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Fig. 1 in Global checklist of species of Grania (Clitellata: Enchytraeidae) with remarks on their geographic distribution

Fig. 1. Specimen of Grania chilensis Prantoni, De Wit & Erséus, 2016. Photograph by Pierre De Wit.

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Fig. 2 in Global checklist of species of Grania (Clitellata: Enchytraeidae) with remarks on their geographic distribution

Fig. 2. World map showing the description localities, and the three evolutionary lineages (color-marked) of Grania spp. genetically analyzed by Prantoni et al. (2016: clades A, B and C). Green numbers = Atlantic species (clade A); red numbers = South Pacific and Atlantic species (clade B); blue numbers = Australian and Asian species (clade C); black numbers = species presently without molecular data, i.e., not yet allocated to any particular lineage.

FIGURES 1 – 8. Lopheucoila anastrephae. 1 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations

FIGURES 1 – 8. Lopheucoila anastrephae. 1. Head, anterior view (183 x, 100 m); 2. Female antenna (58 x, 250 m); 3. Flagellomerous 1 and 2 of male (170 x, 100 m); 4. Pronotal plate (160 x, 100 m); 5. Head, mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (74 x, 250 m); 6. Mesosoma, dorsal view (172 x, 100 m); 7. Forewing (10 x, 0,5 mm); 8. Metacoxa (163 x, 100 m).

FIGURES 9 – 15. Tropideucoila weldi. 9 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations

FIGURES 9 – 15. Tropideucoila weldi. 9. Head, anterior view (228 x, 100 m); 10. Female antenna (179 x, 100 m); 11. Pronotal plate (391 x, 20 m); 12. Mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (168 x, 100 m); 13. Head and mesosoma, dorsal view (215 x, 100 m); 14. Forewing (10 x, 0,25 mm); 15. Metacoxa (261 x, 100 m).

FIGURES 40 – 47. Trybliographa infuscata. 40 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations

FIGURES 40 – 47. Trybliographa infuscata. 40. Head, anterior view (218 x, 100 m); 41. Female antenna (109 x, 100 m); 42. Flagellomerous 1 and 2 of male (182 x, 100 m); 43. Pronotal plate (568 x, 20 m); 44. Mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (161 x, 100 m); 45. Mesosoma, dorsal view (193 x, 100 m); 46. Forewing (10 x, 0,5 mm); 47. Metacoxa (161 x, 100 m).

FIGURES 32 39. A g anaspis pelleranoi. 32 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations

FIGURES 32 39. A g anaspis pelleranoi. 32. Head, anterior view (170 x, 100 m); 33. Female antenna (97 x, 100 m); 34. Flagellomerous 1 and 2 of male (130 x, 100 m); 35. Pronotal plate (288 x, 100 m); 36. Head, mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (48 x, 250 m); 37. Mesosoma, dorsal view (64 x, 250 m); 38. Forewing (10 x, 0,5 mm); 39. Metacoxa (163 x, 100 m).

FIGURES 24 – 31. Odontosema anastrephae. 24 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations

FIGURES 24 – 31. Odontosema anastrephae. 24. Head, anterior view (201 x, 100 m); 25. Female antenna (135 x, 100 m); 26. Flagellomerous 1 and 2 of male (145 x, 100 m); 27. Pronotal plate (130 x, 100 m); 28. Head, mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (37 x, 250 m); 29. Mesosoma, dorsal view (68 x, 250 m); 30. Forewing (10 x, 0,5 mm); 31. Metacoxa (84 x, 100 m).

FIGURES 16 – 23. Dicerataspis grenadensis. 16 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations

FIGURES 16 – 23. Dicerataspis grenadensis. 16. Head, anterior view (140 x, 100 m); 17. Female antenna (204 x, 100 m); 18. Flagellomerous 1 and 2 of male (280 x, 100 m); 19. Pronotal plate (366 x, 20 m); 20. Head, mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (120 x, 100 m); 21. Mesosoma, dorsal view (130 x, 100 m); 22. Forewing (10 x, 0,5 mm); 23. Metacoxa (130 x, 100 m).

