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10 results for “global chemistry”
Dynamically coupled kinetic chemistry in brown dwarf atmospheres I. Performing global scale kinetic modelling
<p>Gifs and Exo-FMS GCM output from the 3D brown dwarf atmospheric simulations in Lee, Tan and Tsai (2023). </p> <p>Animated gifs for each effective temperature (Teff - first number in filename) of the brown dwarf (OLR and CH4 VMR). The gifs frames are every hour of simulation for 4 simulated days.</p> <p>Exo-FMS GCM output in netCDF format containing the 3D T-p structure and chemical results from the coupled mini-chem and GCM model for each Teff simulation (number in filename).</p> <p>`average' is the averaged output of the last 100 days.</p> <p>`daily' is the snapshot at the end of the simulation.</p>
FIG, 1. John William Daly (1933–2008) on the upper Río San Juan. This paper is dedicated to John Daly, our late friend and colleague, who helped collect three of the new species here described. In addition to his globally acclaimed discoveries in chemistry and pharmacology, John was an accomplished field herpetologist who contributed importantly to the systematics and natural history of dendrobatoid frogs (see Grant et al., 2006; Myers, 2009). This photograph shows John at age 37, with the upper Río San Juan behind him and branches overhead of a madroño tree (probably Garcinia magnifolia, syn. Rheedia chocoensis, Clusiaceae). When in South America, John was never far from a dendrobatid frog—this time, in the tree above his head, a tiny, undescribed semiarboreal species (also collected and later named "Dendrobates fuguritus" by our colleague Philip Silverstone). Other dendrobatids found nearby included Phyllobates aurotaenia (Boulenger, 1913), which was then being used for poisoning blowgun darts, and also the nontoxic species that we name Silverstoneia dalyi herein. (Photograph by C. W. Myers, 2 km above Playa de Oro, Chocó, February 16, 1971.) in Review of the Frog Genus Silverstoneia, with Descriptions of Five New Species from the Colombian Chocó (Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)
FIG, 1. John William Daly (1933–2008) on the upper Río San Juan. This paper is dedicated to John Daly, our late friend and colleague, who helped collect three of the new species here described. In addition to his globally acclaimed discoveries in chemistry and pharmacology, John was an accomplished field herpetologist who contributed importantly to the systematics and natural history of dendrobatoid frogs (see Grant et al., 2006; Myers, 2009). This photograph shows John at age 37, with the upper Río San Juan behind him and branches overhead of a madroño tree (probably Garcinia magnifolia, syn. Rheedia chocoensis, Clusiaceae). When in South America, John was never far from a dendrobatid frog—this time, in the tree above his head, a tiny, undescribed semiarboreal species (also collected and later named "Dendrobates fuguritus" by our colleague Philip Silverstone). Other dendrobatids found nearby included Phyllobates aurotaenia (Boulenger, 1913), which was then being used for poisoning blowgun darts, and also the nontoxic species that we name Silverstoneia dalyi herein. (Photograph by C. W. Myers, 2 km above Playa de Oro, Chocó, February 16, 1971.)
Atmospheric data used for calibrating the tropopause in global chemistry-climate or chemistry-transport models
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Global sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of an atmospheric chemistry transport model: the FRAME model (version 9.15.0) as a case study
<p>Atmospheric chemistry transport models (ACTMs) are widely used to underpin policy decisions associated with the impact of potential changes in emissions on future pollutant concentrations and deposition. It is therefore essential to have a quantitative understanding of the uncertainty in model output arising from uncertainties in the input pollutant emissions. ACTMs incorporate complex and non-linear descriptions of chemical and physical processes which means that interactions and non-linearities in input–output relationships may not be revealed through the local one-at-a-time sensitivity analysis typically used. The aim of this work is to demonstrate a global sensitivity and uncertainty analysis approach for an ACTM, using as an example the FRAME model, which is extensively employed in the UK to generate source-receptor matrices for the UK Integrated Assessment Model and to estimate critical load exceedances. An optimised Latin hypercube sampling design was used to construct model runs within ± 40 % variation range for the UK emissions of SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub>, from which regression coefficients for each input-output combination and each model grid (>10,000 across the UK) were calculated. Surface concentrations of SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub> (and of deposition of S and N) were found to be predominantly sensitive to the emissions of the respective pollutant, while sensitivities of secondary species such as HNO<sub>3</sub> and particulate SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> to pollutant emissions were more complex and geographically variable. The uncertainties in model output variables were propagated from the uncertainty ranges reported by the UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory for the emissions of SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub> (± 4 %, ± 10 % and ± 20 % respectively). The uncertainties in the surface concentrations of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> and the depositions of NH<sub>x</sub> and NO<sub>y</sub> were dominated by the uncertainties in emissions of NH<sub>3</sub>, and NO<sub>x</sub> respectively, whilst concentrations of SO<sub>2</sub> and deposition of SO<sub>y</sub> were affected by the uncertainties in both SO<sub>2</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub> emissions. Likewise, the relative uncertainties in the modelled surface concentrations of each of the secondary pollutant variables (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> and HNO<sub>3</sub>) were due to uncertainties in at least two input variables. In all cases the spatial distribution of relative uncertainty was found to be geographically heterogeneous. The global methods used here can be applied to conduct sensitivity and uncertainty analyses of other ACTMs.</p> <p>The dataset contains model outputs used for the sensitivity and uncertainty analyses.</p>
