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98 results for “habitat adaptation”
Concrete habitat: Impervious surface in nest vicinity is associated with avian fitness decline in two urban adapters
<p>The conversion of natural habitats to impervious surfaces in cities affects biotic and abiotic attributes of urban ecosystems. Detailed information on the gradual influence of impervious surfaces on reproductive success, however, is lacking. Using five years of nestbox-breeding great tit and blue tit breeding data collected across various habitat types within and outside a Central-Eastern European capital city, we quantified the impact of impervious surfaces on avian reproductive success. Impervious surfaces strongly and negatively covaried with the number of fledged young in both species: a 50% increase in impervious surface resulted in 2.93 (95% CI: -4.27; -1.58) fewer blue tit offspring fledging the nest, and 3.51 (95% CI: -4.79; -2.23) fewer great tit offspring fledging the nest, thus halving the reproductive output of two widespread urban species. These results provide benchmark values of avian productivity for ecologists and urban policy makers, and for the management of urban areas.</p>
Habitat-linked genetic variation supports microgeographic adaptive divergence in an island-endemic bird species
<p>We present evidence for and investigate potential mechanisms driving habitat-linked genetic divergence within a bird species endemic to a single 250 km<sup>2</sup> island. The island scrub-jay (<em>Aphelocoma insularis</em>) exhibits microgeographic divergence in bill morphology across pine-oak ecotones on Santa Cruz Island, California (USA) similar to adaptive differences described in mainland congeners over much larger geographic scales. To test whether individuals exhibit genetic differentiation related to habitat type and divergence in bill length, we genotyped over 3,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 123 adult island scrub-jay males from across Santa Cruz Island using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq). Neutral landscape genomic analyses revealed that genome-wide genetic differentiation was primarily related to geographic distance and differences in habitat composition. We also found 168 putatively adaptive loci associated with habitat type using multivariate redundancy analysis (RDA) while controlling for spatial effects. Finally, two genome-wide association analyses revealed a polygenic basis to variation in bill length with multiple loci detected in or near genes known to affect bill morphology in other birds. Our findings support the hypothesis that divergent selection at microgeographic scales can cause adaptive divergence in the presence of ongoing gene flow.</p>
Fig. 1. Terrestrial leeches. A in Leeches in the extreme: Morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations to inhospitable habitats
Fig. 1. Terrestrial leeches. A) Orobdella sp. out of water after a rainstorm in the Philippines. Leech is estimated to be more than 25 cm in length. Image credit: Will Reeves. B) Haemadipsa zeylanica pursuing the photographer as a host on the Vietnamese forest floor. Leech size approximately 4 cm in length. C) SEM image of the head of a haemadipsid leech. The inset depicts an outline of the same image with the eye spots marked by black dots. D) Caudal sucker of a haemadipsid leech with friction rays on the sucker surface. White arrows indicate the two flaps of the auricle. Scale bars in C and D = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 4. Leech parental care. A in Leeches in the extreme: Morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations to inhospitable habitats
Fig. 4. Leech parental care. A) Light microscopy image of a glossiphoniid leech with pink circular eggs gathered on its ventral side for protection. B) Light microscopy image of a glossiphoniid leech with leech hatchlings gathered on the ventral side of the parent leech. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 3. Extreme feeding. A in Leeches in the extreme: Morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations to inhospitable habitats
Fig. 3. Extreme feeding. A) Hirudo verbana, a commercially important and frequently traded species of European medicinal leech. B) Several individuals of Hirudo verbana feeding on blood inside a nitrile rubber glove.
Adaptation to distinct habitats is maintained by contrasting selection at different life stages in sunflower ecotypes
<p><span>Conspecific populations living in adjacent but contrasting microenvironments represent excellent systems for studying natural selection. These systems are valuable because gene flow is expected to force genetic homogeneity except at loci experiencing divergent selection. A history of reciprocal transplant and common garden studies in such systems, and a growing number of genomic studies, have contributed to understanding how selection operates in natural populations. While selection can vary across different fitness components and life stages, few studies have investigated how this ultimately affects allele frequencies and the maintenance of divergence between populations. Here, we study two sunflower ecotypes in distinct, adjacent habitats by combining demographic models with genome-wide sequence data to estimate fitness and allele frequency change at multiple life stages. This framework allows us to estimate that only local ecotypes are likely to experience positive population growth</span> <span>(λ>1) and that the maintenance of divergent adaptation appears to be mediated via habitat- and life-stage-specific selection. We identify genetic variation, significantly driven by loci in chromosomal inversions, associated with different life history strategies in neighbouring ecotypes that optimize different fitness components and may contribute to the maintenance of distinct ecotypes. </span></p>
Adaptation to distinct habitats is maintained by contrasting selection at different life stages in sunflower ecotypes
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Habitat-linked genetic variation supports microgeographic adaptive divergence in an island-endemic bird species
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Data from: Maintaining local adaptation is key for evolutionary rescue and long-term persistence of populations experiencing habitat loss and a changing environment
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Concrete habitat: Impervious surface and avian fitness decline in two urban adapters
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Data from: The temporal window of ecological adaptation in postglacial lakes: a comparison of head morphology, trophic position and habitat use in Norwegian threespine stickleback populations
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Data from: Plasticity versus evolutionary divergence: what causes habitat partitioning in urban-adapted birds?
