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Fig. 10 in Gut anatomy of the worker caste of Neotropical genera Cylindrotermes Holmgren and Hoplotermes Light (Infraorder Isoptera, Termitidae)

Fig. 10. Hoplotermes amplus worker gut in situ: (a) detail of stomodeal valve insertion, (b) dorsal, (c) right, (d) ventral and (e) left views; (f) detail of enteric-valve insertion in dorsal view (P4 and P5 removed, arrow: enteric-valve insertion). Gray area indicates mesenteric tissue; c: crop; M: mesenteron; MT: mesenteric tongue, i: isthmus, P1: first proctodeal segment (ileum); P3: third proctodeal segment (paunch); P4: fourth proctodeal segment (colon); P5: fifth proctodeal segment (rectum).

Fig. 7 in Gut anatomy of the worker caste of Neotropical genera Cylindrotermes Holmgren and Hoplotermes Light (Infraorder Isoptera, Termitidae)

Fig. 7. Cylindrotermes sapiranga: (a) detail of gizzard armature (small arrow: crop pectinate scales), (b) enteric valve, with one of the cushions outlined (large arrow: proximal pad, small arrow: distal portion).

Fig. 9 in Gut anatomy of the worker caste of Neotropical genera Cylindrotermes Holmgren and Hoplotermes Light (Infraorder Isoptera, Termitidae)

Fig. 9. Hoplotermes amplus worker: (a) detail of gizzard armature (small arrow: crop pectinate scales), (b) enteric valve (large arrows: cushions).

Fig. 2 in Gut anatomy of the worker caste of Neotropical genera Cylindrotermes Holmgren and Hoplotermes Light (Infraorder Isoptera, Termitidae)

Fig. 2. Cylindrotermes caata: (a) detail of gizzard armature (small arrow: crop pectinate scales), (b) enteric valve, with one of the cushions outlined (large arrow: proximal pad, small arrow: distal portion).

FIGURE 21 in Comparative anatomy of the gut of the South American species of Amitermes, with description of two new species and an identification key based on soldiers and workers

FIGURE 21. Digestive tube of Amitermes foreli worker in dorsal (A), right (B), ventral (C) and left (D) views; arrow: P3 partial pouch.

FIGURE 22 in Comparative anatomy of the gut of the South American species of Amitermes, with description of two new species and an identification key based on soldiers and workers

FIGURE 22. Schematic drawing of the ornaments at the P1, the respective photomicrographs are indicated by the setae: Amitermes foreli (A), A. lunae (B), A. bandeirai (C) and A. lilloi (D); MT: mesenteric tongue position, EV: enteric valve position.

FIGURE 8 in Comparative anatomy of the gut of the South American species of Amitermes, with description of two new species and an identification key based on soldiers and workers

FIGURE 8. Enteric-valve armatures: Amitermes amifer (A) and A. aporema (B, distal and C, proximal regions); arrows: apex of cushions.

FIGURE 7. P1 in Comparative anatomy of the gut of the South American species of Amitermes, with description of two new species and an identification key based on soldiers and workers

FIGURE 7. P1 ornaments details: Amitermes amifer, spines at the proximal portion (A) and at the distal portion (B); A. aporema, spines after the mesenteric tongue (C); A. beaumonti, spines at the proximal portion (D) and at the distal portion (E); and A. excellens, spines at the proximal portion (F) and small spines around mesenteric tongue (G); MT: mesenteric tongue position.

FIGURE 6 in Comparative anatomy of the gut of the South American species of Amitermes, with description of two new species and an identification key based on soldiers and workers

FIGURE 6. Schematic drawing of the ornaments at the P1, the respective photomicrographs are indicated by the setae: Amitermes amifer (A), A. aporema (B), A. beaumonti (C) and A. excellens (D); MT: mesenteric tongue position, EV: enteric valve position.

FIGURE 13 in Comparative anatomy of the gut of the South American species of Amitermes, with description of two new species and an identification key based on soldiers and workers

FIGURE 13. Digestive tube of Amitermes aporema worker (from the same locality as the types of A. nordestinus) in dorsal (A), right (B), ventral (C) and left views (D), detail of mesenteric tongue (E); arrow: insertion of P1 at P3.

FIGURE 24 in Comparative anatomy of the gut of the South American species of Amitermes, with description of two new species and an identification key based on soldiers and workers

FIGURE 24. Enteric-valve armatures: Amitermes foreli (A) and A. lunae (B, distal and C, proximal regions).

FIGURE 23. P1 in Comparative anatomy of the gut of the South American species of Amitermes, with description of two new species and an identification key based on soldiers and workers

FIGURE 23. P1 ornaments details: Amitermes foreli, spines around mesenteric tongue (A); A. lunae, spines at the proximal portion (B); A. bandeirai, spines at the proximal portion (C) and spines after the mesenteric tongue (D); and A. lilloi, spines at the proximal portion (E); MT: mesenteric tongue position.