FIGURES 56 – 63. Leptopilina boulardi. 56 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations

FIGURES 56 – 63. Leptopilina boulardi. 56. Head, anterior view (407 x, 20 m); 57. Female antenna (309 x, 20 m); 58. Flagellomerous 1 and 2 of male (267 x, 20 m); 59. Pronotal plate (790 x, 20 m); 60. Head, mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (100 x, 100 m); 61. Mesosoma, dorsal view (335 x, 20 m); 62. Forewing (10 x, 0.14 mm); 63. Metacoxa (230 x, 100 m).

FIGURES 48 – 55. Aganaspis nordlanderi. 48 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations

FIGURES 48 – 55. Aganaspis nordlanderi. 48. Head, anterior view (174 x, 100 m); 49. Female antenna (66 x, 250 m); 50. Flagellomerous 1 and 2 of male (84 x, 100 m); 51. Pronotal plate (105 x, 100 m); 52, Head, mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (35 x, 500 m); 53. Mesosoma, dorsal view (74 x, 250 m); 54. Forewing (10 x, 0,5 mm); 55. Metacoxa (120 x, 100 m).

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Fig. 1 in Interspecific Interactions as a Factor of Limitation of Geographical Distribution: Evidence Obtained by Modeling Home Ranges of Vole Twin Species Microtus Arvalis – M. Levis (Rodentia, Microtidae)

Fig. 1. Potential distribution of the Common vole Microtus arvalis. White circles are georeferenced occurrences of genetically identified individuals; black indicates areas of maximum habitat suitability, white are areas of lowest suitability.

Fig. 7 in A new species of Acantholeberis (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) suggests an ancient geographic distribution of the genus in South America

Fig. 7. Acantholeberis accolismaris Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro & Álvarez-Silva sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Jurubatiba National Park.A–C. First limb. A. Stiff seta on first endite. B. Stiff setae on second and third endites. C. Setae d–f on endite 2. D–G. Second limb. D. Partial view of the endite. E. Scraper 8. F–G. Gnathobase, arrow shows the position of fourth element. H–K. Third limb. H–I. Exopodite. J–K. Distal endite, arrows indicate the sensilla. L–N. Fourth limb. L. General view. M. Exopodite. N. Endite and gnathobase. O–P. Fifth limb. Q. Sixth limb. Scale bars: 10 µm.

Fig. 6 in A new species of Acantholeberis (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) suggests an ancient geographic distribution of the genus in South America

Fig. 6. Acantholeberis accolismaris Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro & Álvarez-Silva sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Jurubatiba National Park. A. Valve. B–F. Close view of selected regions of valve margin, as defined in subfigure A (arrows indicate some fine details). G–H. Carapace ventral view. I. Postabdomen. J. Postabdominal claw. K. Basal spines of the claw (arrow). Scale bars: A, G, I = 100 µm; B–F, H, J–K = 10 µm.

Fig. 2 in A new species of Acantholeberis (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) suggests an ancient geographic distribution of the genus in South America

Fig. 2. Acantholeberis accolismaris Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro & Álvarez-Silva sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from the Planície Costeira, Rio Grande do Sul (FDRS0696). A. Habitus, holotype. B–C. Lateral view, shape variation of carapace. D. Ventral view. E. Dorsal view. F. Outwardly directed setae. G. Plumose and ventrally directed setae. H. Horn-like outgrowth anterior to labrum. I. Dorsal organ. J. Antennule. K. Idem, inner surface. L. Antenna. M. Idem, first segment of exopodite, distal outer spine and inner sensory seta on basal segment. N. Idem, lateral seta of first segment of endopodite, armature detail. O–P. Morphology of apical setae of endopodite and exopodite. Q. Maxilla. R. Idem, short crown-like seta.

