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139 results for “habituation”
Dataset for statistical analysis of the habituation between the nest builder Cornitermes cumulans termites and their inquiline Curvitermes cf. odontognathus
<p>Here we present the dataset used for statistical analysis of the work aiming to known if habituation could attenuate host-inquiline lethal interactions, which could favor cohabitation in termites. For that, we tested the effect of the prior heterospecific exposure time on the behaviour and survival of termite hosts and inquilines during an encounter. We used as a biological model the nest builder termites <em>Cornitermes cumulans</em> and their inquiline <em>Curvitermes</em> cf. o<em>dontognathus</em>. We used prior heterospecific exposure times of 0, 60, 120, and 180 min where inquilines and builders were kept apart in a Petri-dish but sharing the headspace.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Creating small food-habituated groups might alter genetic diversity in the endangered Yunnan snub-nosed monkey. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01422
<p>Ecotourism is increasing worldwide for financial, educational and social purposes. Organized viewing of wildlife, especially at feeding sites where wildlife is “ready-to-view”, increases the opportunities for tourists to observe animals in the wild. However, feeding sites might retain only a subsample of wild populations. We thus hypothesized that such human intervention could induce population subdivisions and alter random mating by artificially creating small groups. The endangered Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) is an emblematic example reflecting the contradictions between conservation and ecotourism. In Gehuaqing/Xiangguqing (Yunnan, China), some individuals are maintained at feeding sites, while the rest of the monkey subpopulation wanders in a large surrounding area. Using faecal sampling and molecular analyses, we showed that this subpopulation is genetically structured into two moderately differentiated subgroups. The fed subgroup exhibited lower genetic diversity and higher relatedness than the rest of the subpopulation. Simulation model results indicated that a single translocation probably would not restore genetic diversity in fed individuals. Thus, feeding sites implementation and associated management practices might rapidly induce founder effects. We discuss the possibilities of conciliating ecotourism and the conservation of endangered animal species from this viewpoint.</p>
Eurasian tree sparrows are more food neophobic and habituate to novel objects more slowly than house sparrows
<p>Introductions of non-native species throughout the world have had severe ecological consequences. However, most research has focused on environmental and ecological factors that allow for introduced species to succeed and become invasive, with fewer studies assessing the roles of behavioural and cognitive traits. To help fill this knowledge gap, we studied neophobia, an aversion towards novelty, in the non-native Eurasian tree sparrow (<em>Passer montanus</em>), and compared results to previous work in a more successful invasive congener, the house sparrow (<em>Passer domesticus</em>). We assessed the neophobia of wild-caught Eurasian tree sparrows by measuring their responses to novel objects and novel foods and their ability to habituate to initially novel objects. We predicted that Eurasian tree sparrows, as less successful invaders, would overall be more neophobic than house sparrows. Although we did not observe differences in neophobia towards novel objects in the two species, Eurasian tree sparrows were significantly less willing to try novel foods than house sparrows. Eurasian tree sparrows were also slower to habituate to repeated presentations of the same initially novel object compared to house sparrows. Multiple factors certainly influence invasion success, but our results suggest that neophobia might limit the success of an introduced species in novel environments.</p>
Data for "Long-term disgust habituation with limited generalisation in care home workers"
<p>Anonymised data for the manuscript "Long-term disgust habituation with limited generalisation in care home workers". For use with scripts in the linked GitHub repository.</p>
Fig. 2 in Repeated stressors do not provoke habituation or accumulation of the stress response in the catfish Rhamdia quelen
Fig. 2. Plasma cortisol concentrations of R. quelen (Quoy & Gaimard) fingerlings exposed to sequential acute stressors. Comparison of responses to two similar stressors and a third different stressor in experiment "A" and comparison of responses to three sequential stressors of the same type in experiment "B." Data are expressed in terms of mean ± S.E.M. values. The different small letters above the histograms indicate statistical differences by ANOVA, followed by Tukey's range test. (n = 8-9).
Fig. 1 in Repeated stressors do not provoke habituation or accumulation of the stress response in the catfish Rhamdia quelen
Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the experimental design of both groups of experiments. In experiment "A," Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard) fingerlings were sequentially exposed to the same stressors twice and to a different stress the third time. In experiment "B," R. quelen fingerlings were sequentially exposed as the same stressors 3 times.
