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76 results for “grassland restoration”
RCS01 Recovery and relative influence of root, microbial, and structural properties of soil on physically sequestered carbon stocks in restored grassland at Konza Prairie
Managing soil to sequester C can help mitigate increasing CO2 in the atmosphere. To maximize this ecosystem service, more knowledge of factors influencing C sequestration is needed. The objectives of this study were to (i) quantify recovery of the roots, microbial biomass and composition, and soil structure across a chronosequence of grassland restorations and (ii) use a structural equation model to develop a data-based hypothesis on the relative influence of physical and biological soil properties on the soil C aggregate fraction diagnostic of sequestered C. We hypothesized measured variables would recover with restoration age. Belowground plant biomass and tissue quality (C/N ratio), soil microbial biomass C, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentrations, soil structure, and soil C stocks in the bulk soil and each aggregate fraction were quantified from a cultivated field, prairies restored for 1 to 35-yr (n = 6), and a never-cultivated (native) prairie. Root biomass, microbial biomass C, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) PLFA biomass across the chronosequence increase to resemble native prairie following 35 yr of restoration. Many aspects of soil structure (i.e., bulk density, proportional mass of aggre- gate fractions, and aggregate mean weighted diameter) and the distribution C among soil fractions, including C in the micro-within-macro aggregate fraction (sequestered C), also became representative of native prairie within 35 yr of restoration. Total soil C stock and physically protected C increased at a similar rate (23 and 27 g C m-2 yr-1) respectively, across the chronosequence. After 35 yr of restoration, 50% of the total C pool was physically protected. The structural equation modeling developed by these data hypothesizes that microbial biomass C and AMF biomass (microbial composition) have the strongest causal influence on physically protected C. This model needs to be tested using independent sites to achieve greater inference.
Thomas_et_al_2023_[updated]_The_potential_of_hay_for_graminoid_introduction_in_the_restoration_of_subtropical_grasslands_results_from_a_greenhouse_experiment
<p>Data set from a greenhouse experiment where we aimed to assess the effect of three harvest dates of hay and two amounts of dry hay in the emergency of seedlings, to application in ecological restoration of Campos Sulinos grasslands, South Brazil.</p>
Mechanisms influencing physically sequestered soil carbon in temperate restored grasslands in South Africa and North America
This dataset contains a measurement of physically protected carbon (microaggregate-within-macroaggregate C) and potential drivers of physically protected C accumulation during grassland restoration. The data were collected from three independent grassland restorations from agriculture in North America and South Africa. Northeast Kansas, USA data were collected in May 2013. Northeast Free State, RSA data were collected in September–November 2005. Southeast Nebraska, USA data were collected in October 2008–May 2008. Aggregate fractionations were performed by hierarchical wet sieving (Six et al 2000). Carbon and N quantification were done by flash combustion-gas chromatography. Microbial biomass C quantification was performed with chloroform fumigation-incubation (chloroform fumigation-extraction in the case of northeast Kansas). Phospholipid fatty acid biomass analysis was conducted using the methods of Bligh and Dyer (1959).
Gunnison's Prairie Dog Restoration Experiment (GPDREx): Population Dynamics within Grasslands at the Sevilleta National Widlife Refuge, New Mexico
Prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) are burrowing rodents considered to be ecosystem engineers and keystone species of the central grasslands of North America. Yet, prairie dog populations have declined by an estimated 98% throughout their historic range. This dramatic decline has resulted in the widespread loss of their important ecological role throughout this grassland system. The 92,060 ha Sevilleta NWR in central New Mexico includes more than 54,000 ha of native grassland. Gunnison’s prairie dogs (C. gunnisoni) were reported to occupy ~15,000 ha of what is now the SNWR during the 1960’s, prior to their systematic eradication. In 2010, we collaborated with local agencies and conservation organizations to restore the functional role of prairie dogs to the grassland system. Gunnison’s prairie dogs were reintroduced to a site that was occupied by prairie dogs 40 years ago. This work is part of a larger, long-term study where we are studying the ecological effects of prairie dogs as they re-colonize the grassland ecosystem.
