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13 results for “geographic parthenogenesis”
Does ecology shape geographical parthenogenesis? Evidence from the facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect Megacrania batesii
<p>Closely related sexual and parthenogenetic species often show distinct distribution patterns, known as geographical parthenogenesis. These patterns, characterized by a mosaic of separate sexual and parthenogenetic populations across their natural range, can also be found in facultative parthenogens – species in which every female is capable of both sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction. The underlying mechanisms driving this phenomenon in nature remain unclear. Features of the habitat, such as differences in host plant phenotypes or niche breadth, could favour sexual or asexual reproductive modes and thus help to explain geographical parthenogenesis in natural insect populations. <em>Megacrania batesii</em> is a facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect that displays geographical parthenogenesis in the wild. We aimed to explore whether sexual and parthenogenetic populations of <em>M. batesii</em> displayed niche differentiation or variations in niche breadth that could explain the separation of the two population types. To do this, we sampled host plants from across the range of <em>M. batesii</em> and quantified phenotypic traits that might affect palatability or accessibility for <em>M. batesii</em>, including leaf thickness, toughness, spike size and density, height, and chemical composition. We also quantified host plant density, which could affect <em>M. batesii</em> dispersal. We found little evidence of phenotypic differences between host plants supporting sexual versus asexual <em>M. batesii</em> populations, and no difference in host-plant density or niche breadth between the two population types. Our results suggest that habitat parameters do not play a substantial role in shaping patterns of geographical parthenogenesis in wild populations of <em>M. batesii</em>. Instead, population sex ratio variation could result from interactions between the sexes or dispersal dynamics.</p>
Fig. 5 in The Alternative Distribution Of Related Earthworms Aporrectodea Caliginosa And A. Trapezoides (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) In Ukraine As A Case Of Geographical Parthenogenesis
Fig. 5. Changes in the proportion of A. trapezoides in A. caliginosa s. l. sample sets depending on geographical longitude.
Fig. 3. A. caliginosa–A in The Alternative Distribution Of Related Earthworms Aporrectodea Caliginosa And A. Trapezoides (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) In Ukraine As A Case Of Geographical Parthenogenesis
Fig. 3. A. caliginosa–A. trapezoides specimens ratio in A. caliginosa s. l. sample sets. Black filling — A. caliginosa, cross-hatching — A. trapezoids.
Does ecology shape geographical parthenogenesis? Evidence from the facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect Megacrania batesii
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Data from: Could adult or juvenile dispersal shape geographical parthenogenesis? Evidence from the facultatively parthenogenetic phasmid Megacrania batesii
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Fig. 1. A. caliginosa–A in The Alternative Distribution Of Related Earthworms Aporrectodea Caliginosa And A. Trapezoides (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) In Ukraine As A Case Of Geographical Parthenogenesis
Fig. 1. A. caliginosa–A. trapezoides sample locations from the territory of Ukraine.
Data from: Population genomics and geographical parthenogenesis in Japanese harvestmen (Opiliones, Sclerosomatidae, Leiobunum)
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Data from: Geographical parthenogenesis and population genetic structure in the alpine species Ranunculus kuepferi (Ranunculaceae)
Geographical parthenogenesis describes the enigmatic phenomenon that asexual organisms have larger distribution areas than their sexual relatives, especially in previously glaciated areas. Classical models suggest temporary advantages to asexuality in colonization scenarios because of uniparental reproduction and clonality. We analyzed population genetic structure and self-fertility of the plant species Ranunculus kuepferi on 59 populations from the whole distribution area (European Alps, Apennines and Corsica). Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and five microsatellite loci revealed individual genotypes for all populations and mostly insignificant differences between diploid sexuals and tetraploid apomicts in all measures of genetic diversity. Low frequencies of private AFLP fragments/simple sequence repeat alleles, and character incompatibility analyses suggest that facultative recombination explains best the unexpectedly high genotypic diversity of apomicts. STRUCTURE analyses using AFLPs revealed a higher number of partitions and a stronger geographical subdivision for diploids than for tetraploids, which contradicts expectations of standard gene flow models, but indicates a reduction of genetic structure in asexuals. Apomictic populations exhibited high admixture near the sexual area, but appeared rather uniform in remote areas. Bagging experiments and analyses of pollen tube growth confirmed self-fertility for pollen-dependent apomicts, but self-sterility for diploid sexuals. Facultative apomixis combines advantages of both modes of reproduction: uniparental reproduction allows for rapid colonization of remote areas, whereas facultative sexuality and polyploidy maintains genetic diversity within apomictic populations. The density dependence of outcrossing limits range expansions of sexual populations.
Geographic parthenogenesis in the brown alga Scytosiphon lomentaria (Scytosiphonaceae): Sexuals in warm waters and parthenogens in cold waters
<p>Geographic parthenogenesis, a phenomenon where parthenogens and their close sexual relatives inhabit distinct geographic areas, has been considered an interesting topic in evolutionary biology. Reports of geographic parthenogenesis from land and freshwater are numerous, however, this occurrence has been rarely reported from the sea. Brown algae are mostly marine and are thought to include numerous obligate parthenogens; still, little is known about the distribution, origin, and evolution of parthenogens in this group. Here we report a novel pattern of geographic parthenogenesis in the isogamous brown alga<i> Scytosiphon lomentaria</i>. Sex ratio investigation demonstrated that, in Japan, sexual populations grew in the coast along warm ocean currents, whereas female-dominant parthenogenetic populations grew mainly in the coast along a cold ocean current. In the two localities where sexual and parthenogenetic populations were parapatric, parthenogens grew in more wave-exposed areas than sexuals. Population genetic and phylogenetic analyses, including those based on genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data, indicated that parthenogens have initially evolved at least twice and subsequent hybridizations between the parthenogens and sexuals have generated multiple new parthenogenetic lineages. The origin of the initial parthenogens is not clear, except that it would not be inter-species hybridization. Interestingly, we found that the production of sex pheromones, which attract male gametes, has been independently lost in the initial two parthenogenetic lineages. This parallel loss of the sexual trait may represent the direct origin of parthenogens, or the regressive evolution of a useless trait under asexuality.</p>
Breeding system of diploid sexuals within the Ranunculus auricomus complex and its role in a geographical parthenogenesis scenario
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Geographic parthenogenesis in the brown alga Scytosiphon lomentaria (Scytosiphonaceae): Sexuals in warm waters and parthenogens in cold waters
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Data from: Geographical parthenogenesis and population genetic structure in the alpine species Ranunculus kuepferi (Ranunculaceae)
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Fig. 4 in The Alternative Distribution Of Related Earthworms Aporrectodea Caliginosa And A. Trapezoides (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) In Ukraine As A Case Of Geographical Parthenogenesis
Fig. 4. Changes in the proportion of A. trapezoides in A. caliginosa s. l. sample sets depending on geographical latitude.
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