Fig. 4 in A new species of Acantholeberis (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) suggests an ancient geographic distribution of the genus in South America

Fig. 4. Acantholeberis accolismaris Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro & Álvarez-Silva sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from the Planície Costeira, Rio Grande do Sul. A. Lateral view of postabdomen. B. Apical view of postabdomen. C. Basal spines variation. D. Detail of postabdominal setae showing difference between proximal and distal segment.

Fig. 1 in A new species of Acantholeberis (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) suggests an ancient geographic distribution of the genus in South America

Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of species of Acantholeberis Lilljeborg, 1853 in South America. Black triangles represent previous records of A. smirnovi Paggi & Herrera-Martinez, 2020 (Paggi & Herrera-Martinez 2020). Asterisks show records of A. accolismaris Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro & Álvarez-Silva sp. nov.

Fig. 30 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 30 (continued on next page). Distribution of the lutko species group fritillaries in combination with the distribution of known and suspected species of host plants from the genus Phlomoides Blume. = Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932; = M. timandra timandra Coutsis & Oorschot, 2014; = M. timandra binaludica subsp. nov.; = M. shahvarica sp. nov.; = M. mimetica mimetica Higgins, 1940; = M. mimetica delerei Heidemann, 1954;? = unconfirmed findings of M. timandra; = M. timandra with an unclear subspecies status; = Phlomoides regeliana (Aitch. & Hemsl.) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.; = Phlomoides boissieriana (Regel) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.; = Phlomoides laciniata (L.) Kamelin & Makhm.; = Phlomoides labiosiformis (Popov) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.; = Phlomoides loasifolia (Benth.) Kamelin & Makhm.; = Phlomoides molucelloides (Bunge) Salmaki; = Phlomoides acaulis (Beck ex Rech.f.) Salmaki; = Phlomoides labiosa (Bunge) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm. A. Pakistan, Chitral, Chaghbini CGNP, alt. 2700–3000 m. B. Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Drosh. C. Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Keon Nullah. D. Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Malakand. E. Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Birmoglasht. F. Turkmenistan, Badkhyz, Kepeli, alt. 700 m. G. Turkmenistan, Badkhyz, Kyzyl-Jar, alt. 700 m. H. Turkmenistan, Kushka, alt. 700 m. I. Turkmenistan, Murgab river, Sary-Yazy, alt. 300 m. J. Turkmenistan, 30 km E of BairamAli, Zahmet, alt. 240 m. K. Turkmenistan, Bairam-Ali, alt. 230 m. L. Turkmenistan, Kara-Kum desert, 30 km W of Mary, alt. 200 m.M. Turkmenistan, Dushak, alt. 250 m.N. Turkmenistan, Chaacha, alt. 400 m. O. Turkmenistan, Bakharden, alt. 200 m. P. Iran, Khorossan Razavi, Kuh-e-Binalud Mts, Qadamgah area, Gerina, alt. 2000 m. Q. Iran, Khorasan Razavi, Kuh-e-Binalud Mts, 15 km SW of Zoshk, alt. 2300– 2500 m. R. Iran, S Khorosan, 75 km N of Birjant, Sedeh, alt. 1500 m. S. Iran, S Khorosan, 35 km N of Birjant, alt. 1500 m. T. Afghanistan, Bamian, Band-e-Amir, Dzhudoi-Kvak Gorge, alt. 3200 m. U. Afghanistan, Bamian, Band-e-Amir, Hazarajat, alt. 3000–3200 m. V. Afghanistan, Bamian, Koh-iBaba Mts, Joshanak, alt. 2800 m. W. Afghanistan, Heart, Qala-i-Naw, Kashka pass. X. Iran, Semnan, Shahvar Mt., alt. 2200–2500 m. Y. Turkmenistan, Kara-Kala, Monjukly Ridge, 300–700 m. Z. Iran, Golestan, E Maraveh Tappeh, N Ghazan Ghayeh, Palizan Mts. A". Pakistan, Balochistan, Quetta, Urak, alt. 2500 m. B". Pakistan, Balochistan, Ziarat, alt. 2500 m. C". Pakistan, Balochistan, Khojak, alt. 1700 m. D". Pakistan, Balochistan, Zaghum, alt. 1600 m; E". Pakistan, Punjab, Gawar, alt. 500 m. F". Pakistan, Balochistan, Sheik Wazil, alt. 1600 m. G". Afghanistan, Bamian, Hushkak, alt. 2700–2800 m. H". Afghanistan, Bamian, Punjub Distr., 10 km NE of Varas, alt. 2400 m. I". Afghanistan, Ghor, 17 km E of Changcharan, 15 km S of Bandi-Ali, Gazak Mts, alt. 2400 m. J". Afghanistan, Ghor, Bayan Range, 15 km S of Changcharan, Kindival valley, alt. 2700 m. K". Afghanistan, Bamiyan, Kohi-Baba Mts, Panjao, alt. 3000 m. Afghanistan, Bamiyan, Koh-i-Baba Mts, Shah-tu-Kotal, alt. 4000 m. L". Afghanistan, Kapisa, Pandshir valley, alt. 2200–2800 m. M". Afghanistan, Kabul. N". Iran, Tehran, Elburz Ridge, Demavend Mt., Ask, alt. 1800 m. O". Iran, Semnan, Foulad Mohaleh, alt. 2200 m. P". Pakistan, Punjab, Murree.