Dataset: Global assessment of precipitation chemistry and deposition
<p>An international team of 21 scientists from 14 countries, working under the auspices of the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch Scientific Advisory Group for Precipitation Chemistry, has produced a global assessment of precipitation chemistry and deposition. This assessment appears in a Special Issue of the journal, Atmospheric Environment, Volume 93 (2014), and includes three articles:</p> <ol> <li>Preface by Guest Editors, Robert Vet (Environment Canada), Richard Artz (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), and Silvina Carou (Environment Canada). <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.013">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.013.</a></li> <li>Robert Vet, Richard S. Artz, Silvina Carou, Mike Shaw, Chul-Un Ro, Wenche Aas, Alex Baker, Van C. Bowersox, Frank Dentener, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Amy Hou, Jacobus J. Pienaar, Robert Gillett, M. Cristina Forti, Sergey Gromov, Hiroshi Hara, Tamara Khodzer, Natalie M. Mahowald, Slobodan Nickovic, P.S.P. Rao, and Neville W. Reid. A global assessment of precipitation chemistry and deposition of sulfur, nitrogen, sea salt, base cations, organic acids, acidity and pH, and phosphorus. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.060">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.060.</a></li> <li>Addendum by Vet, et al. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.02.017">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.02.017.</a></li> </ol> <p>The goal of the assessment was to provide the international science and policy communities with the best available data and information on regionally-representative precipitation chemistry and atmospheric deposition. The information in this publication, together with the supporting data and maps, is an important contribution to the study of atmospheric deposition and to related scientific studies, such as the study of ecosystem impacts, human health effects, nutrient processing, climate change, global and hemispheric modeling, and biogeochemical cycling.</p> <p>Data used in the assessment included best-available estimates of precipitation concentrations and wet, dry, and total deposition of major ions, sea salt, and phosphorus in North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the oceans for two periods, 2000-2002 and 2005-2007. Due to the limited contemporary data for phosphorus and organic acids, it was necessary to extend the study period back to the mid-1990s for these species.</p> <p>In order to fill gaps in the geographic coverage of the measurements, 2000-2002 data were combined with 2001 ensemble-mean results from 21 global chemical transport models. The model results were produced during Phase I of the Coordinated Model Studies Activities of the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (Dentener, et al. 2006. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 20, 21. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002672">http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002672</a>. Maps of major ions in precipitation and deposition were generated from the combined measurement and model results.</p> <p>A major product of the assessment was the preparation of data sets of quality-assured ion concentrations and wet deposition, dry deposition estimates, and model results.</p> <p>Use and publication of the global assessment data sets for scientific, policy-related, or educational purposes are encouraged. Please use the following citation to identify the data set and its source:</p> <p>Vet, R., R.S. Artz, S. Carou, M. Shaw, C.-U. Ro, W. Aas, A. Baker, V.C. Bowersox, F. Dentener, C. Galy-Lacaux, A. Hou, J.J. Pienaar, R. Gillett, M.C. Forti, S. Gromov, H. Hara, T. Khodzher, N.M. Mahowald, S. Nickovic, P.S.P. Rao, N.W. Reid. 2019. Data associated with the following publication: Vet et al. (2014). A global assessment of precipitation chemistry and deposition of sulfur, nitrogen, sea salt, base cations, organic acids, acidity and pH, and phosphorus. <em>Atmospheric Environment</em>, 93, 3-100, August 2014, doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.060. <strong>Enter data file name(s)</strong> accessed from the World Data Centre for Precipitation Chemistry.</p> <p>Please also include the following acknowledgment in publications: The authors gratefully acknowledge the sources of precipitation chemistry and deposition data acknowledged on page 92 of Vet et al. (2014) <em>Atmospheric Environment</em>, 93, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.060">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.060</a>.</p>
Data from: Synergistic effects of canopy chemistry and autogenic soil biota on a global invader
<p><span>Soil biota have strong effects on plants, but we have a poor understanding of how plant chemistry might modify these effects. We examined the effect of soil biota associated with an exotic invasive tree, <em>Prosopis juliflora</em>, vs. that associated with native species, from seven sites across India on conspecifics and two other plant species. We then measured changes in species-specific soil biota effects (identified as plant-soil feedbacks, PSFs) when leaf leachate from <em>P. juliflora</em> or from native plant species was added to soil containing respective </span><span>live and sterile soil inoculum.</span></p> <p><span>We quantified the amino acid L-tryptophan from leaf leachate of <em>P. juliflora</em>, <em>Leucaena leucocephala</em> (another invader), and two native species. We also tested effects of <em>P. juliflora</em> or native species soil inoculum amendment of tryptophan on <em>P. juliflora</em>, <em>P. cineraria,</em> and <em>L. leucocephala </em>across seven sites. We then quantified the microbially metabolized derivatives of tryptophan, phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and intermediates after adding tryptophan into <em>P. juliflora</em> and native soils.