Fig. 4 in Gut anatomy and ultrastructural features of the paunch epithelium in the Neotropical termite Serritermes serrifer (Blattaria, Isoptera, Serritermitidae)

Fig. 4. Histological sections of the hindgut of a pseudergate of Serritermes serrifer. (A) Longitudinal section of the proctodeal segments, highlighting the short and cylindrical enteric valve (ev) and paunch (p). (B) Cross section of the pseudergate paunch, showing the thin epithelium (ep) and the large protozoa (pr) in the lumen (pl). (C) Longitudinal section of the abdomen of a soldier of indicating the location of the paunch followed by the rectum (r). (D) Detail of the soldier paunch with three large protozoa (pr) in the lumen and the thin epithelium involved by musculature (mu) Arrows indicate muscular fibers coating the rectum.

Fig. 2 in Gut anatomy and ultrastructural features of the paunch epithelium in the Neotropical termite Serritermes serrifer (Blattaria, Isoptera, Serritermitidae)

Fig. 2. External view of the Malpighian tubules (Mt) under scanning microscope (A) Malpighian tubules individually attached at the mesenter- o–proctodeal transition of a pseudergate of Serritermes serrifer. Arrowheads indicate the site of attachment. (B) Detail of a Malpighian tubule. m, midgut; P1, first proctodeal segment.

Fig. 7 in Gut anatomy and ultrastructural features of the paunch epithelium in the Neotropical termite Serritermes serrifer (Blattaria, Isoptera, Serritermitidae)

Fig. 7. Apical region of the paunch epithelium (ep) of a pseudergate of Serritermes serrifer. (A) Note the richness of mitochondria with conspicuous cristae (mi) associated with apical invaginations (ai). (B) Detail of the adhesion sites, in which bacteria (b) are surrounded by electron–dense material (arrowheads). Note the septate junctions (sj) between neighboring cells; c, cuticle.

Fig. 3 in Gut anatomy and ultrastructural features of the paunch epithelium in the Neotropical termite Serritermes serrifer (Blattaria, Isoptera, Serritermitidae)

Fig. 3. Histological sections of the gut of a pseudergate of Serritermes serrifer. (A) Foregut and anterior midgut. (B) and (C) Detail of the foregut and its structures. The crop (c) is oval and not separated from the gizzard (g), whereas the stomodeal valve (sv) is very short and does not penetrate deeply into the midgut (m). d, duct of the salivary glands; e, esophagus; ph, pharynx.

Fig. 5 in Gut anatomy and ultrastructural features of the paunch epithelium in the Neotropical termite Serritermes serrifer (Blattaria, Isoptera, Serritermitidae)

Fig. 5. Ultrastructure of paunch wall of a pseudergate of Serritermes serrifer. (A) and (B) The epithelium (ep) is relatively thicker in the region of the nucleus (n). Note the basal invaginations (bi) and the different bacteria morphotype (b), some of them adhered to the apical cuticle. Externally, circular (cm) and longitudinal (lm) muscular sheets involve the paunch epithelium.

Fig. 1 in Gut anatomy and ultrastructural features of the paunch epithelium in the Neotropical termite Serritermes serrifer (Blattaria, Isoptera, Serritermitidae)

Fig. 1. Digestive system in a pseudergate of Serritermes serrifer. (A) Diagram of the uncoiled gut and salivary glands (sg). (B) Scanning electron micrograph of the attachment site of the Malpighian tubules (Mt). Note the disposition of some Malpighian tubules, associated with the rectum (r). (C) Histological section of the paunch showing the lumen (pl) filled with protozoa (pr) and food debris. (D) Transmission electron micrograph of the paunch epithelium (ep). b, bacteria; c, crop; co, colon; e, esophagus; g, gizzard; i, basal invaginations; l, lumen; m, midgut; mu, musculature; n, nucleus; p, paunch; ph, pharynx; P1, first proctodeal segment.

Fig. 6 in Gut anatomy and ultrastructural features of the paunch epithelium in the Neotropical termite Serritermes serrifer (Blattaria, Isoptera, Serritermitidae)

Fig. 6. Ultrastructural features of the paunch of a pseudergate of Serritermes serrifer. (A) Detail of an epithelial cell highlighting the nucleus (n) and the deep basal invaginations (bi). Several round–shaped bacteria (b) are adhered to the apical cuticle (c), next to the apical invagination (ai) and associate mitochondria (mi). (B) An overview of the musculature sheets, which surround the epithelial cell and is composed of internal circular (cm) and external longitudinal fibers (lm). Note the myofibril (mf) of the longitudinal sheets associated with mitochondria (mi). ep, epithelium; sj, septate junction.