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32 results for “geographic diversification”
Rapid diversification of gray mangroves (Avicennia marina) driven by geographic isolation and extreme environmental conditions in the Arabian Peninsula
<p><span>Biological systems occurring in ecologically heterogeneous and spatially discontinuous habitats provide an ideal opportunity to investigate the relative roles of neutral and selective factors in driving lineage diversification. The gray mangroves (<em>Avicennia marina</em>) of Arabia occur at the northern edge of the species' range and are subject to variable, often extreme, environmental conditions, as well as to historic large fluctuations in habitat availability and connectivity resulting from Quaternary glacial cycles. Here, we analyze fully sequenced genomes sampled from 20 locations across the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea, and the Persian/Arabian Gulf (PAG) to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the species in the region and to identify adaptive mechanisms of lineage diversification. Population structure and phylogenetic analyses revealed marked genetic structure and highly supported clades among and within the seas surrounding the Arabian Peninsula. Demographic modeling showed times of divergence consistent with recent periods of geographic isolation and low marine connectivity during glaciations, revealing the presence of (cryptic) glacial refugia in the Red Sea and the PAG. Significant migration was detected within the Red Sea and the PAG, and across the Strait of Hormuz to the Arabian Sea, suggesting gene flow upon secondary contact among Arabian mangrove populations. Genetic‐environment association analyses revealed high levels of adaptive divergence and detected signs of multi-loci local adaptation driven by temperature extremes and hypersalinity. These results support a process of rapid diversification resulting from the combined effects of historical factors and ecological selection and reveal mangrove peripheral environments as relevant drivers of lineage diversity.</span></p>
Diversification in the Rosales is influenced by dispersal, geographic range size, and pre-existing species richness
<p>Biodiversity results from origination and extinction; thus there is interest in determining those traits that influence this balance. Among traits implicated in the success or failure of lineages are dispersal, colonization ability, and geographic range size. We investigate the impact of dispersal and range size on contemporary diversity in the order Rosales.</p> <p> We use the MuSSE method to explore the effects on genus-level diversification of two genus-level traits (geographic range size and within-genus proclivity to speciate), and two species traits (seed dispersal and growth habit). We then used MuHiSSE for species-level associations. Finally, we conducted a PGLS (phylogenetic least-squares) analysis to distinguish between speciation within genera versus origination of new genera.</p> <p>At the species-level, animal dispersal enhances diversification rate in both woody and herbaceous lineages, while woody lineages without animal dispersal have higher extinction rates than speciation rates. At the genus level, herbaceous taxa have positive diversification rates regardless of other character states. Diversification rate variation is also explained by two interactions: (1) a three-way interaction between large geographic range, animal-mediated dispersal, and high within-genus species richness, whereby genera possessing all three traits have high diversification rates, and (2) a four-way interaction by which the three-way interaction is stronger in woody genera than in herbaceous genera.</p> <p>Colonization ability may underlie the relationship between dispersal type and range size and may influence past diversification rates by decreasing extinction rates during late Cenozoic times of climate volatility. Thus, colonization ability could be used to predict future extinction risk to improve conservation success.</p> <p>Please be aware that if you ask to have your user record removed, we will retain your name in the records concerning manuscripts for which you were an author, reviewer, or editor. In compliance with data protection regulations, you may request that we remove your personal registration details at any time. (Use the following URL: https://www.editorialmanager.com/ajb/login.asp?a=r). Please contact the publication office if you have any questions.</p>
Rapid diversification of gray mangroves (Avicennia marina) driven by geographic isolation and extreme environmental conditions in the Arabian Peninsula
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Diversification in the Rosales is influenced by dispersal, geographic range size, and pre-existing species richness
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New species boundaries and the diversification history of marsh rat taxa clarify historical connections among ecologically and geographically distinct wetlands of South America
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Taxa with broad geographic ranges that occur in different biomes and exhibit plastic morphological traits and/or adaptations to particular habitats make inferences about species boundaries especially challenging. However, technological and conceptual advances in the generation and analysis of genomic data have advanced the description of biodiversity. Here we address the outstanding questions about the delimitation of species in the genus <i>Holochilus, </i>a rodent with morphological specializations to wetland habitats, distributed through almost all the South America continent using genome‐wide SNP and morphometric data. Specifically, we apply a Bayesian model‐based species delimitation that revealed significant re-arrangements of species boundaries based on consideration of both morphometric and genomic data alone, or in combination. With