<p>Habitat partitioning can facilitate the coexistence of closely related species, and often results from competitive interference inducing plastic shifts of subordinate species in response to aggressive, dominant species (plasticity), or the evolution of ecological differences in subordinate species that reduce their ability to occupy habitats where the dominant species occurs (evolutionary divergence). Evidence consistent with both plasticity and evolutionary divergence exist, but the relative contributions of each to habitat partitioning have been difficult to discern. Here we use a global dataset on the breeding occurrence of birds in cities to test predictions of these alternative hypotheses to explain previously described habitat partitioning associated with competitive interference. Consistent with plasticity, the presence of behaviorally dominant congeners in a city was associated with a 65% reduction in occurrence of subordinate species, but only when the dominant was a widespread breeder in urban habitats. Consistent with evolutionary divergence, increased range-wide overlap with dominant congeners was associated with a 56% reduction in occurrence of subordinates in cities, even when the dominant was absent from the city. Overall, our results suggest that both plasticity and evolutionary divergence play important, concurrent roles in habitat partitioning among closely related species in urban environments.</p>
Data from: Disentangling the effects of geographic peripherality and habitat suitability on neutral and adaptive genetic variation in Swiss stone pine
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>It is generally accepted that the spatial distribution of neutral genetic diversity within a species' native range mostly depends on effective population size, demographic history, and geographic position. However, it is unclear how genetic diversity at adaptive loci correlates with geographic peripherality or with habitat suitability within the ecological niche. Using exome-wide genomic data and distribution maps of the Alpine range, we first tested whether geographic peripherality correlates with four measures of population genetic diversity at >17,000 SNP loci in 24 Alpine populations (480 individuals) of Swiss stone pine (<i>Pinus cembra</i>) from Switzerland. To distinguish between neutral and adaptive SNP sets, we used four approaches (two gene diversity estimates, <i>F</i><sub>ST</sub> outlier test, and environmental association analysis) that search for signatures of selection. Second, we established ecological niche models for <i>P. cembra</i> in the study range and investigated how habitat suitability correlates with genetic diversity at neutral and adaptive loci. All estimates of neutral genetic diversity decreased with geographic peripherality, but were uncorrelated with habitat suitability. However, heterozygosity (<i>H</i><sub>e</sub>) at adaptive loci based on Tajima's <i>D</i> declined significantly with increasingly suitable conditions. No other diversity estimates at adaptive loci were correlated with habitat suitability. Our findings suggest that populations at the edge of a species' geographic distribution harbour limited neutral genetic diversity due to demographic properties. Moreover, we argue that populations from suitable habitats went through strong selection processes, are thus well adapted to local conditions, and therefore exhibit reduced genetic diversity at adaptive loci compared to populations at niche margins.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Habitat transitions alter the adaptive landscape and shape phenotypic evolution in needlefishes (Belonidae)
<p class="Normal1">Habitat occupancy can have a profound influence on macroevolutionary dynamics, and a switch in major habitat type may alter the evolutionary trajectory of a lineage. In this study we investigate how evolutionary transitions between marine and freshwater habitats affect macroevolutionary adaptive landscapes, using needlefishes (Belonidae) as a model system. We examined the evolution of body shape and size in marine and freshwater needlefishes and tested for phenotypic change in response to transitions between habitats. Using micro-computed tomographic (µCT) scanning and geometric morphometrics, we quantified body shape, size, and vertebral counts of 31 belonid species. We then examined the pattern and tempo of body shape and size evolution using phylogenetic comparative methods. Our results show that transitions from marine to freshwater habitats have altered the adaptive landscape for needlefishes and expanded morphospace relative to marine taxa. We provide further evidence that freshwater taxa attain reduced sizes either through dwarfism (as inferred from axial skeletal reduction) or developmental truncation (as inferred from axial skeletal loss). We propose that transitions to freshwater habitats produce morphological novelty in response to novel prey resources and changes in locomotor demands. We find that repeated invasions of different habitats have prompted predictable changes in morphology.</p>
Crossing extreme habitat boundaries: Jack-of-all-trades facilitates invasion but is eroded by adaptation to a master-of-one
