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28 results for “gynodioecy”
Data from: The role of infectious disease in the evolution of females: evidence from anther-smut disease on a gynodioecious alpine carnation
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Data from: Physiological effects of temperature do not explain prevalence of females in populations of gynodioecious Lobelia siphilitica growing in warmer climates
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Data from: Genetic potential for changes in breeding systems: Predicted and observed trait changes during artificial selection for male and female allocation in a gynodioecious species
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Data from: Beyond balancing selection: frequent mitochondrial recombination contributes to high female frequencies in gynodioecious Lobelia siphilitica L. (Campanulaceae)
(1) Gynodioecy is a sexual system where females and hermaphrodites co-occur. In most gynodioecious angiosperms, sex is determined by an interaction between mitochondrial male-sterility genes (CMS) that arise via recombination and nuclear restorer alleles that evolve to suppress them. In theory, gynodioecy occurs when multiple CMS types are maintained at equilibrium frequencies by balancing selection. However, some gynodioecious populations contain very high frequencies of females. High female frequencies are not expected under balancing selection, but could be explained by the repeated introduction of novel CMS types. (2) To test for balancing selection and/or the repeated introduction of novel CMS, we characterized cytoplasmic haplotypes from 61 populations of Lobelia siphilitica that vary widely in female frequency. (3) We confirmed that mitotype diversity and female frequency were positively correlated across populations, consistent with balancing selection. However, while low-female populations hosted mostly common mitotypes, high-female populations and female plants hosted mostly rare, recombinant mitotypes likely to carry novel CMS types. (4) Our results suggest that balancing selection maintains established CMS types across this species, but extreme female frequencies result from frequent invasion by novel CMS types. We conclude that balancing selection alone cannot account for extreme population sex-ratio variation within a gynodioecious species.
Data from: Rapid buildup of genetic diversity in founder populations of the gynodioecious plant species Origanum vulgare after semi-natural grassland restoration
In most landscapes the success of habitat restoration is largely dependent on spontaneous colonization of plant species. This colonization process, and the outcome of restoration practices, can only be considered successful if the genetic makeup of founding populations is not eroded through founder effects and subsequent genetic drift. Here we used 10 microsatellite markers to investigate the genetic effects of recent colonization of the long-lived gynodioecious species Origanum vulgare in restored semi-natural grassland patches. We compared the genetic diversity and differentiation of fourteen recent populations with that of thirteen old, putative source populations, and we evaluated the effects of spatial configuration of the populations on colonization patterns. We did not observe decreased genetic diversity in recent populations, or inflated genetic differentiation among them. Nevertheless, a significantly higher inbreeding coefficient was observed in recent populations, although this was not associated with negative fitness effects. Overall population genetic differentiation was low (FST = 0.040). Individuals of restored populations were assigned to on average 6.1 different source populations (likely following the 'migrant pool' model). Gene flow was, however, affected by the spatial configuration of the grasslands, with gene flow into the recent populations mainly originating from nearby source populations. This study demonstrates how spontaneous colonization after habitat restoration can lead to viable populations in a relatively short time, overcoming pronounced founder effects, when several source populations are nearby. Restored populations can therefore rapidly act as stepping stones and sources of genetic diversity, likely increasing overall metapopulation viability of the study species.
Data from: Do genetic drift and gene flow affect the geographic distribution of female plants in gynodioecious Lobelia siphilitica?
<p>Variation in population sex ratio is particularly pronounced in gynodioecious angiosperms. Extremely high female frequencies in gynodioecious populations cannot be readily explained by selective forces alone. To assess the contributions of drift and gene flow to extreme sex-ratio variation, we documented sex ratio and population size in 92 populations of <em>Lobelia siphilitica</em> across its range and genotyped plants using plastid and nuclear genetic markers. Similarity in spatial patterns of genetic and demographic variables may suggest that drift and/or gene flow have contributed to population sex-ratio variation in <em>L. siphilitica</em>. We found strong spatial structuring of extremely high female frequencies: populations with >50% female plants are restricted to the south–central portion of the range. However, we did not detect any spatial structuring in population size nor metrics of genetic diversity, suggesting that extreme variation in female frequency is not strongly affected by drift or gene flow. Extreme sex-ratio variation is frequently observed in gynodioecious plants, but its causes are difficult to identify. Further investigation into mechanisms that create or maintain spatial structure of sex ratios in gynodioecious species will provide much needed insight.</p>
FIGURE 4 in Morphological traits of gynodioecious Persicaria amphibia (Polygonaceae)
FIGURE 4. LM and SEM micrographs of micromorphological structures of perianth, pedicel and leaf in P. amphibia: A) basal part of inner perianth (female type = F), B) several protrusions (nectary) above disc (hermaphroditic type = H), C) inner cell structure of perianth (H), D) stomatal complex of outer perianth (F), E) scattered peltate-glandular trichomes on the pedicel (F), F) stomata of abaxial side of leaf (H), G) peltate-glandular trichome and stomata of abaxial side of leaf (F), H) peltate-glandular trichome with multicellular secretory head (F), I) anatomical structure of peltate-glandular trichome (H), J) strigose trichome of adaxial side of leaf (H), K) anatomical structure of strigose trichome, L) midrib with distribution of strigose non-glandular trichomes (H), M) pilate-glandular trichome of abaxial side of
FIGURE 2 in Morphological traits of gynodioecious Persicaria amphibia (Polygonaceae)
FIGURE 2. SEM micrographs of sexual organs of Persicaria amphibia in detail: A) pistil of hermarphrodite flower, B) stigma of female flower, C) detailed cell structure of stigma surface, D−F) fertile stamen of hermaphrodite: D) matured anther with pollen grains, E) endothecium thickening, F) cell surface of outer epidermis of anther, G−I) sterile stamen of female flower: G) stamen with reduced anther, H) cell structure of ventral side, I) cell structure of dorsal side.
