple geographic clines explain the diverse forms of the anthidiine bee Rhodanthidium caturigense s.l. (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Fig. 5 Male of Rhodanthidium caturigense (s.l.) from various regions. The coloration changes from bright yellow in the south to dull yellow in the north, and the melanic coloration increases towards
Fig. 3 in So different but nonetheless the same species: multiple geographic clines explain the diverse forms of the anthidiine bee Rhodanthidium caturigense s.l. (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Fig. 3 Templates used for describing the extent of yellow colour on clypeus, scutum, scutellum, axilla and pronotal lobe in Rhodanthidium caturigense. The numbers below the figures give the numerical values used for assessing the overall colour scores
Fig. 4 in So different but nonetheless the same species: multiple geographic clines explain the diverse forms of the anthidiine bee Rhodanthidium caturigense s.l. (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Fig. 4 Template used for describing the pattern of yellow colour on gena and vertex in Rhodanthidium caturigense. The numerical values are given below the drawings
Data from: A geographic cline in the ability to self-fertilize is unrelated to the pollination environment
<p>The reproductive assurance (RA) hypothesis predicts that the ability to autonomously self-fertilize should be favored in environments where a lack of mates or pollinators limits outcross reproduction. Because such limits to outcrossing are predicted to be most severe at range edges, elevated autonomy in peripheral populations is often attributed to RA. We test this hypothesis in 24 populations spanning the range of Campanula americana, including sampling at the range interior and three geographic range edges. We scored autonomous fruit set in a pollinator-free environment and detected clinal variation—autonomy increased linearly from the southern to the northern edge, and from the eastern to the western edge. We then address whether the cline reflects the contemporary pollination environment. We measured population size, plant density, pollinator visitation, outcross pollen limitation and RA in natural populations over two years. Most populations were pollen limited, and those that experienced higher visitation rates by bumblebees had reduced pollen limitation. Reproductive assurance, however, was generally low across populations and was unrelated to pollen limitation or autonomy. Neither pollen limitation nor RA displayed geographic clines. Finally, autonomy was not associated with pollinator visitation rates or mate availability. Thus, the data do not support the RA hypothesis; clinal variation in autonomy is unrelated to the current pollination environment. Therefore, geographic patterns of autonomy are likely the result of historical processes rather than contemporary natural selection for RA.</p>
A narrow window for geographic cline analysis using genomic data: effects of age, drift, and migration on error rates
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Data from: Evidence for spatial clines and mixed geographic modes of speciation for North American cherry-infesting Rhagoletis (Diptera:Tephritidae) flies
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Data from: Searching for the bull's-eye: agents and targets of selection vary among geographically disparate cyanogenesis clines in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)
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Data from: Geographic cline analysis as a tool for studying genome-wide variation: a case study of pollinator-mediated divergence in a monkeyflower
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Data from: Breakdown of a geographic cline explains high performance of introduced populations of a weedy invader
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