these shifts in species boundaries, our results provide an insightful framework for inferring the group's biogeographic history and considering possible connections between disjoint biomes in South America. Because of the ecological constraints of the marsh rats, and with the proposed taxonomic re-arrangements, the significance of our findings extends beyond systematics and suggests how diversification might be associated with past ecological/environmental changes during the Pleistocene. Overall, this study highlights how genomic data can provide phylogenetic information for resolving relationships among species of <i>Holochilus</i>, but also the importance of integrative approaches to identify evolutionary independent species. For the relatively understudied vast wetlands of South America, a robust species delimitation framework therefore becomes a critical source of data relevant to hypotheses about the history of the biomes themselves.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Ecological and geographic dimensions of diversification in Piper subgenus Ottonia: a lineage of neotropical rainforest shrubs
The Neotropics are home to incomparable plant diversity. To evaluate the potential roles of geography and ecology on speciation in Neotropical plants we selected a small, tractable lineage of shrubby angiosperms, Piper subgenus Ottonia. We reconstructed a molecular phylogeny and provided insights into the species divergence times based on fossil calibration of the molecular clock. We support the monophyly of Piper subg. Ottonia and the two main lineages: Amazonian and Atlantic Forest, the latter containing the non-Atlantic species pair P. darienense‐P. piscatorum. We also propose the origin of Piper subg. Ottonia in the early Eocene and suggest that the diversification of Piper subg. Ottonia was influenced by geo-historical events such as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) and the uplift of the Andes in the Miocene, as is the case for other angiosperms. Furthermore, we combined our phylogeny with geographic and environmental data in order to evaluate geographical and ecological contexts for speciation. We indicate that neither climatic/edaphic divergence nor geographic isolation appears to be needed to explain speciation in this lineage.
Defensive spines are associated with large geographic range but not diversification in spiny ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Polyrhachis)
<p>Several prominent evolutionary theories propose mechanisms whereby the evolution of a defensive trait or suite of traits causes significant shifts in species diversification rate and niche evolution. We investigate the role of cuticular spines, a highly variable morphological defensive trait in the hyperdiverse ant genus <em>Polyrhachis</em>, on species diversification and geographic range size. Informed by key innovation theory and the escape-and-radiate hypothesis, we predicted that clades with longer spines would exhibit elevated rates of diversification and larger range sizes compared to clades with shorter spines. To address these predictions, we estimated phylogenetic relationships with a phylogenomic approach utilizing ultra-conserved elements (UCEs) and compiled morphological and biogeographic trait databases. In contrast to the first prediction, we found no association between diversification rate and any trait (spine length, body size, and range size). However, we recovered a positive correlation between spine length and geographic range size, suggesting that spines promote expanded geographic range. Notably, these results were consistent across analyses using different phylogenetic inference approaches and spine trait measurement schemes. This study provides a rare investigation of the role of a defensive trait on geographic range size, and ultimately supports the hypothesis that defensive spines are a factor in increased range size in <em>Polyrhachis</em> ants. Furthermore, the lack of support for an association between spines and diversification, which contrasts with previous work demonstrating a positive association between spines and diversification rate, is intriguing and warrants further study.</p>
Ecological diversification preceded geographical expansion during the evolutionary radiation of Cataglyphis desert ants
<p>Biological diversity often arises as organisms adapt to new ecological conditions (i.e. ecological opportunities) or colonise suitable areas (i.e. spatial opportunities). Cases of geographical expansion followed by local ecological divergence are well described; they result in clades comprising ecologically heterogeneous subclades. In contrast, nothing is known about evolutionary radiation events in which ecological opportunities preceded spatial spread. Here, we show that the desert ant genus <em>Cataglyphis</em> likely originated in open grassland habitats in the Middle East ~18 million years ago and became a taxon of diverse species specialising in prey of different masses. Around 9 million years ago, southern Europe and northern Africa experienced aridification and were colonised by <em>Cataglyphis</em>, which was preadapted to the harsh environmental conditions. The result was the rapid accumulation of species, and the appearance of local assemblages containing species from different lineages that still displayed ancestral foraging specialties. These findings highlight that, in <em>Cataglyphis</em>, ecological diversification happened before the genus geographically spread into newly arisen suitable habitats, resulting in a clade composed of ecologically homogeneous subclades.</p>
Genomic and geographic diversification of a “great-speciator” (Rhipidura rufifrons)
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New species boundaries and the diversification history of marsh rat taxa clarify historical connections among ecologically and geographically distinct wetlands of South America