Fig. – 1 Amaurina schuelei sp. nov.: A, HT♂ dorsal habitu; B, HT♂ ventral habitus; C, HT♂ lateral habitus; D, HT♂ clypeus; E, HT♂ pygidium; F, HT♂ parameres, dorsal view; G, HT♂ parameres, lateral view. Photos: Lubos Dembicky. in Review of the Amaurina Kolbe, 1895 of Angola, with description of a new species (Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae, Leucocelina)
Fig. – 1 Amaurina schuelei sp. nov.: A, HT♂ dorsal habitu; B, HT♂ ventral habitus; C, HT♂ lateral habitus; D, HT♂ clypeus; E, HT♂ pygidium; F, HT♂ parameres, dorsal view; G, HT♂ parameres, lateral view. Photos: Lubos Dembicky.
Fig. 4 in Toward a better understanding of habituation process to human observer: A statistical approach in Macaca leonina (Primates: Cercopithecidea)
Fig. 4. Proportions of age-sex classes recorded during scan samples during partial, advanced, and full habituation stages. Chi-squared tests were performed for each habituation stage with the theoretical results based on troop demography (NM.= 14, NF. = 42, NSub-A. = 10, NJuv. = 77): adjusted residuals (dots) were significant when their absolute value exceeded 2.
Fig. 3 in Toward a better understanding of habituation process to human observer: A statistical approach in Macaca leonina (Primates: Cercopithecidea)
Fig. 3. Posterior probability distributions of movement, social, inactivity, and feeding behaviour observations for each habituation stage (i.e., partial, advanced, and full habituation) according to age-sex class (i.e., adult male, adult female, sub-adult, and juvenile), computed with the multinomial logit model.
Fig. 1 in Toward a better understanding of habituation process to human observer: A statistical approach in Macaca leonina (Primates: Cercopithecidea)
Fig. 1. Progress of macaque detection based on the number of days with encounters and the number of days in the field, and evolution of the search effort per month over the five habituation stages: early (1), minimal (2), partial (3), advanced (4), and full (5).
Fig. 2 in Toward a better understanding of habituation process to human observer: A statistical approach in Macaca leonina (Primates: Cercopithecidea)
Fig. 2. Cumulative duration of encounters per day, while following the Sakaerat troop (N = 108 days of tracking), during the early (Stage 1), minimal (Stage 2), partial (Stage 3), and advanced (Stage 4) habituation stages. Full habituation (Stage 5), corresponding to full and consecutive days of tracking, is not presented in the figure.
Fig. 5 in Toward a better understanding of habituation process to human observer: A statistical approach in Macaca leonina (Primates: Cercopithecidea)
Fig. 5. Adult males (left and right pictures) and a juvenile male (central picture) from the Sakaerat troop performing puckering behaviour.
Data from: Eurasian tree sparrows are more food neophobic and habituate to novel objects more slowly than house sparrows
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Population size shapes trade-off dilution and adaptation to a marginal niche unconstrained by sympatric habitual conditions
<p>How does niche expansion occur when the habitual (high-productivity) and marginal (low-productivity) niches are simultaneously available? Without spatial structuring, such conditions should impose fitness maintenance in the former while adapting to the latter. Hence, adaptation to a given marginal niche should be influenced by the identity of the simultaneously available habitual niche. This hypothesis remains untested. Similarly, it is unknown if larger populations, which can access greater variation and undergo more efficient selection, are generally better at niche expansion. We tested these hypotheses using a large-scale evolution experiment with <em>Escherichia</em> <em>coli</em>. While we observed widespread niche expansion, larger populations consistently adapted to a greater extent to both marginal and habitual niches. Owing to diverse selection pressures in different habitual niches (constant versus fluctuating environments; environmental fluctuations varying in both predictability and speed), fitness in habitual niches was significantly shaped by their identities. Surprisingly, despite this diversity in habitual selection pressures, adaptation to the marginal niche was unconstrained by the habitual niche's identity. We show that in terms of fitness, two negatively correlated habitual niches can still have positive correlations with the marginal niche. This allows the marginal niche to dilute fitness trade-offs across habitual niches, thereby allowing costless niche expansion. Our results provide fundamental insights into sympatric niche expansion.</p>
Data: Responsiveness and habituation to repeated sound exposures and pulse trains in blue mussels
