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90 results for “haemosporidians”
Dataset 2 for "Host-specificity and repeatability of haemosporidian infection parameters and potential consequences when testing host species-level hypotheses"
<p>Dataset with 154 host species (min 45 sampled individuals sampled at 1+ sites) for the second part of the analysis in "Host-specificity and repeatability of haemosporidian infection parameters and potential consequences when testing host species-level hypotheses". One file contains the data table. One file contains a table with descriptions of the columns in the data table.</p>
Data 1 for "Population- and age-specific patterns of haemosporidian assemblages and infection levels in European Bee-eaters (Merops apiaster)"
<p>Data related to the article "Population- and age-specific patterns of haemosporidian assemblages and infection levels in European Bee-eaters (<em>Merops apiaster</em>)" in the format .xlsx. The 1st sheet contains all variables for analyses done with the R script (see 10.5281/zenodo.3968360). The 2nd sheet contains explanations about the variables in sheet 1.</p>
Energy input, habitat heterogeneity, and host specificity on avian haemosporidian diversity at continental scales
<p>The correct identification of biotic and abiotic drivers affecting parasite diversity and assemblage composition at different spatial scales is crucial for understanding how pathogen distribution responds to anthropogenic disturbance and climate change. Here, we used a database of avian haemosporidian parasites to identify such drivers and their effect on the taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of genera Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon from three zoogeographic regions. We explored how parasite diversity is related to energy input (i.e., temperature, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration [PET]), to habitat heterogeneity (i.e., climatic seasonality, vegetation density, ecosystem heterogeneity, human disturbance, and host richness), and to a novel assemblage-level metric related to parasite niche overlap (degree of generalism). We found that the relative importance of the predictors differed between the three studied parasite genera and across diversity metrics. Among the most consistent predictors, host richness was positively related to the taxonomic diversity of the three genera. Energy input and human footprint explained the phylogenetic diversity of Haemoproteus. Finally, the degree of generalism explained the diversity of Plasmodium and Leucocytozoon. Our results suggest that different dimensions of haemosporidian diversity are shaped by energy input, host heterogeneity, and assembly processes related to parasite resource use within local parasite assemblages.</p>
Contrasting effects of host or local specialization: widespread haemosporidians are host generalist whereas local specialists are locally abundant
<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Despite the wide distribution of many parasites around the globe, the range of individual species varies significantly even among phylogenetically related taxa. Since parasites need suitable hosts to complete their development, parasite geographical and environmental ranges should be limited to communities where their hosts are found. <span><span>Parasites may also suffer from a trade-off between being locally abundant or widely dispersed</span></span>. We hypothesize that the geographical and environmental ranges of parasites are negatively associated to their host specificity and their local abundance.</p> <p><strong>Location: </strong>Worldwide</p> <p><strong>Time period: </strong>2009 to 2021</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied: </strong>Avian haemosporidian parasites</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We tested these hypotheses using a global database which comprises data on avian haemosporidian parasites from across the world. For each parasite lineage, we computed five metrics: phylogenetic host-range, environmental range, geographical range, and their mean local and total number of observations in the database. Phylogenetic generalized least squares models were ran to evaluate the influence of phylogenetic host-range and total and local abundances on geographical and environmental range. In addition, we analysed separately the two regions with the largest amount of available data: Europe and South America.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>We evaluated 401 lineages from 757 localities and observed that generalism (i.e. phylogenetic host range) associates positively to both the parasites' geographical and environmental ranges at global and Europe scales. For South America, generalism only associates with geographical range. Finally, mean local abundance (mean local number of parasite occurrences) was negatively related to geographical and environmental range. This pattern was detected worldwide and in South America, but not in Europe.</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions:</strong> We demonstrate that parasite specificity is linked to both their geographical and environmental ranges. The fact that locally abundant parasites present restricted ranges, indicates a trade-off between these two traits.<span><span> This trade-off, however, only becomes evident when sufficient heterogeneous host communities are considered.</span></span></p>