<ol> <li>The invasion of new environments can be a key instigator of adaptive diversification, but the likelihood of such invasions succeeding can depend on the attributes of would-be invaders. Chief among these seems to be a generalist or 'jack-off-all-trades' phenotype.</li> <li>Yet, despite the obvious link between habitat transitions and adaptation, we know surprisingly little about how phenotypes that might initially allow taxa to transition between habitats subsequently evolve or influence post-invasion differentiation.</li> <li>We tested how a generalist phenotype of a broad diet and behavioral plasticity in marine blenny fishes has facilitated the repeated invasion of extreme environments—particularly land—and how the conditions post-invasion have impacted that generalist phenotype and associated trophic morphology.</li> <li>Our data show that a wide diet and plasticity in being able to shift between environments freely has been instrumental in the progressive invasion of land by amphibious blennies. Once established, however, terrestrial blennies have experienced strong stabilising selection for a restricted diet, little to no plasticity and a highly specialised morphology. Instead of promoting diversification, the invasion of land appears to offer only a limited niche for survival, constraining descendent blennies to a specific adaptive phenotype.</li> <li>While our study supports the view that generalism facilitates invasion and that habitat transitions instigate adaptation, it also shows a generalist strategy is not optimal for successful establishment and new environments may offer fewer (not more) opportunities for diversification. This has broad implications for how taxa might be expected to respond or adapt to abrupt environmental change more generally.</li> </ol>
Data from: Differential adaptation to a harsh granite outcrop habitat between sympatric Mimulus species
Understanding which environmental variables and traits underlie adaptation to harsh environments is difficult since many traits evolve simultaneously as populations or species diverge. Here we investigate the ecological variables and traits that underlie Mimulus laciniatus' adaptation to granite outcrops compared to its sympatric, mesic-adapted progenitor M. guttatus. We use fine scale measurements of soil moisture and herbivory to examine differences in selective forces between the species' habitats, and measure selection on flowering time, flower size, plant height, and leaf shape in a reciprocal transplant using M. laciniatus x M. guttatus F4 hybrids. We find that differences in drought & herbivory drive survival differences between habitats, that M. laciniatus and M. guttatus are each better adapted to their native habitat, and differential habitat selection on flowering time, plant stature, and leaf shape. While early flowering time, small stature, and lobed leaf shape underlie plant fitness in M. laciniatus' seasonally dry environment, increased plant size is advantageous in a competitive mesic environment replete with herbivores like M. guttatus'. Given that we observed divergent selection between habitats in the direction of species differences, we conclude that adaptation to different microhabitats is an important component of reproductive isolation in this sympatric species pair.
Data from: Hybridization and adaptive introgression in a marine invasive species in native habitats
<p><span>Hybridization</span> <span>of distinct populations or species is an important evolutionary driving force. For invasive species, hybridization can enhance their competitive advantage in the non-native range as a source of adaptive novelty by introgression of selectively favoured alleles. </span><span>W</span><span>e use </span><span>single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays (SNP-chips) to assess genetic diversity and population structure in the invasive ctenophore <em>Mnemiopsis</em> <em>leidyi</em> </span><span>in native habitats along the USA east coast. H</span><span>ybrids are present at the distribution border of the two lineages. However, our data suggests selection against hybrids in stable habitats, while hybrids are selected for in fluctuating environments. H</span><span>ybrid populations thriving in extreme and unstable environments of the native range, such as the Chesapeake Bay, could accelerate the invasion success if translocated. For <em>M. leidyi</em>, this is especially relevant as low salinity currently limits its invasion range in western Eurasia. </span><span>Hybridization status is thus important but currently disregarded to determine high-risk areas for ballast water exchange.</span></p>
Identifying traits that enable lizard adaptation to different habitats
<p><b>Aim: </b>Species adapt differently to contrasting environments, such as open habitats with sparse vegetation and forested habitats with dense forest cover. We investigated colonization patterns in the open and forested environments in the Diagonal of Open Formations and surrounding rain forests (i.e., Amazon and Atlantic Forest) in Brazil, tested whether the diversification rates were affected by the environmental conditions, and identified traits that enabled species to persist in those environments.</p> <p><b>Location: </b>South America, Brazil.