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4 results for “geographic mode”
Evolutionary history and climate co-determine the geographical variation in pollination modes of angiosperms in China
<p><span><strong>Aim:</strong> </span><span>Pollination is an essential stage of angiosperm reproduction and the mode of pollination plays a major role in driving evolutionary and ecological responses of plants to environmental changes. However, the effects of climate, evolutionary history and floral traits (i.e. plant sexual systems) on pollination mode variation remain unclear. Here, we explored the biogeographic patterns in pollination mode frequency, and tested the hypothesis that insect pollination prevails in warm humid regions with old floras due to high pollinator dependence, whereas wind pollination is more frequent in arid regions with younger floras and is more strongly associated with dioecy.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Location</strong>: </span><span>China</span></p> <p><span><strong>Time</strong> <strong>period</strong>: </span><span>Since the Last Glacial Maximum</span></p> <p><span><strong>Major taxa studied</strong>:</span><span> Angiosperms</span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods</strong>:</span><span> Using data on pollination modes and geographic ranges of 29,719 angiosperm species in China, we mapped the biogeographic </span><span>pattern of pollination mode frequency</span><span>. Phylogenetic logistic regressions and </span><span>generalized linear mixed models </span><span>were employed to evaluate the relative importance of climate, evolutionary history (represented by phylogenetic conservatism and grid-level mean genus age) and sexual systems on variations in pollination modes across species and space.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span>E</span><span>volutionary history was the strongest correlate of pollination mode variation across species and space. The proportion of insect-pollinated species was higher in warm humid regions with old floras, but lower in arid regions with young floras. </span><span>Evolutionary history and temperature dominated variations in pollination mode frequency in warm humid areas, while precipitation dominated in arid areas.</span><span> Climate mainly influenced geographic patterns in pollination mode frequency</span><span> indirectly via its effects on species richness and plant sexual systems.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Main</strong> <strong>conclusions</strong>: </span><span>Our results showed that </span><span>geographic pattern in angiosperm pollination mode frequency is </span><span>dominated by evolutionary history followed by climate</span><span>, which extended previous findings of climate-driven mechanisms. Our findings demonstrate the importance to incorporate evolutionary history in understanding the mechanisms underlying the functional biogeography of plant traits.</span></p>
Evolutionary history and climate co-determine the geographical variation in pollination modes of angiosperms in China
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Data from: Evidence for spatial clines and mixed geographic modes of speciation for North American cherry-infesting Rhagoletis (Diptera:Tephritidae) flies
An important criterion for understanding speciation is the geographic context of population divergence. Three major modes of allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric speciation define the extent of spatial overlap and gene flow between diverging populations. However, mixed modes of speciation are also possible, whereby populations experience periods of allopatry, parapatry, and/or sympatry at different times as they diverge. Here, we report clinal patterns of variation for 21 nuclear-encoded microsatellites and a wing spot phenotype for cherry-infesting <i>Rhagoletis</i> (Diptera: Tephritidae) across North America consistent with these flies having initially diverged in parapatry followed by a period of allopatric differentiation in the early Holocene. However, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) displays a different pattern; cherry flies at the ends of the clines in the eastern USA and Pacific Northwest share identical haplotypes, while centrally located populations in the southwestern USA and Mexico possess a different haplotype. We hypothesize that the mitochondrial difference could be due to lineage sorting but more likely reflects a selective sweep of a favorable mtDNA variant or the spread of an endosymbiont. The estimated divergence time for mtDNA suggests possible past allopatry, secondary contact, and subsequent isolation between USA and Mexican fly populations initiated before the Wisconsin glaciation. Thus, the current genetics of cherry flies may involve different mixed modes of divergence occurring in different portions of the fly's range. We discuss the need for additional DNA sequencing and quantification of prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive isolation to verify the multiple mixed mode hypothesis for cherry flies, and draw parallels from other systems to assess the generality that speciation may commonly involve complex biogeographies of varying combinations of allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric divergence.
Data from: Evidence for spatial clines and mixed geographic modes of speciation for North American cherry-infesting Rhagoletis (Diptera:Tephritidae) flies
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