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70 results for “habitat specificity”
FIGURE 4 in Specific damage recognised on land snail shells as a tool for studying predation intensity: differences related to habitat and predator types
FIGURE 4 Variation in the minimal rate of predation recorded in six samples collected in each of five habitat types. Different letters refer to significant differences (p <0.05) among habitat types, based on a generalised linear model. The central line of each box refers to the median value, box height to the interquartile range, whiskers to the non-outlier range (i.e., 1.5 times the interquartile range at each side), and small circles to outliers.
FIGURE 5 in Specific damage recognised on land snail shells as a tool for studying predation intensity: differences related to habitat and predator types
FIGURE 5 Relative representation of individual predation types recognised in six samples collected at each of five habitat types. The height of the column represents the average value, while the lines indicate the standard deviation.
FIGURE 2 in Specific damage recognised on land snail shells as a tool for studying predation intensity: differences related to habitat and predator types
FIGURE 2 Examples of the recorded evidence of predation caused by various predators. a) shell of Cochlicopa lubrica predated on by a snail; b) characteristic damage caused by a carabid beetle, here on a shell of Discus rotundatus; c) puparium of the parasitoid dipteran fly Pherbellia limbata within a Granaria frumentum shell (the shell was crushed manually); d) external damage to a Xerolenta obvia shell caused by bird predation; e) Drilus beetle larval exuviae within an Alinda biplicata shell (the shell was crushed manually).
Energy input, habitat heterogeneity, and host specificity on avian haemosporidian diversity at continental scales
<p>The correct identification of biotic and abiotic drivers affecting parasite diversity and assemblage composition at different spatial scales is crucial for understanding how pathogen distribution responds to anthropogenic disturbance and climate change. Here, we used a database of avian haemosporidian parasites to identify such drivers and their effect on the taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of genera Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon from three zoogeographic regions. We explored how parasite diversity is related to energy input (i.e., temperature, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration [PET]), to habitat heterogeneity (i.e., climatic seasonality, vegetation density, ecosystem heterogeneity, human disturbance, and host richness), and to a novel assemblage-level metric related to parasite niche overlap (degree of generalism). We found that the relative importance of the predictors differed between the three studied parasite genera and across diversity metrics. Among the most consistent predictors, host richness was positively related to the taxonomic diversity of the three genera. Energy input and human footprint explained the phylogenetic diversity of Haemoproteus. Finally, the degree of generalism explained the diversity of Plasmodium and Leucocytozoon. Our results suggest that different dimensions of haemosporidian diversity are shaped by energy input, host heterogeneity, and assembly processes related to parasite resource use within local parasite assemblages.</p>
Dataset for Evaluating habitat-specific interference in automated radio telemetry systems: implications for animal movement studies
<h1>Abstract </h1> <p>Automated radio telemetry systems have become a popular and invaluable tool in tracking the activity and movement of wild animals. However, many environmental conditions can hinder accuracy when tracking with this technology. For instance, study sites may contain multiple habitat types, each habitat uniquely affecting the signal strength received from tagged species. To investigate the influence of a structurally diverse study site on an automated radio telemetry system, we conducted this project at a restored and managed pine barren habitat that consisted of a mix of mature pitch pine, treated pitch pine, scrub oak, and hardwood forests. This site, Montague Plains Wildlife Management Area, Montague, Massachusetts, is also a known breeding ground for Eastern whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus). To measure the relationship of radio signal strength with distance across each habitat, we used radio telemetry equipment manufactured by Cellular Tracking Technologies. We produced negative exponential decay functions measuring radio signal strength over distance and tested for differences among habitat types on radio signal strength (RSS). We found that decay function parameters significantly differed by habitat type, prompting us to investigate if accounting for these differences improved location estimate accuracy. To test this, we estimated known locations using trilateration methods with and without habitat calibration. Comparing these tests indicates that habitat-specific adjustments significantly improved location accuracy. Lastly, we visualized estimated RSS-based locations of one week of whip-poor-will data and compared them to GPS data generated from the same individual. Previous studies have accounted for types of environmental interference (like elevation) in the field but have avoided incorporating habitat-specific factors by working with node networks covering a relatively small area, but in this study, we examined the potential to scale up for larger areas and in more complex habitats.</p> <p> </p>
Energy input, habitat heterogeneity, and host specificity drive avian haemosporidian diversity at continental scales
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Data from: A landscape genetics approach reveals species-specific connectivity patterns for stream insects in fragmented habitats
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Data from: Molecular signatures of host specificity linked to habitat specialization in Exaiptasia sea anemones.