</p> <p><b>Taxon: </b>Squamata, Lizards</p> <p><b>Methods: </b>We estimated ancestral ranges to identify range shifts relative to traditional open and forested habitats for all species. We used phylogenetic information and the current distribution of species in open and forested environments. To evaluate whether these environments influenced species diversification, we tested 12 models using a Hidden Geographic State Speciation and Extinction analysis. Finally, we combined phylogenetic relatedness and species traits in a machine learning framework to identify the traits permitting adaptation in those contrasting environments.</p> <p><b>Results: </b>We identified 41 total transitions between open and forested habitats, of which 80% were from the forested habitats to the open habitats. Widely distributed species had lower speciation and extinction rates than species in forested or open habitats, with the latter having the higher overall rates. Mean body temperature, microhabitat, female SVL, and diet were identified as putative traits that enabled adaptation to different environments, and phylogenetic relatedness was an important predictor of species occurrence.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions:</b> Our results indicate that transitions from forested to open habitats are most common. The combination of phylogenetic reconstruction of ancestral distributions and the machine learning framework enables us to integrate organismal trait data, environmental data, and evolutionary history in a manner that could be applied on a global scale.</p>
Data for Rapid phenotypic differentiation and local adaptation in Japanese knotweed s.l. (Reynoutria japonica and R. × bohemica, Polygonaceae) invading novel habitats
<p><span><strong>PREMISE:</strong> Many plant invaders like the Japanese knotweeds are thought to colonize new habitats with low genetic diversity. Such species provide an opportunity to study rapid adaptation to complex environmental conditions.</span></p> <p><span><strong>METHODS:</strong> Using replicate reciprocal transplants of clones across three habitats, we described patterns of phenotypic response and assessed degree of local adaptation.</span></p> <p><span><strong>KEY RESULTS:</strong> We found plants from beach habitats had decreased height, number of leaves, leaf area, and biomass allocation to roots and shoots compared to plants from marsh and roadside habitats when grown in their home habitat. In the marsh habitat, marsh plants were generally larger than beach plants, but not different from roadside plants. There were no differences among plants from different habitats grown in the roadside habitat. Despite this evidence of differentiation in beach and marsh habitats, we found mixed evidence for local adaptation. In their "home site" plants from the marsh habitat had greater biomass than plants from the beaches but not compared to plants from roadsides. Biomass comparisons in other habitats were either maladaptive or not significant. However, plants from the roadside had greater survival in their "home site" compared to foreign plants. There were no differences in survival in the other habitats.</span></p> <p><span><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> We found phenotypic differentiation associated with habitats despite the low reported genetic diversity for these populations. Our results partially support the hypothesis of local adaptation in marsh and roadside habitats. Identifying whether these patterns of differentiation result from genetic or heritable non-genetic mechanisms will require further work.</span></p>
Data from: Repeatability of adaptive radiation depends on spatial scale: regional versus global replicates of stickleback in lake versus stream habitats
The repeatability of adaptive radiation is expected to be scale dependent, with determinism decreasing as greater spatial separation among "replicates" leads to their increased genetic and ecological independence. Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) provide an opportunity to test whether this expectation holds for the early stages of adaptive radiation -their diversification in freshwater ecosystems has been replicated many times. To better understand the repeatability of that adaptive radiation, we examined the influence of geographic scale on levels of parallel evolution by quantifying phenotypic and genetic divergence between lake and stream stickleback pairs sampled at regional (Vancouver Island) and global (North America and Europe) scales. We measured phenotypes known to show lake-stream divergence and used reduced representation genome-wide sequencing to estimate genetic divergence. We assessed the scale-dependence of parallel evolution by comparing effect sizes from multivariate models and also the direction and magnitude of lake-stream divergence vectors. At the phenotypic level, parallelism was greater at the regional than the global scale. At the genetic level, putative selected loci showed greater lake-stream parallelism at the regional than the global scale. Generally, the level of parallel evolution was low at both scales, except for some key univariate traits. Divergence vectors were often orthogonal, highlighting possible ecological and genetic constraints on parallel evolution at both scales. Overall, our results confirm that the repeatability of adaptive radiation decreases at increasing spatial scales. We suggest that greater environmental heterogeneity at larger scales imposes different selection regimes, thus generating lower repeatability of adaptive radiation at larger spatial scales.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.