Data and scripts for Co-phylogeny, narrow host breadth and local conditions drive highly specialized bird-haemosporidian associations in West-Central African sky islands
<p>This document includes the raw datafiles, host and parasite phylogenies and r-code use to conduct analyses for "Co-phylogeny, narrow host breadth and local conditions drive highly specialized bird-haemosporidian associations in West-Central African sky islands". Please see the readme file to get more detailed information about each file.</p>
Data for article "Haemosporidian parasites (Apicomplexa, Haemosporida) of breeding Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) in Latvia"
<p><span>The archive contains data file to reproduce the results presented in the paper “Haemosporidian parasites (Apicomplexa, Haemosporida) of breeding Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) in Latvia” published in Wildlife Biology. Age codes of individual birds within the csv file are given according to EURING.</span></p>
Fig. 1 in High prevalence of haemosporidian parasites in Eurasian jays
Fig. 1 Median-joining network of mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages (476 bp, n = 60 sequences) of haemosporidian parasites found in Eurasian jays Garrulus glandarius. Circle size is proportional to the lineage frequency. Lineage names are noted at the associated circles together with one exemplary GenBank association number in parentheses. One hatch mark represents one mutation. Sample origins are represented by different colours, 'MalAvi' referring to sequences from other studies deposited in the MalAvi database (MalAvi 2023). Morphospecies names for GAGLA07 (H. homopicae) and TURDUS2 (H. minutus) are not provided within the figure
Fig. 3 in Haemosporidian parasite infections in grouse and ptarmigan: Prevalence and genetic diversity of blood parasites in resident Alaskan birds
Fig. 3. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of haemosporidian mtDNA cytochrome b haplotypes isolated from Alaskan grouse and ptarmigan species. Node tips are labeled with abbreviation for parasite genus (Haem = Haemoproteus, Leuc = Leucocytozoon, and Plas = Plasmodium), followed by the lineage name, GenBank accession number for each lineage, and avian (Phas = Phasianidae, Anat = Anatiade, Turd = Turdidae, Paru = Parulidae, Scol = Scolopacidae, Embe = Emberizidae, and Frin = Fringillidae) or invertebrate (Simu = Simuliidae) host family. All haplotypes identified in this study are highlighted in red and asterisks following tip labels indicate a lineage that was isolated from Alaskan bird hosts. Numbers on branches indicate posterior probabilities from our analysis. All reference sequences were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information website or the MalAvi database. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 2. Minimum spanning network for haemosporidian mtDNA cytochrome b in Haemosporidian parasite infections in grouse and ptarmigan: Prevalence and genetic diversity of blood parasites in resident Alaskan birds
Fig. 2. Minimum spanning network for haemosporidian mtDNA cytochrome b haplotypes isolated from Alaskan grouse and ptarmigan species. Dark circles represent un-sampled nodes. All circles are proportional to the frequency at which the haplotypes were detected. Lines between nodes are drawn to scale based on the number of nucleotide mutations unless otherwise indicated by hash marks.
Fig. 1 in Haemosporidian parasite infections in grouse and ptarmigan: Prevalence and genetic diversity of blood parasites in resident Alaskan birds
Fig. 1. Map of Alaskan sampling regions assembled from multiple game management units and sub-units. Regions were grouped for analysis of haemosporidian prevalence as follows: southcoastal (Kenai Peninsula and southeastern Alaska; GMUs 1C, 1D, 2, 7, 15A, 15B, and 15C), southcentral (Anchorage area and Matanuska-Susitna Valley; GMUs 13A, 13D, 14A, 14C, 16A, and 16B), southwestern (Bristol Bay, Alaska Peninsula, and eastern Aleutian islands; 9D, 9E, and 17C), southern interior (south side of Alaska Range; GMUs 12, 13B, and 13E), northern interior (north side of Alaska Range; GMUs 20A-20E and 25C), and Seward Peninsula (GMU 22C).
Fig. 3 in Detection of haemosporidian parasites in wild and domestic birds in northern and central provinces of Iran: Introduction of new lineages and hosts
Fig. 3. Median joining haplotype network of Haemoproteus lineages. Detected sequences in this study are in bold.
Fig. 2. Bayesian tree reconstructed using 478 in Detection of haemosporidian parasites in wild and domestic birds in northern and central provinces of Iran: Introduction of new lineages and hosts
Fig. 2. Bayesian tree reconstructed using 478-bp mitochondrial cytb gene for avian blood parasites lineages. The amplified sequences in the current study are highlighted in bold. Posterior probability support of>0.8 is displayed for each branch. Schematic tree is summarized in section A and separated clade for each genus is given in sections of B (Plasmodium), C (Haemoproteus), and D (Leucocytozoon).
