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19 results for “global change factors”
Grazing and global change factors differentially affect biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships in grassland ecosystems
<p><span>Grazing and </span><span>global change</span><span> (e.g., warming, nitrogen deposition</span> <span>and altered precipitation</span><span>) both contribute to biodiversity loss and alter ecosystem structure and function</span><span>ing</span><span>. However, how grazing and </span><span>global </span><span>change interactively influence plant diversity, ecosystem productivity, and the</span><span>ir relationship </span><span>remains unclear at the global scale. Here, we synthesized 73 field studies to quantify the individual and/or interactive effects of grazing and global change factors on biodiversity-</span><span>productivity relationship</span><span> in grasslands.</span><span> Our results showed that grazing significantly reduced plant richness by 3.7% and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) by 29.1%, but increased belowground net primary productivity (BNPP) by 9.3%. Global change factors, however, decreased richness by 8.0% but increased ANPP and BNPP by 13.4% and 14.9%, respectively</span><span>. Interestingly, the strengt</span><span>h of the change in biodiversity in response to grazing was positively correlated with</span> <span>the strength of the change in BNPP. Yet, global change flipped these relationships from positive to negative even when combined with grazing</span><span>.</span><span> These results indicate that the impacts of global change factors are more dominant than grazing on the</span><span> belowground</span> <span>biodiversity-productivity relationship, which</span><span> is contrary to the pattern of aboveground one</span><span>.</span><span> Therefore, incorporating global change factors with herbivore grazing into Earth system models is necessary to accurately predict climate-grassland </span><span>carbon</span><span> cycle feedbacks in the Anthropocene.</span></p>
Data from: Soil nutrient heterogeneity alters productivity and diversity of experimental plant communities under multiple global change factors
<p>Plant communities in nature are often challenged by multiple global change factors (GCFs) and also ubiquitously encountered with soil nutrient heterogeneity. So far, however, we know little about the interactive effect of multiple GCFs and soil nutrient heterogeneity on plant communities.</p> <p>We conducted an outdoor mesocosm experiment in which a plant community was either grown in heterogeneous soils consisting of high- and low-nutrient patches, or in homogeneous soils where the same amount of nutrients was evenly distributed. These plant communities were exposed to none (control), single, or a combination of two or four GCFs (i.e., drought, nitrogen deposition, microplastic and cadmium).</p> <p>Biomass of the plant community exposed to drought and nitrogen deposition were greater in heterogeneous than in homogeneous soils, but evenness of the plant community exposed to microplastics was lower. Increasing the number of GCFs increased community biomass more in heterogeneous than in homogeneous soils, but it generally reduced community evenness, independent of soil nutrient heterogeneity. These contrasting responses were related to changing competitive hierarchies and root foraging responses under different treatments.</p> <p>Our results suggest that soil nutrient heterogeneity can alter community productivity and diversity via changing competitive interactions of the component species, depending on both the identity and the number of GCFs acting on the community. These results have important implications for the maintenance of ecosystem functions and services under rapid and complex ongoing global changes.</p>
Multiple global change factors cause declines of a temperate bryophyte
<p>Climate changes, nutrient enrichment, or land use have been predicted to affect bryophytes, yet factorial experiments on their effects are missing. We hypothesised that future climatic conditions, intense grazing, light limitation, nutrient enrichment have negative effects on the survival and photosynthetic condition of a common temperate bryophyte, and their joint effects become strong even if individual factors have only weak effects. We tested the effects of future climatic conditions, grazing, light limitation, and nutrient on a common temperate bryophyte (<em>Brachythecium rutabulum</em>) as well as the multiple stress hypothesis. We measured biomass and chlorophyll fluorescence of transplanted moss colonies after two growing seasons' full-factorial treatments of fertilization, exclusion of sheep grazing, and light addition by LED lamps, replicated in ambient and future climate conditions arranged in a global change experimental facility. Future climate and fertilization had negligible effects on colony biomass and chlorophyll fluorescence of bryophyte colonies, whereas light addition and grazing exclusion had positive effects. Colony biomass and chlorophyll fluorescence decreased with the increasing number of global change factors. Supporting the multi-stress hypothesis, the effects of individually weak global change factors on bryophytes can become strong under multiple global change factors operating in concert.</p>
Data from: Biodiversity of soil biota and plants stabilizes ecosystem multifunctionality with increasing number of global change factors
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Data from: Multiple global change factors alter the scaling of nitrogen to phosphorus in alpine plants
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Interactive effects of global change factors on terrestrial net primary productivity are treatment length- and intensity-dependent
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Grazing and global change factors differentially affect biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships in grassland ecosystems
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Data from: Soil nutrient heterogeneity alters productivity and diversity of experimental plant communities under multiple global change factors
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Multiple global change factors cause declines of a temperate bryophyte
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Data from: Fire history and plant community composition outweigh decadal multi-factor global change as drivers of microbial composition in an annual grassland
Soil microbial communities regulate and respond to key biogeochemical cycles and influence plant community patterns. However, microbial communities also respond to disturbance events, motivating an assessment of the relative roles of decadal multi-factor global change, disturbance, and plant community structure on microbial community responses. We used high-throughput amplicon sequencing to characterize the diversity and composition of bacterial and fungal communities in bulk soil (0–7 cm) collected in 2014 from the Jasper Ridge Global Change Experiment, a full-factorial field experiment in which ambient and elevated levels of nitrogen deposition (+7 g N m-2 yr-1 calcium nitrate), CO2 concentration (+275 ppm), temperature (+1–2 ºC), and precipitation (+50% volume with +3 weeks duration) were applied to a California annual grassland from 1998 to 2014. We used linear mixed-effects modeling to test for the effects of global change on microbial diversity (observed richness, Shannon index). We also used generalized dissimilarity modeling (GDM) to study controls on compositional dissimilarity in fungal and bacterial communities. Bacterial community composition was best explained by exposure to fires in 2003 and 2011, whereas fungal community composition was best explained by plant community composition. The richness of fungi increased under elevated nitrogen deposition; bacterial diversity metrics decreased under warmer temperatures. Interactions between global change factors were statistically insignificant or weak. Synthesis. Our results indicate that even on decadal timescales, the effects of fire history and plant community composition on bacterial and fungal community composition, respectively, outweigh the effects of multi-factor global change. Furthermore, global change factors have mostly additive effects on microbial diversity patterns. Our results show that highly variable mediators such as fire history and plant community composition limit the generalizability of soil microbial responses to long-term global change.
