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6 results for “granivory”
The geographic distribution of rodent granivory and cheek pouches across North America
<p>Seeds are an important food resource for many rodents. One of the specializations that many granivorous rodents exhibit to increase their efficiency in harvesting seeds is cheek pouches. However, many rodent species lack cheek pouches. We propose that the presence or absence of cheek pouches is related to seed size and the productivity of the habitat where those rodents reside. </p> <p><b>Location</b> North America – United States and Canada.</p> <p><b>Taxon</b> Granivorous rodents.</p> <p>We divided granivorous rodents into those species with and without cheek pouches. We then compiled a list of plant species (n = 389) that are known or suspected to be dispersed by these rodents via scatter hoarding the seeds in soil and compared the richness distributions of small (≤10 mm) and large seeds (>10 mm) to the distributions of rodents with and without cheek pouches. Large seeds are generally too large to fit into cheek pouches so they are usually carried one at a time with the incisors. Most rodents with cheek pouches live in the arid southwestern North America, whereas most rodents that lack cheek pouches live in the mesic southeastern North America. The richness distribution of rodents with cheek pouches was more similar to the richness distribution of small seeds, and the richness distribution of rodents that lack cheek pouches was more similar to the richness distribution of large seeds (nuts), although details of these distributions differed significantly. The body mass of rodents with cheek pouches (mean = 59.5 g) was significantly less than the body mass of rodents that lack cheek pouches (592.6 g). Large rodents that lack cheek pouches live mostly in the more productive southeastern portion of North America where there are many trees that produce large nuts. Small rodent with cheek pouches live mostly in the less productive southwestern portion of North America where there are many shrubs, forbs, and grasses that produce small seeds.</p>
Small mammal granivory as a biotic filter for tree establishment beyond elevation range boundaries
<p>Trees often experience migration lags in their response to rapidly changing climate. Preferential granivory by nocturnal small mammals has the potential to create lags by reducing germination success beyond range edges. To determine how granivory may limit establishment of trees beyond their range margins, we conducted a seed choice experiment which offered seeds of five regionally dominant tree species to small mammals within distinct forest communities across a 400m elevational gradient on four mountains in the northeastern United States. Multinomial logistic mixed effects models were used to (a) quantify seed preference of each species across the elevational gradient and (b) assess relationships between seed preference and abiotic variables. A separate seed dispersal experiment was used to compare the probability of seed consumption versus seed caching. The low-elevation temperate tree species <em>Fagus</em> <em>grandifolia</em> and <em>Acer</em> <em>saccharum</em> had an equally high probability of granivory within and beyond their range margins (~40% and ~20%, respectively). Generally, seed preference was positively correlated with seed mass and nutrient content regardless of elevation. Our seed dispersal experiment revealed that seeds were 3× more likely to be consumed than cached, suggesting that small mammals can potentially decrease germination success. Overall, temperate tree species with either high seed mass or nutritional value may experience substantial granivory beyond their range margin, partially explaining the observed lag between tree dispersal and climate change. Thus, granivory is vital to consider when modeling future tree species distributions under various climate change scenarios.</p>
The geographic distribution of rodent granivory and cheek pouches across North America
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Small mammal granivory as a biotic filter for tree establishment beyond elevation range boundaries
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Data from: Biotic-drivers of seedling establishment in Neotropical savannas: selective granivory and seedling herbivory by leaf-cutter ants as an ecological filter
Herbivory has been shown to have prominent top-down effects on vegetation in Paleotropical savannas, where consumers of early stages of life history act as demographic bottlenecks. Such impact has been largely ignored in Neotropical savannas, however, despite insect consumption being linked to reduced recruitment of woody species. We hypothesize that Atta leaf-cutter ants – the prevalent herbivores in the Neotropics – alter the establishment of woody plant seedlings in the Brazilian Cerrado by reducing seed availability and seedling survival. We also hypothesize that the demographic effects will be species-specific. To test these hypotheses, we experimentally (i) compared seed removal in areas with and without Atta foraging and (ii) compared the survivorship of seedlings exposed to or protected from Atta foraging. Both experiments were performed with the same common Cerrado species which allowed us to evaluate the potential net effects of consumers at the population and community levels. Overall seed removal rates in sites with Atta foraging were greater than those where ants were absent (59.2% and 39.2% of seeds removed, respectively). There were differences in removal for 10 of the 12 tested species, with per species removal 1.1- to 3.8-fold greater in areas with Atta foraging. On transplanted plants, 45% of seedlings exposed to Atta were attacked, resulting in a survival 7.6% lower than that of protected seedlings. Seedling survival was 11.8–31.5% lower in five species, with the largest differences in survival between treatments during the dry season. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that consumers can lead to demographic bottlenecks in Neotropical savanna plant species, with effects varying among life-history stages and between species. Synthesis. Granivory by ants has been linked to reduced seedling recruitment of woody species in the Brazilian Cerrado. Our results show that leaf-cutter ants may largely limit early seedling establishment of woody species by reducing seed availability and seedling survival with differential species-specific effects. Atta ants may therefore be acting as an ecological filter, which coupled with potential selectivity in foraging on reproductive life-history stages, may ultimately influence the relative abundance of different species and hence the structure and composition of Cerrado vegetation.
Data from: Biotic-drivers of seedling establishment in Neotropical savannas: selective granivory and seedling herbivory by leaf-cutter ants as an ecological filter
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