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66 results for “glacial refugia”
Soil geochemistry and microbial community data from glaciated and potential glacial refugia sites in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (1993-2019)
A study was conducted to examine soil microbial communities and associated geochemical parameters at potential glacial refugia and glaciated control sites throughout the McMurdo Dry Valleys region of Antarctica. Soil samples were collected as part of ongoing long-term monitoring efforts by the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research program (MCM LTER). The oldest samples used in this study were collected during the 1993-1994 austral summer, and the newest from the 2018-2019 austral summer. "Refugia" sites were selected based on geographical positions and elevations indicative of potential glacial refugia status. Each refugia site was paired with a lower elevation "glaciated" site in the same dry valley that was not likely to have functioned as a refugium. Six replicate soils per sampling site were sequenced with 16S primers following Earth Microbiome Project protocols, filtered using the DADA2 pipeline, and clustered to amplicon sequence variant using the SILVA reference database to generate the microbial classification table included herein. Soil samples were also analyzed for various geochemical parameters as part of this study, which include P, K, NO3-, gravimetric water content, percent organic matter, pH, and electroconductivity.
Data from: Integrating genomic data and simulations to evaluate alternative species distribution models and improve predictions of glacial refugia and future responses to climate change
<p>Climate change poses a threat to biodiversity, and it is unclear whether species can adapt to or tolerate new conditions, or migrate to areas with suitable habitats. Reconstructions of range shifts that occurred in response to environmental changes since the last glacial maximum from species distribution models (SDMs) can provide useful data to inform conservation efforts. However, different SDM algorithms and climate reconstructions often produce contrasting patterns, and validation methods typically focus on accuracy in recreating current distributions, limiting their relevance for assessing predictions to the past or future. We modeled historically suitable habitat for the threatened North American tree green ash (<em>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</em>) using 24 SDMs built using two climate models, three calibration regions, and four modeling algorithms. We evaluated the SDMs using contemporary data with spatial block cross-validation and compared the relative support for alternative models using a novel integrative method based on coupled demographic-genetic simulations. We simulated genomic datasets using habitat suitability of each of the 24 SDMs in a spatially-explicit model. Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) was then used to evaluate the support for alternative SDMs through comparisons to an empirical population genomic dataset. Models had very similar performance when assessed with contemporary occurrences using spatial cross-validation, but ABC model selection analyses consistently supported SDMs based on the CCSM climate model, an intermediate calibration extent, and the generalized linear modeling algorithm. Finally, we projected the future range of green ash under four climate change scenarios. Future projections using the SDMs selected via ABC suggest only minor shifts in suitable habitat for this species, while some of those that were rejected predicted dramatic changes. Our results highlight the different inferences that may result from the application of alternative distribution modeling algorithms and provide a novel approach for selecting among a set of competing SDMs with independent data.</p>
Fig. 5 in Phylogeography and potential glacial refugia of terrestrial gastropod Faustina faustina (Rossmässler, 1835) (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Helicidae) inferred from molecular data and species distribution models
Fig. 5 BEAST phylogenetic tree based on the COI sequences. Node values indicate divergence estimated in MYA
Fig. 7 in Phylogeography and potential glacial refugia of terrestrial gastropod Faustina faustina (Rossmässler, 1835) (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Helicidae) inferred from molecular data and species distribution models
Fig. 7 Areas of climatic stability over time periods from the LGM through the present, based on summed climatic suitability models for the LGM, mid-Holocene, and present day for three differed GCMs. Stability increase from red to yellow color. White-filled areas show the
Quantitative estimates of glacial refugia for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) since the Last Interglacial (120,000 BP)
<p>Paleoclimate reconstructions have enhanced our understanding of how past climates have shaped present-day biodiversity. We hypothesize that the geographic extent of Pleistocene forest refugia and suitable habitat fluctuated significantly in time during the late Quaternary for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Using bioclimatic variables representing monthly temperature and precipitation estimates, past human population density data and an extensive database of georeferenced presence points, we built a model of changing habitat suitability for chimpanzees at fine spatio-temporal scales dating back to the Last Interglacial (120,000 BP). Our models cover a spatial resolution of 0.0467 degrees (approximately 5.19 km2 grid cells) and a temporal resolution of between1,000–4,000 years . Using our model, we mapped habitat stability over time using three approaches, comparing our modelled stability estimates to existing knowledge of Afrotropical refugia, as well as contemporary patterns of major keystone tropical food resources used by chimpanzees, figs (Moraceae) and palms (Arecacae). Results show habitat stability congruent with known glacial refugia across Africa, suggesting their extents may have been underestimated for chimpanzees, with potentially up to ~60,000 km2 of previously unrecognized glacial refugia. The refugia we highlight coincide with higher species richness for figs and palms. Our results provide spatio-temporally explicit insights into the role of refugia across the chimpanzee range, forming the empirical foundation for developing and testing hypotheses about behavioural, ecological and genetic diversity with additional data. This methodology can be applied to other species and geographic areas when sufficient data are available.</p>