Data from: Interactive effects of grazing and global change factors on soil and ecosystem respiration in grassland ecosystems: a global synthesis
1.As the key carbon (C) fluxes between biosphere and atmosphere, soil respiration (Rs) and ecosystem respiration (Re) play vital roles in regulating global C balance and climate-biosphere feedback in the Earth system. Despite the fact that numerous manipulative studies and a few meta-analyses have been conducted to examine the responses of Rs and its components [i.e., autotrophic (Ra) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh)] as well as Re to grazing (G) or global change factors, the interactive effects between grazing and global change factors remain poorly understood. 2.Here we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of manipulative experiments with both grazing and global change factors to quantify their individual and interactive effects on Rs and its components as well as Re. 3.Our results showed that grazing and drought significantly decreased Rs by 12.35% and 20.95%, respectively, whereas warming (W), nitrogen addition (N) and increased precipitation (P) stimulated it by 2.12%, 5.49%, and 13.44%, respectively. Similarly, grazing, warming, nitrogen addition, and increased precipitation increased Re by 7.21%, 4.94%, 48.45%, and 21.57%, respectively, while drought decreased it by 16.86%. However, the combinations of grazing with warming (GW), nitrogen addition (GN) and increased precipitation (GP) exhibited non-significant effects on Rs. More importantly, additive interactions between grazing and global change factors exhibited a substantial predominance on Rs, Ra, Rh and Re rather than synergistic and antagonistic ones. 4.Synthesis and applications. Our findings highlight the crucial importance of the interactive effects between grazing and global change factors on Rs and Re. Therefore, incorporating this key influence on ecosystem processes into Earth system models could better improve the prediction of climate-grassland feedbacks and develop sustainable strategies for grassland management in the Anthropocene.17-May-2019
Data from: Trophic cascades in the bryosphere: The impact of global change factors on top-down control of cyanobacterial N2-fixation
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Data from: Fire history and plant community composition outweigh decadal multi‐factor global change as drivers of microbial composition in an annual grassland
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Data from: Interactive effects of grazing and global change factors on soil and ecosystem respiration in grassland ecosystems: a global synthesis
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Punctuational ecological changes rather than global factors drive species diversification and the evolution of wing phenotypes in Morpho butterflies
<p>Assessing the relative importance of geographical and ecological drivers of evolution is paramount to understand the diversification of species and traits at the macroevolutionary scale. Here, we use an integrative approach, combining phylogenetics, biogeography, ecology, and quantified phenotypes to investigate the drivers of both species and phenotypic diversification of the iconic Neotropical butterfly genus <i>Morpho</i>. We generated a time-calibrated phylogeny for all known species and inferred historical biogeography. We fitted models of time-dependent (accounting for rate heterogeneity across the phylogeny) and paleoenvironment-dependent diversification (accounting for global effect on the phylogeny). We used geometric morphometrics to assess variation of wing size and shape across the tree, and investigated their dynamics of evolution. We found that the diversification of <i>Morpho</i> is best explained when considering variable diversification rates across the tree, possibly associated with lineages occupying different microhabitat conditions. First, a shift from understory to canopy was characterized by an increased speciation rate partially coupled with an increasing rate of wing shape evolution. Second, the occupation of dense bamboo thickets accompanying a major host-plant shift from dicotyledons towards monocotyledons was associated with a simultaneous diversification rate shift and an evolutionary "jump" of wing size. Our study points to a diversification pattern driven by punctuational ecological changes instead of a global driver or biogeographic history.</p>
Punctuational ecological changes rather than global factors drive species diversification and the evolution of wing phenotypes in Morpho butterflies
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ATAC-seq Reveals Global Changes in Transcription Factor Activity Upon Perturbation of Cellular Zinc
GEO Series GSE212763. Homo sapiens. 6 samples. Type: Genome binding/occupancy profiling by high throughput sequencing.
MYC Amplifies Gene Expression through Global Changes in Transcription Factor Dynamics
GEO Series GSE189943. Homo sapiens. 8 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Global Transcript Changes In Human Keratinocyte Cells Induced by Apratyramide, a Marine-Derived Peptidic Stimulator of VEGF-A and Other Growth Factors
GEO Series GSE102100. Homo sapiens. 8 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
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OpenNeuro
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