</span></p> <p><span>Soil biota associated with <em>P. juliflora</em> generated positive effects on conspecifics and <em>L. leucocephala</em>, but negative effects on the native congener <em>P. cineraria</em>. When <em>P. juliflora</em> leaf leachate was added to soil with live <em>P. juliflora</em> inoculum, PSFs became more positive for <em>P. juliflora </em>and other species, compared to leaf leachate-amended with sterile soil inoculum. </span><span>Native leaf leachate interacted weakly with soil biota to impact biomass of conspecifics and heterospecifics. </span></p> <p><span>There was roughly 10x more tryptophan in the </span><span>leaf leachate of <em>P. juliflora </em>than in the leaf leachate of other species. Tryptophan generally increased positive PSFs associated with <em>P. juliflora </em>relative to soil biota associated with other plant species. When tryptophan was added to live <em>P. juliflora</em> soil, IAA and its intermediates were produced at five of seven sites, and at four of these sites soil biota from <em>P. juliflora</em> had positive PSFs. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Synthesis</strong>. These results provide the first experimental evidence that a chemical leached from the leaves of an invader regulates PSFs. Our results indicate that canopy effects and PSFs, which are usually studied independently, can interact in ways that strongly affect conspecifics and neighbouring species.</span></p>
Data from: Synergistic effects of canopy chemistry and autogenic soil biota on a global invader
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Data from: Global patterns in fine root decomposition: climate, chemistry, mycorrhizal association, and woodiness
Fine root decomposition constitutes a critical yet poorly understood flux of carbon and nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we present the first large‐scale synthesis of species trait effects on the early stages of fine root decomposition at both global and local scales. Based on decomposition rates for 279 plant species across 105 studies and 176 sites, we found that mycorrhizal association and woodiness are the best categorical traits for predicting rates of fine root decomposition. Consistent positive effects of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and negative effects of lignin concentration emerged on decomposition rates within sites. Similar relationships were present across sites, along with positive effects of temperature and moisture. Calcium was not consistently related to decomposition rate at either scale. While the chemical drivers of fine root decomposition parallel those of leaf decomposition, our results indicate that the best plant functional groups for predicting fine root decomposition differ from those predicting leaf decomposition.
Advanced methods for uncertainty assessment and global sensitivity analysis of a Eulerian atmospheric chemistry transport model
<p>Atmospheric chemistry transport models (ACTMs) are extensively used to provide scientific support for the development of policies to mitigate against the detrimental effects of air pollution on human health and ecosystems. Therefore, it is essential to quantitatively assess the level of model uncertainty and to identify the model input parameters that contribute the most to the uncertainty. For complex process-based models, such as ACTMs, uncertainty and global sensitivity analyses are still challenging and are often limited by computational constraints due to the requirement of a large number of model runs. In this work, we demonstrate an emulator-based approach to uncertainty quantification and variance-based sensitivity analysis for the EMEP4UK model (regional application of the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-West). A separate Gaussian process emulator was used to estimate model predictions at unsampled points in the space of the uncertain model inputs for every modelled grid cell. The training points for the emulator were chosen using an optimised Latin hypercube sampling design. The uncertainties in surface concentrations of O<sub>3</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, and PM<sub>2.5</sub> were propagated from the uncertainties in the anthropogenic emissions of NO<sub>x</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub>, VOC, and primary PM<sub>2.5</sub> reported by the UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory. The results of the EMEP4UK uncertainty analysis for the annually averaged model predictions indicate that modelled surface concentrations of O<sub>3</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, and PM<sub>2.5</sub> have the highest level of uncertainty in the grid cells comprising urban areas (up to ± 7%, ± 9%, and ± 9% respectively). The uncertainty in the surface concentrations of O<sub>3 </sub>and NO<sub>2</sub> were dominated by uncertainties in NO<sub>x</sub> emissions combined from non-dominant sectors (i.e. all sectors excluding energy production and road transport) and shipping emissions. Additionally, uncertainty in O<sub>3</sub> was driven by uncertainty VOC emissions combined from sectors excluding solvent use. Uncertainties in the modelled PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations were mainly driven by uncertainties in primary PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions and NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from the agricultural sector. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses were also performed for five selected grid sells for monthly averaged model predictions to illustrate the seasonal change in the magnitude of uncertainty and change in the contribution of different model inputs to the overall uncertainty. Our study demonstrates the viability of a Gaussian process emulator-based approach for uncertainty and global sensitivity analyses, which can be applied to other ACTMs. Conducting these analyses helps to increase the confidence in model predictions. Additionally, the emulators created for these analyses can be used to predict the ACTM response for any other combination of perturbed input emissions within the ranges set for the original Latin hypercube sampling design without the need to re-run the ACTM, thus allowing fast exploratory assessments at significantly reduced computational costs.</p> <p>The upload contains the uncertainty and sensitivity data together with the analysis scripts.</p>
Data from: Global patterns in fine root decomposition: climate, chemistry, mycorrhizal association, and woodiness
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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