Quantitative estimates of glacial refugia for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) since the Last Interglacial (120,000 BP)
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Data from: Integrating genomic data and simulations to evaluate alternative species distribution models and improve predictions of glacial refugia and future responses to climate change
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Data from: Multiple glacial refugia and contemporary dispersal shape the genetic structure of an endemic amphibian from the Pyrenees
<p>Historical factors (colonization scenarios, demographic oscillations) and contemporary processes (population connectivity, current population size) largely contribute to shaping species' present-day genetic diversity and structure. In this study, we use a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers to understand the role of Quaternary climatic oscillations and present-day gene flow dynamics in determining the genetic diversity and structure of the newt <i>Calotriton asper </i>(Al. Dugès, 1852), endemic to the Pyrenees. Mitochondrial DNA did not show a clear phylogeographic pattern and presented low levels of variation. In contrast, microsatellites revealed five major genetic lineages with admixture patterns at their boundaries. Approximate Bayesian computation analyses and linear models indicated that the five lineages likely underwent separate evolutionary histories and can be tracked back to distinct glacial refugia. Lineage differentiation started around the Last Glacial Maximum at three focal areas (western, central and eastern Pyrenees) and extended through the end of the Last Glacial Period in the central Pyrenees, where it led to the formation of two more lineages. Our data revealed no evidence of recent dispersal between lineages, whereas borders likely represent zones of secondary contact following expansion from multiple refugia. Finally, we did not find genetic evidence of sex-biased dispersal. This work highlights the importance of integrating past evolutionary processes and present-day gene flow and dispersal dynamics, together with multilocus approaches, to gain insights into what shaped the current genetic attributes of amphibians living in montane habitats.</p>
High genomic diversity in the bank vole at the northern apex of a range expansion: the role of multiple colonizations and end-glacial refugia
<p>The history of repeated northern glacial cycling and southern climatic stability has long dominated explanations for how genetic diversity is distributed within temperate species in Eurasia and North America. However, growing evidence indicates the importance of cryptic refugia for northern colonization dynamics. An excellent geographic region to assess this is Fennoscandia, where recolonization at the end of the last glaciation was restricted to specific routes and temporal windows. We used genomic data to analyze genetic diversity and colonization history of the bank vole (<i>Myodes glareolus</i>) throughout Europe (> 800 samples) with Fennoscandia as the northern apex. We inferred that bank voles colonized Fennoscandia multiple times by two different routes; with three separate colonizations via a southern land-bridge route deriving from a 'Carpathian' glacial refugium and one via a north-eastern route from an 'Eastern' glacial refugium near the Ural Mts. Clustering of genome-wide SNPs revealed tremendous diversity in Fennoscandia, with eight genomic clusters: three of Carpathian origin and five Eastern. Time estimates revealed that the first of the Carpathian colonizations occurred before the Younger Dryas (YD), meaning that the first colonists survived the YD in Fennoscandia. Results also indicated that introgression between bank and northern red-backed voles (<i>Myodes rutilus</i>) took place in Fennoscandia just after end-glacial colonization. Therefore, multiple colonizations from the same and different cryptic refugia, temporal and spatial separations and interspecific introgression have shaped bank vole genetic variability in Fennoscandia. Together, these processes drive high genetic diversity at the apex of the northern expansion in this model species.</p>
Multiple drainage reversal episodes and glacial refugia in a Patagonian fish revealed by sequenced microsatellites
<p>The rise of the southern Andes and the Quaternary glacial cycles influenced the landscape of Patagonia, affecting the phylogeographic and biogeographic patterns of its flora and fauna. Here we examine the phylogeography of the freshwater fish, Percichthys trucha, using 53 sequenced microsatellite DNA markers. Fish (N=835) were collected from 16 river systems (46 locations) spanning the species range on both sides of the Andes. Eleven watersheds drain to the Pacific, five of which are trans-Andean (headwaters east of Andes). The remaining five drainages empty into the Atlantic. Three analytical approaches (neighbour-joining tree, hierarchical AMOVAs, STRUCTURE) revealed evidence of historic drainage reversals: Fish from four of the five trans-Andean systems (Puelo, Futalaufquen/Yelcho, Baker, Pascua) exhibited greater genetic similarity with Atlantic draining systems than with Pacific systems with headwaters west of Andes. Present-day drainage (Pacific vs. Atlantic) explained only 5% of total genetic variance, while ancestral drainage explained nearly 27% of total variance. Thus, the phylogeographic structure of Percichthys trucha is consistent with episodes of drainage reversal in multiple systems and suggests a major role for deglaciation in the genetic and indeed the geographic distribution of P. trucha in Patagonia. The study emphasizes the significant role of historical processes in the current pattern of genetic diversity and differentiation in a fish from a southern temperate region.</p>
Reconstructing hotspots of genetic diversity from glacial refugia and subsequent dispersal in Italian common toads (Bufo bufo)