VCF files of common grassland plants from wild collected seeds of 19 common European grassland species with up to 4 consecutive generations grown in monoculture for seed production for restoration
<p>A growing number of restoration projects require large amounts of seeds. As harvesting natural populations cannot cover the demand, wild plants are often propagated in large-scale monocultures. There are concerns that this cultivation process may cause genetic drift and unintended selection, which would alter the genetic properties of the cultivated populations and reduce their genetic diversity. Such changes could reduce the pre-existing adaptation of restored populations, and limit their adaptability to environmental change.</p> <p>We used single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and a pool-sequencing approach to test for genetic differentiation and changes in gene diversity during cultivation in 19 wild grassland species, comparing the source populations and up to four consecutive cultivation generations. We then linked the magnitudes of genetic changes to the species' breeding systems and seed dormancy, to understand the roles of these traits in genetic change.</p> <p>The propagation changed the genetic composition of the cultivated generations only moderately. The genetic differentiation we observed as a consequence of cultivation was much lower than the natural genetic differentiation between different source regions. The propagated generations harbored even higher gene diversity than wild-collected seeds. Genetic change was stronger in self-compatible than in self-incompatible species, probably as a result of increased outcrossing in the monocultures.</p> <p><em>Synthesis and applications</em>: Our study indicates that large-scale seed production maintains the genetic integrity of natural populations. Increased genetic diversity may be indicative of increased adaptive potential of propagated seeds, which would make them especially suitable for ecological restoration. Yet, it remains to be tested whether these patterns observed on the level of molecular markers will be mirrored also in plant phenotypes. Further, we used seeds produced in Germany and Austria, where the seed production is regulated and certified. Whether other seed production systems perform equally well remains to be tested.</p>
VCF files of common grassland plants from wild collected seeds of 19 common European grassland species with up to 4 consecutive generations grown in monoculture for seed production for restoration
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Grassland restoration drives strong multitrophic biodiversity recovery, but climate extremes jeopardize drought-sensitive species
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Gunnison's Prairie Dog Restoration Experiment (GPDREx): Small Mammal Mark-Recapture Population Assessment within Grasslands at the Sevilleta National Widlife Refuge, New Mexico (2013-2014)
Prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) are burrowing rodents considered to be ecosystem engineers and keystone species of the central grasslands of North America. Yet, prairie dog populations have declined by an estimated 98% throughout their historic range. This dramatic decline has resulted in the widespread loss of their important ecological role throughout this grassland system. The 92,060 ha Sevilleta NWR in central New Mexico includes more than 54,000 ha of native grassland. Gunnison’s prairie dogs (C. gunnisoni) were reported to occupy ~15,000 ha of what is now the SNWR during the 1960’s, prior to their systematic eradication. In 2010, we collaborated with local agencies and conservation organizations to restore the functional role of prairie dogs to the grassland system. Gunnison’s prairie dogs were reintroduced to a site that was occupied by prairie dogs 40 years ago.  This work is part of a larger, long-term study where we are studying the ecological effects of prairie dogs as they re-colonize the grassland ecosystem. With this project, we would like to further investigate the impact that Gunnison’s prairie dogs have on the landscape. Gunnison’s prairie dog monitoring data has been collected from the beginning of the reintroduction project, but little information has been collected on how grassland species respond to the sudden presence of prairie dogs on the refuge. This project will help determine if the prairie dog reintroduction has had positive impacts on the grassland ecosystem. Prairie dogs benefit grasslands in many ways, but their role as ecosystem engineers directly impacts other species by creating new habitat that would not be present without prairie dogs. We have documented physical landscape changes, but we have not specifically documented benefits to other grassland species. This work will help determine if the reintroduced prairie dog populations on Sevilleta NWR are now acting as a keystone species in a grassland ecosystem by monitor
Reintroduced grazers and prescribed fire effects on beetle assemblage structure and function in restored grasslands