Rising ocean temperatures associated with global climate change induce breakdown of the symbiosis between coelenterates and photosynthetic microalgae of the genus Symbiodinium. Association with more thermotolerant partners could contribute to resilience, but the genetic mechanisms controlling specificity of hosts for particular Symbiodinium types are poorly known. Here we characterize wild populations of a sea anemone laboratory model system for anthozoan symbiosis, from contrasting environments in Caribbean Panama. Patterns of anemone abundance and symbiont diversity were consistent with specialization of holobionts for particular habitats, with Exaiptasia pallida/S. minutum (ITS2 type B1) abundant on vertical substrate in thermally stable, shaded environments but E. brasiliensis/Symbiodinium sp. (ITS2 clade A) more common in shallow areas subject to high temperature and irradiance. Population genomic sequencing revealed a novel E. pallida population from the Bocas del Toro Archipelago that only harbors S. minutum. Loci most strongly associated with divergence of the Bocas-specific population were enriched in genes with putative roles in cnidarian symbiosis, including activators of the complement pathway of the innate immune system, thrombospondin-type-1 repeat domain proteins, and coordinators of endocytic recycling. Our findings underscore the importance of unmasking cryptic diversity in natural populations and the role of long-term evolutionary history in mediating interactions with Symbiodinium.
Wind energy development can lead to guild-specific habitat loss in boreal forest bats
<p>Forest management rarely considers protecting bats in Fennoscandian regions although all species rely on forest habitat at some point in their annual cycle. This issue is especially evident as wind parks have increasingly been developed inside Fennoscandian forests, against the advice of international bat conservation guidelines. In this study, we aimed to describe and explain bat community dynamics at a Norwegian wind park located in a boreal forest, especially to understand potential avoidance or attraction effects. The bat community was sampled acoustically and described using foraging guilds (short, medium, and long-range echolocators; SRE, MRE, LRE) as well as behavior (commuting, feeding and social calls). Sampling was undertaken at two locations per turbine: (i) the turbine pad and (ii) a paired natural habitat at ground level, as well as from a meteorological tower. We used a recently developed method for camera trapping nocturnal flying insects synchronously with bat acoustic activity. Our results reveal trends in feeding and general bat activity across foraging guilds in relation to insect availability, habitat type, wind, temperature, and seasonality. We show how seasonal patterns in behavior across guilds were affected by habitat type, temperature, and wind. We found that SRE commuting and especially feeding activity was highest in natural habitats, whereas LRE overall activity at habitats more season dependent. We found that nocturnal insect availability was positively correlated with total bat feeding activity throughout the night. Our results provide evidence for both direct and indirect risks to bat communities by wind parks: SRE bat habitat is lost to wind energy infrastructure and LRE bat may have an increased risk of fatality. Our findings provide important insights on seasonal and spatial variability in bat activity, which can inform standardizing monitoring of bats acoustically in boreal forests, at wind parks, and in combination with non-invasive insect monitoring.</p>
F I G U R E 3 Mass specific growth rates among locations, 2016–2017 in Movement and habitat shift responses of juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to annually permanent stream flooding
F I G U R E 3 Mass specific growth rates among locations, 2016–2017.