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Data from: Ecological and geographic dimensions of diversification in Piper subgenus Ottonia: a lineage of neotropical rainforest shrubs
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Data from: Geographic breaks and seascape features shape diversification in cryptobenthic reef fishes
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Defensive spines are associated with large geographic range but not diversification in spiny ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Polyrhachis)
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Data from: Joint phylogenetic estimation of geographic movements and biome shifts during the global diversification of Viburnum
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Ecological diversification preceded geographical expansion during the evolutionary radiation of Cataglyphis desert ants
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Data from: Geographic and temporal dynamics of a global radiation and diversification in the killer whale
Global climate change during the Late Pleistocene periodically encroached and then released habitat during the glacial cycles, causing range expansions and contractions in some species. These dynamics have played a major role in geographic radiations, diversification and speciation. We investigate these dynamics in the most widely distributed of marine mammals, the killer whale (Orcinus orca), using a global data set of over 450 samples. This marine top predator inhabits coastal and pelagic ecosystems ranging from the ice edge to the tropics, often exhibiting ecological, behavioural and morphological variation suggestive of local adaptation accompanied by reproductive isolation. Results suggest a rapid global radiation occurred over the last 350 000 years. Based on habitat models, we estimated there was only a 15% global contraction of core suitable habitat during the last glacial maximum, and the resources appeared to sustain a constant global effective female population size throughout the Late Pleistocene. Reconstruction of the ancestral phylogeography highlighted the high mobility of this species, identifying 22 strongly supported long-range dispersal events including interoceanic and interhemispheric movement. Despite this propensity for geographic dispersal, the increased sampling of this study uncovered very few potential examples of ancestral dispersal among ecotypes. Concordance of nuclear and mitochondrial data further confirms genetic cohesiveness, with little or no current gene flow among sympatric ecotypes. Taken as a whole, our data suggest that the glacial cycles influenced local populations in different ways, with no clear global pattern, but with secondary contact among lineages following long-range dispersal as a potential mechanism driving ecological diversification.
Data from: Evolution of codfishes (Teleostei: Gadinae) in geographical and ecological space: evidence that physiological limits drove diversification of subarctic fishes
Aim: To develop a holistic biogeographical history of codfishes in the subfamily Gadinae based on historical relationships, ecological niche, and evolution of physiological tolerances. Two alternative diversification scenarios were tested in two co-distributed, Northern Hemisphere clades: (1) clade ancestors were temperate, and environmental niche has been conserved over evolutionary time, implying that speciation was driven by vicariance associated with ice sheet formation; and (2) clade ancestors were Arctic, and species convergently adapted to temperate environmental conditions, implying that speciation was driven by repeated adaption to temperate environments. Location: Northern Hemisphere Arctic and subarctic oceans. Methods: Fifty-five new sequences of four genes from 23 tissue samples were combined with 10 GenBank sequences to generate a time-calibrated phylogenetic hypothesis. Combining the phylogeny with information on species' ecological niche tolerances inferred from correlational models, I reconstructed ancestral environmental tolerances of each of the focal clades. These results were combined with Bayesian area-based biogeographical analysis and regional palaeoclimatic history to develop a holistic biogeographical history of Gadinae. Results: Of 18 environmental variables describing species' tolerances to salinity, temperature, sea ice concentration, and mixed layer depth, only mean, maximum and minimum sea bottom temperature, and mean and minimum sea surface temperature showed phylogenetic signal across Gadinae. Both ecological niche and geographical distributions of gadine fishes are largely conservative, but two clades contain both Pacific and Atlantic species. Focal clade divergence time estimates suggest a Pliocene origin for both, with further Pleistocene divergence. Main conclusions: Reconstructed ancestral environmental tolerances of crown cods and tomcods support a temperate origin of both groups. The timing of diversification of these two clades and the intolerance of temperate species to sea ice suggest that cyclical Arctic ice formation drove divergence. Future sea ice reduction may have dramatic consequences for distributions and persistence of commercially important species when currently allopatric temperate species come into secondary contact.
Data from: Evolution of codfishes (Teleostei: Gadinae) in geographical and ecological space: evidence that physiological limits drove diversification of subarctic fishes
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Data from: Polyploidisation and geographic differentiation drive diversification in a European high mountain plant group (Doronicum clusii aggregate, Asteraceae)
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Data from: Phylogenetic inference of reciprocal effects between geographic range evolution and diversification
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OpenNeuro
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