<p>Data abstract:</p> <p>Time series data on the valve gape behaviour of blue mussels (<em>Mytilus edulis</em>) that were exposured to sound treatments. Here, we provide the valve gape (time series data expressed in proportion open) of all mussels over the course of their trial and the timing of the sound exposures.</p> <p> </p> <p>Paper abstract:</p> <p>Anthropogenic sound has been shown to affect marine animals across taxa. However, bivalves and other invertebrates received limited attention and most studies across taxa focussed on immediate, rather than long-term, effects of sound. Most bivalves adopt a sessile or sedentary lifestyle and are therefore expected to be exposed to the same sounds for long periods or repeatedly. For this reason, bivalves are an especially relevant taxonomic group to study long-term effects of sound. In the current study, we examined whether blue mussels (<em>Mytilus edulis</em>) habituate to repeated sound exposures and whether they recover quicker from a single pulse exposure than from a pulse train. We equipped individual mussels with sensors to monitor valve gape and exposed them to repeated sound playback. We found that mussels responded to sound by partially closing their valves. This response was consistent and repeatable, but decayed over sequential exposures to the same sound stimulus, and was stronger again with exposure to a different sound. This pattern is clear evidence for acoustic habituation in a bivalve. Additionally, we found no differences in the initial response and recovery (time to return to baseline levels) between mussels that were exposed to single pulses and pulse trains. Our results therefore show that mussels are able to habituate to sound and suggest that mussels mostly respond to the onset of a pulse train. Future research is needed to determine whether mussels also habituate in situ to actual anthropogenic sound and whether a lack of a behavioural response also implies that other negative effects are also absent.</p> <p> </p> <p>Paper reference:</p> <p>Hubert, J., Booms, E., Witbaard, R., Slabbekoorn, H. (2022). Responsiveness and habituation to repeated sound exposures and pulse trains in blue mussels. <em>Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology</em>. 547, 151668. DOI: 10.1016/j.jembe.2021.151668</p>
Preventing Struck-by Hazards: Defying Risk-habituation via Virtual Accident Simulation
<p>Repeated exposure to struck-by hazards in road work zones generates workers’ habituation to risks related to those hazards, a key contributor to accidents in road work zones. Thus, analyzing the development of risk habituation and providing proper intervention are crucial to preventing accidents in road work zones. In this context, this study employs a virtual reality (VR) environment as a behavioral intervention tool to investigate its effect on mitigating a decline in workers’ vigilance with habituation to hazards in workplaces. A virtual environment that simulates a road maintenance task was developed and used to repeatedly expose subjects to struck-by hazards in road construction sites. A VR accident was simulated in response to the emergence of habituation to hazards within the virtual environment. The intervention effect was investigated to analyze the frequency and threshold of subjects’ vigilant behaviors. The results indicated that the developed VR environment evoked a decline in subjects’ attentiveness as a result of risk habituation within a relatively short period of experiment time, and the simulated VR accidents generated a sustained effect in reducing risk habituation. The findings of this study provide the understanding of how workers’ risk habituation can be observed using VR and how a behavioral intervention in a VR environment can reduce risk habituation to repeatedly exposed workplace hazards.</p>
Data for: Beyond simple habituation: Anthropogenic habitats influence the escape behavior of spur-winged lapwings in response to both human and non-human threats
<p>Habitat development may affect wildlife behavior, favoring individuals or behaviors that cope better with perceived threats (predators). Bolder behaviors in human-dominated habitats (HDH; e.g., urban and rural settlements) may represent habituation specifically to humans, or a general reduction in predator-avoidance response. However, such carry-over effects across threat types (i.e., beyond humans) and phases of the escape sequence have not been well studied to date. Here we investigated escape behaviors of a locally common wader species, the spur-winged lapwing (Vanellus spinosus). We assayed their flight initiation distance (FID) and subsequent escape behaviors in agricultural areas and in HDH. We found that lapwings in HDH were bolder, and that the difference was manifested in several phases of the predator-avoidance sequence (shorter FIDs, shorter distances fled, and a higher probability of escape by running vs. flying). When re-approached (by an observer) after landing, lapwings in HDH were also more repetitive in their FID than those in other habitats. To determine whether this apparent bolder behavior in HDH areas is merely a consequence of habituation to humans or represents a broader behavioral change, we introduced an additional threat type – a remotely-operated taxidermic jackal ("Jack-Truck"). Finding bolder responses in the HDH to the human threat alone (and not to the Jack-Truck) could have supported the habituation hypothesis. In contrast, however, we found a bolder response in the HDH to both threat types, as well as a correlation between their FIDs across different sites. These bolder behaviors suggest that HDH impose a broader behavioral change on lapwings, rather than just simple habituation. Overall, our findings demonstrate how FID trials can reveal strong behavioral carry-over effects of HDH following human and non-human threats, including effects on the subsequent phases of escaping the predator. Further, FID assays may reveal consistent behavioral types when assessed under field conditions, and offer a direct way to differentiate among the various poorly understood and non-mutually exclusive mechanisms that lead to behavioral differences among organisms in HDH. The mechanistic perspective is essential for understanding how rapid urbanization impacts wildlife behavior, populations, and the range of behaviors within them, even in species apparently resilient to such environmental changes.</p>