Sex-specific shifts in morphology and diet in a frog after 50 years of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation
<p><span>Aim:</span><span> Phenotypic shifts are commonly observed when animals face insular habitat change and may reflect ongoing stresses on individuals. However, the generality and the driving processes of this 'island rule' remain equivocal, notably in amphibians. Here, we</span> <span>investigate both morphological and dietary shifts in a frog using a mosaic of human-created islands to assess the potential operating mechanisms underlying these phenotypic responses</span>.</p> <p><span>Location: </span><span>Thousand Island Lake, China.</span></p> <p><span>Taxon: </span><span>The Chinese piebald odorous frog, Odorrana schmackeri.</span></p> <p><span>Results:</span><span> W</span>e found insular dwarfism in female<span> but not male</span> frogs.<span> Meanwhile, insular females also had smaller gape widths after accounting for snout-vent lengths (SVLs) than mainland females. According to SEMs</span>, resource availability <span>had a direct positive effect on </span>body size. <span>Finally, d</span>iet composition <span>differed</span> between island and mainland<span> populations, but only in females. Males and females on islands</span> exhibited <span>greater</span> <span>overlaps in </span>diet.</p> <p><span>Main conclusions:</span><span> In contrast with most studies in amphibians</span><span>, we found insular dwarfism rather than gigantism in females. The smaller gape width after accounting for SVL in insular females suggests potential changes in prey utilization or food availability on these human-created islands. This notion is </span><span>further </span><span>supported</span><span> by the differentiation of diet composition between island and mainland females. The higher diet overlap between sexes implies stronger intersexual competition for food resources after habitat fragmentation. Overall, we found shifts in morphology and diet in frogs which may implicate the influence of habitat fragmentation and underscores the need to consider intersexual differences when assessing responses of species to anthropogenic disturbances.</span></p>
Data for: Forecasting shifts in habitat suitability of three marine predators suggests a rapid decline in inter-specific overlap under future climate change
<p><strong><span>Aim:</span></strong><span> To estimate spatiotemporal changes in habitat suitability and inter-specific overlap among three marine predators: Baltic grey seals (<em>Halichoerus grypus grypus</em>), harbour seals (<em>Phoca vitulina</em>), and harbour porpoises (<em>Phocoena phocoena</em>) under contemporary and future conditions.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Location: </span></strong><span>The southwestern region of the Baltic Sea, including the Danish Straits and the Kattegat, one of the fastest-warming semi-enclosed seas in the world.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Methods: </span></strong><span>Location data (>200 tagged individuals) were analysed within the </span><span>maximum entropy (MaxEnt) </span><span>algorithm to estimate changes in total area size and overlap of species-specific habitat suitability between 1997-2020 and 2091-2100. A total of eleven candidate predictor variables were considered </span><span>representing anthropogenic activity, environmental, and climate sensitive oceanographic conditions in the area. Sea surface temperature and salinity</span><span> data were taken from </span><span>representative concentration pathways [RCPs] scenarios 6.0 and 8.5</span><span> to forecast potential </span><span>climate change effects</span><span>.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Results:</span></strong><span> Model output suggests that habitat suitability of Baltic grey seals will decline drastically over space and time, largely driven by changes in sea surface salinity and a loss of currently available haulout sites following sea level rise in the future. A similar though weaker response was observed for harbour seals, while suitability of habitat for harbour porpoises was predicted to remain fairly stable over space and time. Inter-specific overlap in highly suitable habitat was predicted to increase slightly under RCP scenario 6.0 when compared to contemporary conditions but to largely disappear under RCP scenario 8.5.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Main conclusions:</span></strong><strong> </strong><span>Marine predators in the southwestern Baltic Sea and adjacent waters may respond differently to future climatic conditions, leading to divergent shifts in habitat suitability that are likely to decrease inter-specific overlap.<strong> </strong>We, therefore, conclude that climate change can lead to a marked redistribution of area use by marine predators in the region, which may influence local food-web dynamics and ecosystem functioning.</span></p>
Key habitat for male Strix nebulosa (Great Gray Owls) varies across the diurnal cycle and reflects sex-specific role, data archive
<p>We used GPS tracking and remotely-sensed environmental data to evaluate whether breeding-season habitat selection by adult male <em>Strix nebulosa </em>(Great Gray Owls) (n = 19) varied across diurnal periods (dawn, day, dusk, and night). To address knowledge gaps related to nocturnal habitat, we also evaluated finer-scale, microhabitat selection by male owls at night. Here, we include both the remotely-sensed habitat data and on-the-ground microhabitat data associated with owl locations. Generally, <em>S. nebulosa </em>are associated with mature forests for nesting and meadows for foraging. Yet, in our study, owls avoided herbaceous wetlands during the day but strongly selected them at dawn, dusk, and at night, indicating context-dependent habitat selection. Moreover, owls avoided dry meadows at all times of the day, suggesting that wet rather than xeric meadows are important for foraging. Owls also preferred nighttime microhabitats that facilitated foraging, such as those with presence of primary prey and open understories dominated by graminoids and forbs. During the daytime, owls preferred higher canopy cover and areas with increased soil moisture, which likely provided suitable roosting habitat. Understanding of habitat preferences across sexes, activity periods, and other contexts can improve the identification and conservation of critical habitat for wildlife.</p>