Fig. 29 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 29.Differences in the structure of valva and aedeagus of the lutko species group.A. Melitaea shahvarica sp. nov. B, D, H. M. timandra binaludica subsp. nov. C–E. M. mimetica Higgins, 1940. F. M. lutko Evans, 1932. G. M. timandra timandra Coutsis &van Oorschot, 2014. A. Iran, Semnan Prov., Shahrud area, S macroslope of Shahvar Mts, alt. 2200–2400 m. B. Iran, Rezavi Khorassan Prov., Kuh-e-Binalud Mts, Dorrud v. vicinity, alt. 2430 m. C. Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., Punjub Distr., 10 km NE of Varas v., alt. 2400 m. D. Afghanistan, Band-i-Amir, Hazarajat. E. Pakistan, Balochistan, Quetta, Urak, alt. 2400– 2700 m. F. Pakistan, Chitral, Gol National Park, alt. 2700 m. G. Turkmenistan, Sary-Yazy, alt. 700 m. H. Iran, Rezavi Khorassan Prov., Kuh-e-Binalud Mts, Dorrud v. vicinity, alt. 2430 m.

Fig. 28 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 28.Eggs and caterpillars of Melitaea shahvarica sp. nov. in nature and in the laboratory.A–B. Freshly laid eggs under a leaf of a host plant, May 2018, Iran, Shahvar Mt., alt. 2200 m. C–D. IV–V instar caterpillars on the leaves of the host plant Phlomoides molucelloides (Bunge) Salmaki, July 2019, Iran, Shahvar Mt., alt. 2500 m. E. I instar caterpillars in the laboratory, Moscow, May 2018. F. VI instar caterpillars during diapause, Moscow, October 2018.

Fig. 18. Male genitalia and harpe. A–C in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 18. Male genitalia and harpe. A–C. Melitaea shahvarica sp. nov. D–E. M. lutko Evans, 1932. F–I. M. mimetica Higgins, 1940. A–C. Iran, Semnan Prov., Shahrud area, S macroslope of Shahvar Mts, alt. 2200–2400 m. D–E. Pakistan, Chitral, Chaghbini, CGNP [Chitral Gol National Park], alt. 2700 m. F–G. Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., Punjub Distr., 10 km. NE Varas v., alt. 2400 m. H–I. Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., Panjub Distr., 10 km. NE Varas vil., alt. 2400 m.