Data for: Inhibition drives habituation of a larval zebrafish visual response
<p>Habituation allows animals to learn to ignore persistent but inconsequential stimuli. Despite being the most basic form of learning, a consensus model on the underlying mechanisms has yet to emerge. To probe relevant mechanisms we took advantage of a visual habituation paradigm in larval zebrafish, where larvae reduce their reactions to abrupt global dimming (a dark flash). Using Ca<sup>2+</sup> imaging during repeated dark flashes, we identified 12 functional classes of neurons that differ based on their rate of adaptation, stimulus response shape, and anatomical location. While most classes of neurons depressed their responses to repeated stimuli, we identified populations that did not adapt, or that potentiated their response. To identify molecular players, we used a small molecule-screening approach to search for compounds that alter habituation learning. Among the pathways we identified were Melatonin and Estrogen signaling, as well as GABAergic inhibition. By analyzing which functional classes of neurons are GABAergic, and the result of pharmacological manipulations of the circuit, we propose that GABAergic inhibitory motifs drive habituation, perhaps through the potentiation of GABAergic synapses. Our results have identified multiple molecular pathways and cell types underlying a form of long-term plasticity in a vertebrate brain, and allow us to propose the first iteration of a model for how and where this learning process occurs.</p>
Dietary flavanols restore hippocampal-dependent memory in older adults with lower diet quality and habitual flavanol consumption
<p>Dietary flavanols are food constituents found in certain fruits and vegetables that have been linked to cognitive aging. Previous studies suggested that consumption of dietary flavanols might specifically be linked to the hippocampal-dependent memory component of cognitive aging and that memory benefits of a flavanol intervention might depend on habitual diet quality. Here, we tested these hypotheses in the context of a large-scale study of 3,562 older adults, who were randomly assigned to a 3-y intervention of cocoa extract (500 mg of cocoa flavanols per day) or a placebo [(COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study) COSMOS-Web, NCT04582617]. Using the alternative healthy eating index in all participants and a urine-based biomarker of flavanol intake in a subset of participants [n = 1,361], we show that habitual flavanol consumption and diet quality at baseline are positively and selectively correlated with hippocampal-dependent memory. While the prespecified primary endpoint testing for an intervention-related improvement in memory in all participants after 1 y was not statistically significant, the flavanol intervention restored memory among participants in lower tertiles of habitual diet quality or habitual flavanol consumption. Increases in the flavanol biomarker over the course of the trial were associated with improving memory. Collectively, our results allow dietary flavanols to be considered in the context of a depletion–repletion paradigm and suggest that low flavanol consumption can act as a driver of the hippocampal-dependent component of cognitive aging.</p>
What happens when the lights are left on? Transcriptomic and phenotypic habituation to light pollution
<p>Artificial light at night (ALAN) is one of the most ubiquitous human-induced environmental stressors. ALAN can induce immediate behavioral and physiological changes in animals, sometimes leading to severe health consequences. Nevertheless, many organisms persist in light-polluted environments and may have mechanisms of habituating to ALAN, reducing responses to repeated exposure over time. The capacity for animals to habituate to ALAN has yet to be tested experimentally. We conducted a 6-month repeated-measures experiment with zebra finches (<em>Taeniopygia</em> <em>guttata</em>) to test whether birds can habituate to repeated ALAN exposure. We measured individual changes in behavior, physiology (oxidative stress and telomere attrition), and gene expression to test for concordance among behavioral, physiological, and transcriptomic responses to ALAN. We present evidence of tolerance to chronic ALAN exposure, persistent behavioral responses lasting 8 weeks post-exposure, and habituation to subsequent re-exposure. We found no changes in telomere attrition and a decrease in oxidative stress associated with ALAN exposure, indicating potential protective effects of long-term dim ALAN. Changes in blood transcriptome within individuals revealed unique responses to both previous ALAN exposure and subsequent re-exposure. These results represent organismal resilience to chronic stressors and shed light on the capacity of individuals to persist in an increasingly light-polluted world.</p>
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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