<p>Ecological restoration seeks to re-establish functioning ecosystems, but planning and evaluation often focus on taxonomic community structure and neglect consumers and their functional roles. The functional trait composition of insect assemblages, which make up the majority of animal diversity in many systems, can reveal how they are affected by restoration management and the consequences for ecosystem function. We sampled ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages in restored tallgrass prairies varying in management with prescribed fire and reintroduced American bison (<i>Bison bison</i>) to describe their taxonomic and functional trait structure. We also measured seed and arthropod predation to relate management, beetle assemblage characteristics, and function, and to test if function is maximized by trait diversity, dominant trait values, or beetle abundance. Beetle assemblages primarily varied with restoration age, declining over time in richness and both taxonomic and functional diversity, but bison presence also influenced taxonomic composition. Prescribed fire reduced seed predation in summer and arthropod predation in fall. Although seed predation was unrelated to beetle assemblages, arthropod predation was greater in sites with higher abundances of carnivorous ground beetles. The relatively weak impacts of fire and bison on functional assemblage structure is a promising sign that these management disturbances, aimed at supporting a diverse native plant community, are not detrimental to beetle assemblages. The significance of reduced predator function following prescribed fire will depend on the restoration context and whether seed or arthropod predation relates to management goals.</p>
Data from: Changes in potential nitrous oxide efflux during grassland restoration
Nitrous oxide efflux from soil is an important ecological process in terms of global climate impacts, stratospheric chemistry, and soil fertility. The effects of grassland restoration on nitrous oxide (N2O) efflux in formerly cultivated agricultural soils are not well known. Restoration changes the storage and availability of soil C and N, with potential consequences for N2O efflux. We examined changes in potential N2O efflux across a 35-year chronosequence of grassland restorations, using lab incubations at moisture levels that maximized N2O emissions, to quantify the relationship between N2O efflux and soil properties known to change predictably during grassland restoration. We found that restoring cultivated agricultural land to grassland rapidly decreased N2O efflux from soils, though native prairie had a potential N2O efflux higher than the agricultural land. The oldest restoration had N2O efflux 50 times lower than native prairie. Changes in N2O efflux were more strongly correlated with N mineralization than C mineralization, according to multiple regression analysis. These results suggest that grassland restoration could mitigate nitrous oxide emissions for decades.
The long-term effect of restoration interventions, landscape composition, and time on the restoration success of Pannonic sand grasslands
<p>Data for the manuscript</p>
Data from: Soil heterogeneity increases plant diversity after twenty years of manipulation during grassland restoration
The 'environmental heterogeneity hypothesis' predicts that variability in resources promotes species coexistence, but few experiments support this hypothesis in plant communities. A previous 15-y test of this hypothesis in a prairie restoration experiment demonstrated a weak effect of manipulated soil resource heterogeneity on plant diversity. This response was attributed to a transient increase in richness following a post-restoration supplemental propagule addition, occasionally higher diversity under nutrient enrichment, and reduced cover of a dominant species in a subset of soil treatments. Here, we report community dynamics under continuous propagule addition in the same experiment, corresponding to 16-20 y of restoration, in response to altered availability and heterogeneity of soil resources. We also quantified traits of newly added species to determine if heterogeneity increases the amount and variety of niches available for new species to exploit. The heterogeneous treatment contained a factorial combination of altered nutrient availability and soil depth; control plots had no manipulations. Total diversity and richness were higher in the heterogeneous treatment during this 5 y study due to higher cover, diversity, and richness of previously established forbs, particularly in the N-enriched subplots. All new species added to the experiment exhibited unique trait spaces, but there was no evidence that heterogeneous plots contained a greater variety of new species representing a wider range of trait spaces relative to the control treatment. The richness and cover of new species was higher in N-enriched soil, but the magnitude of this response was small. Communities assembling under long-term N addition were dominated by different species among subplots receiving added N, leading to greater dispersion of communities among the heterogeneous relative to control plots. Contrary to the deterministic mechanism by which heterogeneity was expected to increase diversity (greater variability in resources for new species to exploit), higher diversity in the heterogeneous plots resulted from destabilization of formerly grass-dominated communities in N-enriched subplots. While we do not advocate increasing available soil N at large scales, we conclude that the positive effect of environmental heterogeneity on diversity can take decades to materialize and depend on development of stochastic processes in communities with strong establishment limitation.