<p>Genetic diversity feeds the evolutionary process and allows populations to adapt to environmental changes. However, we still lack a thorough understanding of why hotspots of genetic diversity are so 'hot'. Here, we analysed the relative contribution of bioclimatic stability and genetic admixture between divergent lineages in shaping spatial patterns of genetic diversity in the common toad <i>Bufo bufo</i> along the Italian peninsula. We combined population genetic, phylogeographic and species distribution modelling (SDM) approaches to map ancestral areas, glacial refugia, and secondary contact zones. We consistently identified three phylogeographic lineages, distributed in northern, central and southern Italy. These lineages expanded from their ancestral areas and established secondary contact zones, before the last interglacial. SDM identified widespread glacial refugia in peninsular Italy, sometimes located under the present-day sea-level. Generalized linear models indicated genetic admixture as the only significant predictor of the levels of population genetic diversity. Our results show that glacial refugia contributed to preserving both levels and patterns of genetic diversity across glacial-interglacial cycles, but not to their formation, and highlight a general principle emerging in Mediterranean species: higher levels of genetic diversity mark populations with substantial contributions from multiple genetic lineages, irrespective of the location of glacial refugia.</p>
Data from: European common frog (Rana temporaria) recolonised Switzerland from multiple glacial refugia in northern Italy via trans- and circum-Alpine routes
<p><span>The high mountain ranges of western Europe had a profound effect on the biotic recolonisation of Europe from glacial refugia. The Alps present a particularly interesting case because they form an absolute barrier to dispersal for most taxa, obstructing recolonisation from multiple refugia in northern Italy. Here we investigate the effect of the European Alps on the phylogeographic history of the European common frog <i>Rana temporaria</i>. Based on partial <i>cytochrome b </i>and <i>COXI </i>sequences from Switzerland, we find two mitochondrial lineages roughly north and south of the alpine ridge, with contact zones between them in eastern and western Switzerland. The northern haplogroup falls within the previously identified western European haplogroup, while the southern haplogroup is unique to Switzerland. We find that the lineages diverged ~110 kya, at approximately the onset of the last glacial glaciation; this indicates that they are from different glacial refugia. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the northern and southern haplogroups colonised Switzerland via trans- and circum-alpine routes from at least two separate refugia in northern Italy. Our results illustrate how a complex recolonisation history of the central European Alps can arise from the semi-permeable barrier created by high mountains.</span></p>
Data from: In both directions: Expansions of European land snails to the north and south from glacial refugia
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: The location of glacial refugia and the timing of postglacial colonisations remain of interest because together they inform about the ability of species to track shifting climates. In the associated paper, we tested a hypothesis that a central European forest land snail species survived in a northern refugium, which was proposed based on fossil finds indirectly dated to the Last Glacial Maximum and Late Glacial. We assessed the credibility of our results by comparing them to those obtained from three other, broadly sympatric land snail species.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Central Europe and the Balkans.</p> <p><strong>Taxon</strong>: Pulmonate land snails: <em>Monachoides incarnatus</em> (Hygromiidae) and <em>Helix pomatia</em>, <em>Helix thessalica,</em> and <em>Caucasotachea vindobonensis</em> (Helicidae).</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We used continuous phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial data to trace the origin of postglacially expanding lineages and direct radiocarbon dating to verify the presumed glacial presence of <em>M. incarnatus</em> on the territories of Czechia and Slovakia. Geolocated concatenated sequences of partial 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I were analysed using BEAST 1.10.4. and conclusions were drawn from the reconstructed geographic positions of internal nodes in the resulting phylogenetic trees.</p> <p><strong>Data</strong>: Input files for the phylogeograpic analyses, containing the sequence alignments and analysis settings, and the trees summarizing the results of the analyses.</p>
Fig. 2 in Phylogeography and potential glacial refugia of terrestrial gastropod Faustina faustina (Rossmässler, 1835) (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Helicidae) inferred from molecular data and species distribution models
Fig. 2 Haplotype distribution for nuclear markers: ITS-2 (left) and 28S rRNA (right)
Data from: European common frog (Rana temporaria) recolonised Switzerland from multiple glacial refugia in northern Italy via trans- and circum-Alpine routes
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Data from: Multiple glacial refugia and contemporary dispersal shape the genetic structure of an endemic amphibian from the Pyrenees
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Data from: In both directions: Expansions of European land snails to the north and south from glacial refugia
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Multiple drainage reversal episodes and glacial refugia in a Patagonian fish revealed by sequenced microsatellites
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Reconstructing hotspots of genetic diversity from glacial refugia and subsequent dispersal in Italian common toads (Bufo bufo)
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High genomic diversity in the bank vole at the northern apex of a range expansion: the role of multiple colonizations and end-glacial refugia
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Allen Brain Atlas
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