FIGURE 3 in Morphological traits of gynodioecious Persicaria amphibia (Polygonaceae)
FIGURE 3. LM and SEM micrographs of anther development and pollen morphology: A, C) longitudinal section of mature flower, B, D) cross section of mature flower (A−B: hermaphroditic type, C−D: female type), E−F) anther development of hermaphroditic flower: E) 'stage 6' showing meiotic cell which surrounded by tapetum, F) 'stage 10–11' showing tapetum degenerates and pollen mitotic divisions occur, G) pollen grain with pentagonal arrangement of colpi, H) detail of colpus area, I) semitectate-reticulate sexine ornamentation with free standing columellae in lumen, J−K) anther development of female flower, J) 'stage 6' showing same structure with hermaphrodite anther, K) 'stage 10' of abnormal anther without pollen generate which is comparable with normal anther development (see Fig. 3F); vascular region (V), tapetum (T), epidermis (E), endothecium (EN), collapse locule (CL), pollen grain (PG), meiotic cell (MC), stomium region (SR).
FIGURE 1. A−C in Morphological traits of gynodioecious Persicaria amphibia (Polygonaceae)
FIGURE 1. A−C) photographs of Persicaria amphibia: A) habit, B) hermaphrodite inflorescence with exerted anther, C) female inflorescence with exerted stigma, D−E) line drawings of open flower: D) hermaphrodite flower, E) female flower. Scale bars 1mm.
Data from: Mating system contributes only slightly to female maintenance in gynodioecious Geranium maculatum (Geraniaceae)
Gynodioecy, the co-occurrence of female and hermaphroditic individuals within a population, is an important intermediate in the evolution of separate sexes. The first step, female maintenance, requires females to have higher seed fitness compared with hermaphrodites. A common mechanism thought to increase relative female fitness is inbreeding depression avoidance, the magnitude of which depends on hermaphroditic selfing rates and the strength of inbreeding depression. Less well studied is the effect of biparental inbreeding on female fitness. Biparental inbreeding can affect relative female fitness only if its consequence or frequency differs between sexes, which could occur if sex structure and genetic structure both occur within populations. To determine whether inbreeding avoidance and/or biparental inbreeding can account for female persistence in Geranium maculatum, we measured selfing and biparental inbreeding rates in four populations and the spatial genetic structure in six populations. Selfing rates of hermaphrodites were low and did not differ significantly from zero in any population, leading to females gaining at most a 1–14% increase in seed fitness from inbreeding avoidance. Additionally, although significant spatial genetic structure was found in all populations, biparental inbreeding rates were low and only differed between sexes in one population, thereby having little influence on female fitness. A review of the literature revealed few sexual differences in biparental inbreeding among other gynodioecious species. Our results show that mating system differences may not fully account for female maintenance in this species, suggesting other mechanisms may be involved.
Data from: Gynodioecy in structured populations: understanding fine-scale sex ratio variation in Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima
Natural selection, random processes, and gene flow are known to generate sex ratio variations among sexually polymorphic plant populations. In gynodioecious species, in which hermaphrodites and females coexist, the relative effect of these processes on the maintenance of sex polymorphism is still up for debate. The aim of this study was to document sex ratio and cytonuclear genetic variation at a very local scale in wind-pollinated gynodioecious Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima, and attempt to elucidate which processes explained the observed variation. The study sites were characterized by geographically distinct patches of individuals and appeared to be dynamic entities, with recurrent establishment of distinct haplotypes through independent founder events. Along with substantial variation in sex ratio and unexpectedly low gene flow within study sites, our results showed a high genetic differentiation among a mosaic of genetically distinct demes, with isolation by distance or abrupt genetic discontinuities taking place within a few tens of meters. Overall, random founder events with restricted gene flow could be primary determinants of sex structure, by promoting the clumping of sex-determining genes. Such high levels of sex structure provide a landscape for differential selection acting on sex-determining genes, which could modify the conditions of maintenance of gynodioecy in structured populations.
Data from: Rapid buildup of genetic diversity in founder populations of the gynodioecious plant species Origanum vulgare after semi-natural grassland restoration
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Data from: Frequency-dependent fitness in gynodioecious Lobelia siphilitica
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Data from: Early phylogenetic divergence of gynodioecious species warrants the recognition of subseries in Styrax series Valvatae
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Data from: Patterns of genome-wide nucleotide diversity in the gynodioecious plant Thymus vulgaris are compatible with recent sweeps of cytoplasmic genes
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Data from: Pollination context alters female advantage in gynodioecious Silene vulgaris
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Data from: Gynodioecy in structured populations: understanding fine-scale sex ratio variation in Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima
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Data from: Mating system contributes only slightly to female maintenance in gynodioecious Geranium maculatum (Geraniaceae)
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Data from: Beyond balancing selection: frequent mitochondrial recombination contributes to high female frequencies in gynodioecious Lobelia siphilitica L. (Campanulaceae)
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