Lasting signature of planting year weather on restored grasslands
<p>Ecological restoration — the rebuilding of damaged or destroyed ecosystems — is a critical component of conservation efforts, but is hindered by inconsistent, unpredictable outcomes. We investigated a source of this variation that is anecdotally suggested by practitioners, but for which empirical evidence is rare: the weather conditions during the first growing season after planting. The idea of whether natural communities face long-term consequences from conditions even many years in the past, called historical contingency, is a debated idea in ecological research. Using a large dataset (83 sites) across a wide geographic distribution (three states), we find evidence that precipitation and temperatures in the planting year (2-19 years before present) affected the relative dominance of the sown (native target species) and non-sown (mostly non-native) species. We find strong support for lasting planting year weather effects in restored tallgrass prairies, thereby supporting the historically contingent model of community assembly in a real-world setting.</p>
Effect of green infrastructure on restoration of pollination networks and plant performance in semi-natural dry grasslands across Europe
<p>Agricultural intensification, afforestation and land abandonment are major drivers of biodiversity loss in semi-natural grasslands across Europe. Reversing these losses requires the reinstatement of plant-animal interactions such as pollination. Here we assessed the differences in species composition and patterns of plant-pollinator interactions in ancient and restored grasslands and how these patterns are influenced by landscape connectivity, across three European regions (Belgium, Germany and Sweden). We evaluated the differences in pollinator community assemblage, abundance, and interaction network structure between 24 ancient and restored grasslands. We then assessed the effect of surrounding landscape functional connectivity (i.e. green infrastructure, GI) on these variables and tested possible consequences on the reproduction of two model plants, Lotus corniculatus and Salvia pratensis. Neither pollinator richness nor species composition differed between ancient and restored grasslands. A high turnover of interactions across grasslands was detected but was mainly due to replacement of pollinator and plant species. The impact of grassland restoration was consistent across various pollinator functional groups, whereas the surrounding GI had differential effects. Notably, bees, butterflies, beetles, and dipterans (excluding hoverflies) exhibited the most significant responses to GI variations. Interestingly, networks in restored grasslands were more specialised (i.e. less functionally redundant) than in ancient ones and also showed a higher number of insect visits to habitat-generalist plant species. Landscape connectivity had a similar effect, with habitat-specialist plant species receiving fewer visits at higher GI values. Fruit set in S. pratensis and L. corniculatus was unaffected by grassland type or GI. However, the fruit set in the specialist S. pratensis increased with the number of pollinator visits, indicating a positive correlation between pollinator activity and reproductive success in this particular species. Synthesis and applications. Our findings provide evidence of the necessity to enhance ecosystem functions while avoiding biotic homogenization. Restoration programs should aim at increasing landscape connectivity which influences plant communities, pollinator assemblages, and their interaction patterns. To avoid generalist species taking over from specialists in restored grasslands, we suggest reinforcing the presence of specialist species in the latter, for instance by means of introductions, as well as increasing the connectivity to source populations.</p>
Data from: Rapid evolution of flower phenology and clonality in restored populations of multiple grassland species
<ol> <li>Restoration of terrestrial ecosystems often requires re-introduction of plants. In restored sites, the plants often face environments that differ from those of natural populations. This can affect plant traits, reduce performance and impose novel selection pressures. As a response, restored populations might rapidly evolve and adapt to the novel conditions. This may enhance population survival and contribute to restoration success but has been rarely tested so far.</li> <li>Here, we focused on populations of three grassland species restored 20 years ago (<em>Galium wirtgenii, Inula salicina </em>and<em> Centaurea jacea</em>) by the transfer of green hay, and compared them with donor populations that were the source of the hay. We measured plants both in situ and in a common garden under control and three stress conditions.</li> <li>In-situ, plants in restored sites flowered earlier than plants in donor sites in two out of the three species. In the common garden, plants from the restored populations flowered earlier (in <em>Galium</em>) or showed increased plasticity of clonal propagation in response to clipping (in <em>Inula</em>). Both these traits suggest rapid adaptation to the contrasting mowing regimes in restored in comparison to the donor sites. In <em>Centaurea</em>, we detected no differentiation, neither in situ nor in the common garden.