Data accompanying "Latitudinal variation in the timing of nest predator activity is habitat specific"
<p>The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that that activity patterns of bird nest predators transitions from nocturnal to diurnal with increasing latitude. We collected the identity of nest predators from published data of camera surveillance at nests on the global scale. We performed ordinal and logistic regressions to study the correlation between predator activity patterns and the latitude. This is the final data set, along with the R-scripts we used to perform the statistical analyses. Please read the "readme.txt" file before running the scripts. A list of references from which predation and activity pattern data was extracted is also provided.</p>
Strong habitat-specific phenotypic plasticity but no genome-wide differentiation across a rainforest gradient in an African butterfly
<p>Habitat-specific thermal responses are well documented in various organisms and likely determine the vulnerability of populations to climate change. However, the underlying roles of genetics and plasticity that shape such habitat-specific patterns are rarely investigated together. Here we examined the thermal plasticity of the butterfly <em>Bicyclus</em> <em>dorothea</em> originating from rainforest and ecotone habitats in Cameroon under common garden conditions. We also sampled wild-caught butterflies from forest and ecotone sites and used RADseq to explore genome-wide population differentiation. We found differences in the level of phenotypic plasticity across habitats. Specifically, ecotone populations exhibited greater sensitivity in wing eyespot features with variable development temperatures relative to rainforest populations. Known adaptive roles of wing eyespots in <em>Bicyclus</em> species suggest that this morphological plasticity is likely under divergent selection across environmental gradients. However, we found no distinct population structure of genome-wide variation between habitats, suggesting high levels of ongoing gene flow between habitats is homogenizing most parts of the genome.</p>
Data from: Behaviour-specific spatiotemporal patterns of habitat use by sea turtles revealed using biologging and supervised machine learning
<ol> <li>Conservation of threatened species and anthropogenic threat mitigation commonly rely on spatially managed areas selected according to habitat preference. Since the impact of threats can be behaviour-specific, such information could be incorporated into spatial management to improve conservation outcomes. However, collecting spatially explicit behavioural data is challenging.</li> <li>Using multi-sensor biologging tags containing high-resolution movement sensors (e.g., accelerometer, magnetometer, GPS) and animal-borne video cameras, combined with supervised machine learning, we developed a method to automatically identify and geolocate typically ambiguous behaviours for the poorly understood flatback turtle <em>Natator depressus</em>. Subsequently, we evaluated behaviour-specific spatiotemporal patterns of habitat use.</li> <li>Boosted regression trees successfully identified the presence of foraging and resting in 7074 dives (AUC > 0.9), using dive features representing characteristics of locomotory activity, body posture, and three-dimensional dive paths validated by ancillary video data. Foraging was characterised by dives with longer duration, variable depth, tortuous bottom phases; resting was characterised by dives with decreased locomotory activity and longer duration bottom phases.</li> <li>Foraging and resting showed minimal spatial segregation based on 50% and 95% utilisation distributions. Expected diel patterns of behaviour-specific habitat use were superseded by the extreme tides at the near-shore study site. Turtles rested in areas close to the subtidal and intertidal boundary within larger overlapping foraging areas, allowing efficient access to intertidal food resources upon inundation at high tides when foraging was ~25% more likely.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis and applications:</em><span> Using supervised machine learning and biologging tools, we show the potential for dynamic spatial management of flatback turtles to mitigate behaviour-specific threats by prioritising protection of important locations at pertinent times. Although results are a species-specific response to a super-tidal environment</span>, our approach can be generalised to a broad range of taxa and study systems, facilitating a conceptual advance in spatial management.</li> </ol>
Habitat specific effects of bark on wood decomposition: influences of fragmentation, nitrogen concentration, and microbial community composition
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Sex-specific shifts in morphology and diet in a frog after 50 years of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation
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Data from: Behaviour-specific spatiotemporal patterns of habitat use by sea turtles revealed using biologging and supervised machine learning
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Data for: Forecasting shifts in habitat suitability of three marine predators suggests a rapid decline in inter-specific overlap under future climate change
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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