Fig. 4 in Mosquito identification and haemosporidian parasites detection in the enclosure of the African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) at the SANBI zoological garden
Fig. 4. Maximum likelihood tree showing the clustering of Leucocytozoon sp. (Clade I) and Plasmodium sp. (Clade II) with Haemoproteus sp. as outgroup. Sequences from this study are highlighted with red circles. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood tree for Culex species showing the 5 clades representing 5 subgroups. Clade I in Mosquito identification and haemosporidian parasites detection in the enclosure of the African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) at the SANBI zoological garden
Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood tree for Culex species showing the 5 clades representing 5 subgroups. Clade I is the Trifilatus Subgroup (Mattingly and Rageau, 1958) for Cx. torrentium; Clade II and III are the Pipiens Complex; Clade IV the Theileri Subgroup (Sirivanakarn, 1976) for Cx. theileri; and Clade V is the Tarsalis (Edwards, 1932) for Cx. declaratory and Apicinus Subgroups (Edwards, 1932) for Cx. mollis. Lutzia sp. used as outgroups. Sequences from this study are indicated by asterisks (*).
Fig. 1 in Mosquito identification and haemosporidian parasites detection in the enclosure of the African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) at the SANBI zoological garden
Fig. 1. Map of South Africa showing the National Zoological Gardens (NZG). The red star indicates where the African penguin enclosure is located and where mosquito samples were collected (Labuschagne et al., 2008). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 2. Predicted probabilities and 95 in Is it best on the nest? Effects of avian life-history on haemosporidian parasitism
Fig. 2. Predicted probabilities and 95% confidence intervals of haemosporidian parasitism (Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon). Expected prevalence illustrated according to haemosporidia genera; Plasmodium represented with "P" (a), Haemoproteus represented with "H" (b–c), Leucocytozoon represented with "L" (d–f). Note that in some instances symbol size exceeded the range of confidence intervals.
Fig. 7 in First molecular investigation of haemosporidian parasites in Thai bat species
Fig. 7. Phylogenetic (ML) relationship of the Polychromophilus cytb gene fragment (378 bp) found in this study (taxa with green circles) and the other global isolates. Polychromophilus isolated from T. melanopogon is placed in the same clade with African bat isolates of P. melanipherus in clade 1. Polychromophilus isolated from My. siligorensis shares the same clade with European bat isolates of P. murinus in clade 2. BS values greater than 50% are shown in the figure. The other clades, consisting of Hepatocystis, Nycteria, Plasmodium, and outgroup are collapsed. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 5 in First molecular investigation of haemosporidian parasites in Thai bat species
Fig. 5. Phylogenetic (ML) relationship of the Hepatocystis cytb gene fragment (378 bp) in the present study (taxa with red circles) and the other global isolates from the GenBank™ database. Clade (number) and subclade (letter) are indicated. Haplotype 10 of Hepatocystis in the current study originated from the frugivorous bat Cy. brachyotis shares the same clade with Malaysian isolate (in clade 2). The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered together is shown next to the branches. BS values greater than 50% are shown in the figure. The other clades, consisting of Nycteria, Polychromophilus, Plasmodium, and outgroup are collapsed. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 2 in First molecular investigation of haemosporidian parasites in Thai bat species
Fig. 2. Images of bats with Hepatocystis positive infection based on either microscopic examination or cytb gene PCR amplification and sequencing results: H. larvatus (a), H. bicolor (b), H. armiger (c), H. lekakuli (d), R. malayanus (e), R. thomasi (f), R. pearsonii (g), C. thonglongyai (h), and Cy. brachyotis (i). Giemsa-stained blood smears depicting young gametocytes of Hepatocystis in ring and amoeboid forms (j–l), growing and fully-grown macrogametocytes (female) (m–o), growing and fully-grown microgametocytes (male) (p–r) observed in H. larvatus (sample ID THBat19-037, cytb accession no. MT136132). All parasite images were taken at the same magnification. Scale bar = 5 μm. (For viewing the images in color, the reader is referred to the online version of this article). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 3 in First molecular investigation of haemosporidian parasites in Thai bat species
Fig. 3. Images of bats with Nycteria positive infection based on either microscopic examination or cytb gene PCR amplification and sequencing results: M. spasma (a), C. thonglongyai (b), T. melanopogon (c), and E. spelaea (d). Giemsa-stained blood smears depicting very early gametocyte (e) with chromatin dot pointed by arrowhead, young and growing macrogametocytes (female) (f–g), growing and fully-grown macrogametocytes (h–k), and growing and fullygrown microgametocytes (l–m) of Nycteria observed in M. spasma (sample ID THBat19- 177, cytb accession no. MT136163). All parasite images were taken at the same magnification. Scale bar = 5 μm. (For viewing the images in color, the reader is referred to the online version of this article). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
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