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis and applications</em>: Grassland plants introduced into degraded habitats within the framework of ecological restoration may quite commonly evolve in response to novel selection pressures at restored sites. This rapid evolution likely increases the plant's adaptation to the new conditions of the restored grassland and thus enhances the likelihood of survival of the population and ultimately restoration success. While most practitioners do not consider evolution to be part of restoration, our finding highlights that restored populations of grassland species can be systems with considerable eco-evolutionary dynamics.</li> </ol>
Tibetan pastoralists' attitudes toward grassland degradation and restoration
<p>Ecosystem restoration practices are gaining prominence in coping with the crisis of ecosystem degradation. To improve the long-term effectiveness of restoration activities, community engagement in restoration projects needs to be strengthened. In communities where traditional and local values drive adaptation to environmental changes, a community-engaged restoration approach requires the integration of restoration techniques and local value systems.</p> <p>In two pastoral communities on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, we used the Q method to explore pastoralists' attitudes towards grassland degradation and restoration and to understand different levels of community engagement in grassland restoration activities. Through this study, we aim to promote an understanding of the value-based approach of local communities to enable better community engagement for the long-term effectiveness of ecosystem restoration projects, and contribute to the achievement and synergy of global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).</p> <p>The study revealed eight types of pastoralists with different attitudes in two communities, with the type of <em>Active Agents</em> leveraging transformative restoration action through creating value-inclusive narratives of grassland restoration in the community with a higher level of engagement in restoration practices. Alongside this, we explored the pastoralists' perspectives of biodiversity in restoration and the importance of local elites in facilitating multiple-actor cooperation in restoration projects.</p> <p>We recommend that decision-makers recognize the significance of local worldviews and values in facilitating environmental adaptations, as well as the irreplaceable role played by local people in developing value-inclusive narratives that align with the local cultural context. Open dialogues and sufficient communication between multiple stakeholders are needed to build mutual trust and accumulate social capital for driving transformative actions in traditional communities. Such approaches are essential to foster community engagement and gain better momentum in ecosystem management initiatives.</p>
Updated dataset from "Exploring seed density and limiting similarity to reduce invasive grass performance for grassland restoration purposes"
<p>Here we aimed to compare the effect of two seed mixes and three density sowing treatments on the performance of the invasive grass Eragrostis plana, one of the major threats to the Campos Sulinos grasslands, at South Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse experiment in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The seed mixes have the same species, but differ in terms of species abundance.</p> <p>Paper Thomas et al. (2024) "Exploring seed density and limiting similarity to reduce invasive grass performance for grassland restoration purposes", published at Applied Vegetation Science. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12804">https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12804</a></p>
Season of prescribed fire determines grassland restoration outcomes after fire exclusion and overgrazing
<p>Fire exclusion and mismanaged grazing are globally important drivers of environmental change in mesic C<sub>4</sub> grasslands and savannas. Although interest is growing in prescribed fire for grassland restoration, we have little long-term experimental evidence of the influence of burn season on the recovery of herbaceous plant communities, encroachment by trees and shrubs, and invasion by exotic grasses. We conducted a prescribed fire experiment (seven burns between 2001 and 2019) in historically fire-excluded and overgrazed grasslands of central Texas. Sites were assigned to one of four experimental treatments: summer burns (warm season, lightning season), fall burns (early cool season), winter burns (late cool season), or unburned (fire exclusion). To assess restoration outcomes of the experiment, in 2019, we identified old-growth grasslands to serve as reference sites. Herbaceous-layer plant communities in all experimental sites were compositionally and functionally distinct from old-growth grasslands, with little recovery of perennial C<sub>4</sub> grasses and long-lived forbs. Unburned sites were characterized by several species of tree, shrub, and vine; summer sites were characterized by certain C<sub>3</sub><span> </span>grasses and forbs; and fall and winter sites were intermediate in composition to the unburned and summer sites. Despite compositional differences, all treatments had comparable plot-level plant species richness (range 89–95 species/1000 m<sup>2</sup>). At the local-scale, summer sites (23 species/m<sup>2</sup>) and old-growth grasslands (20 species/m<sup>2</sup>) supported greater richness than unburned sites (15 species/m<sup>2</sup>), but did not differ significantly from fall or winter sites. Among fire treatments, summer and winter burns most consistently produced the vegetation structure of old-growth grasslands (e.g., mean woody canopy cover of 9%). But whereas winter burns promoted the invasive grass<span> </span><i>Bothriochloa ischaemum</i><span> </span>by maintaining areas with low canopy cover, summer burns simultaneously limited woody encroachment and controlled<span> </span><i>B. ischaemum</i><span> </span>invasion. Our results support a growing body of literature that shows that prescribed fire alone, without the introduction of plant propagules, cannot necessarily restore old-growth grassland community composition. Nonetheless, this long-term experiment demonstrates that prescribed burns implemented in the summer can benefit restoration by preventing woody encroachment while also controlling an invasive grass. We suggest that fire season deserves greater attention in grassland restoration planning and ecological research.</p>
Altitude gradient pattern of grassland restoration of quarry on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
<p>It is very difficult to recover the alpine grassland on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau after being destroyed. However, the demand for economic construction forced the government to build highways on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, leaving behind many quarries. However, it is uncertain whether these quarries can be restored and the extent of restoration. This study conducts a transect survey of 39 quarry-restored grasslands reseeded with Elymus nutans and adjacent natural grasslands on two recently constructed highways on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from 2800 to 5100 m above sea level. The first data set is the community survey data set of height, in which the rows describe the species names in the sample plots, the sample plots shown in the list and duplicates. The second data set is the community survey data set of coverage, in which the rows describe the species names in the sample plots, the sample plots shown in the list and duplicates. We believe that the height and coverage were not enough to evaluate the restoration, and the community species composition of the restored grassland was an important indicator to evaluate the restoration.</p>
Data for: Barriers to seedling establishment in grasslands: Implications for Nothofagus forest restoration and migration
<p>Tree seedling establishment outside forest boundaries is controlled by many interacting factors. Understanding the relative importance of different pressures is essential for improving techniques for forest restoration and for understanding the potential of forest boundaries to shift and adapt to changing climate conditions. We investigated constraints on the spread of a key southern hemisphere forest type into grasslands by undertaking a multi-factorial experiment sowing <em>Nothofagus cliffortioides</em> (Nothofagaceae) in a historically deforested retired pasture. We manipulated factors to determine the relative effects of sheltered microsites, competition with pasture species, availability of ectomycorrhizal fungi, soil nutrients, and rabbit herbivory, on seedling emergence and survival. Overall survival was low (11.7% after six months and 1.5% after ten months), but there were strong treatment effects on both seedling establishment and survival. The availability of shelter and competition with pasture species had strongest effects, with the presence of pasture species initially aiding seedling emergence due to a sheltering effect, but negatively affecting survival at later stages. Most remaining seedlings at the conclusion of the experiment had formed ectomycorrhizae regardless of whether inoculum was supplied, and seedling survival and health was positively related to ectomycorrhizal colonization. Fertilizing had less of an effect than other factors, and results regarding rabbit herbivory were inconclusive. Synthesis and applications: This study provides new insights into how factors interact to limit tree seedling establishment in grasslands and forest expansion into neighboring ecosystems. This improves understanding of the ability of an ectomycorrhizal keystone forest species to migrate and adapt to climate change. This study also assists restoration practitioners in selecting techniques that will enhance seedling establishment, and highlights that direct seeding approaches in open grasslands are unlikely to result in high rates of <em>Nothofagus </em>establishment.</p>
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