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139 results for “hardwood forests”
Tree-ring measurements from permanent plot in old-growth hemlock-hardwood forest, Huron Mts., MI
This package includes tree growth-ring widths for increment cores collected from a long-term 'macroplot' established in old-growth hemlock-northern hardwoods forest at the Huron Mts. of northern MI. Tree demographic monitoring data for the entire ca. 3.0 ha macroplot are available in the EDI package edi.1416.1. In 1994 and 1995, increment cores were taken for all 'core-able' trees greater than ~ 10 cm diameter for a subsection of the macroplot about 1 ha in area, along with some additional Tsuga canadensis trees beyond that 1 ha section. Cores are NOT cross-dated. See Methods for more details. This data-package may be cross-referenced to the demographic data in edi.1416.1 using stem numbers.
Tree-ring measurements from permanent study plot in old-growth hemlock-hardwood forest, Dukes RNA, Hiawatha NF, Marquette Co., MI
This package includes tree growth-ring widths for increment cores collected from a long-term 'macroplot' established in old-growth hemlock-northern hardwoods forest at the Dukes Research Natural Area/Dukes Experimental Forest in the Hiawatha National Forest in Marquette Co., MI. Tree demographic monitoring data for the entire ca. 3.0 ha macroplot, from 1992 to 2019, are available in the EDI package edi.1526.1. In 1993, 1994 and 1995, increment cores were taken for all 'core-able' trees greater than ~ 10 cm diameter for a subsection of the macroplot about 1 ha in area. Trees that were obviously badly rotten and hollow or steeply leaning were not cored. Cores are not cross-dated. See Methods for more details. This data-package may be cross-referenced to the demographic data in edi.1526.1 using stem numbers.
Multiple Element Limitation in Northern Hardwood Ecosystems (MELNHE): Soil respiration at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, Bartlett Experimental Forest and Jeffers Brook, central NH USA, 2008 - present
Abstract Soil respiration in 15 stands across 3 sites within the White Mountain National Forest was measured between 2008 and 2020. Stands included in the dataset are part of the Multiple Element in Northern Hardwood Ecosystems (MELNHE) study, a full-factorial NxP fertilization experiment. Pre- and post-treatment data are included, with treatment beginning in 2011. Soil temperature, soil moisture, and relative air humidity at the time of measurement were also recorded next to or above the soil respiration collar at the time of the soil respiration measurement. Having been cut between 1883 and 1990, stands are representative of different successional stages.
Data and Code in support of Caterpillar abundance in a northern hardwood forest: exogenous effects, endogenous feedbacks, and multidecadal trends.
In this study, we analyzed caterpillar abundance and biomass measured over 50 years (1970 - 2021) in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA. We tested mechanisms for determination of caterpillar abundance that included weather, host plant quality, and predator abundance. This dataset includes data, R code, and spatial files supporting this study. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Snowpack in Hemlock, Hardwood, and Open Sites at Harvard Forest 2008-2014
Sub-forest canopy meteorological forcing and snowpack properties can profoundly influence the winter ecology. 3/4 inch graduated PVC snow stakes and web cams were installed at three Harvard Forest (HF) sites including: mixed-hardwood at the Little Prospect Hill (LPH) Eddy Flux Tower, near the Hemlock walk-up tower, and at the open area behind Shaler Hall. Web cameras connected to a laptop at the three sites provided daily images of snowpack surface depth. Snow density profiles were recorded during weekly to monthly site visits from December 2008 to April 2014. Gaps in the datasets were primarily caused by laptop malfunctions and lack of site visits necessary to maintain equipment and to obtain density measurements of the snowpack. There were no site visits to record snowpack properties during the 2011-2012 snow season, a year of unusually low snowfall. These datasets would prove useful for research related to snow ecology and hydrology projects at Harvard Forest.
Mass and Nutrient Loss in Decomposing Hardwood Boles on Watershed 1 at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 1990 - present
In 1990-1991 segments of boles from felled sugar maple (Acer saccharum), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) and American beech (Fagus grandifolia) trees were placed in the field to study the rate of decomposition and nutrient loss (or gain) over time. The segments incubated in the field, ranging from 0.5-1.3 meters in length, were paired with fresh segments from the same trees. The fresh segments were taken to the lab shortly after felling, dried, weighed and subsampled. Fresh samples of wood and bark were collected separately. Incubated bole segments were collected in 1993 (T1), 1997 (T2), 2001 (T3), 2007 (T4) and 2015/2016 (T5). The whole bole segments were transported to the lab, measured, dried and weighed to determine mass loss. Subsamples of the bole wood and bark were collected for chemical analysis, including C, N, H, Ca, Mg, K, Si, Al, Pb, Zn, Mn and Fe. Chemical analyses were conducted concurrently on the fresh (T0) and incubated samples. This data set includes the masses of the fresh and incubated boles along with the concentrations of the chemical analytes. Element pools in the boles can be calculated by multiplying the concentrations by the mass values. This data set includes chemical data for samples collected in 1993, 2001, and 2007 and their paired fresh samples. Samples from 1997 were measured for mass, but inadvertently discarded prior to chemical analysis. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Understory plant community data from repeated plot sampling (1978-2019) in old-growth northern hardwood forest, northern Michigan (Dukes RNA, Hiawatha National Forest)
This data-set includes long-term, permanent-plot-based data for understory plant communities in old-growth mixed northern hardwood-hemlock forest and forested peatland in the Upper Great Lakes region. Data for over 900 understory quadrats (all associated with long-term canopy data from larger permanent plots) included multiple (2-5) remeasurements over 23-40 years, with longest periods and most remeasurements for upland forest types. The Dukes Research Natural Area (RNA) (https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/nrs/rnas/locations/dukes) in the Hiawatha National Forest (Marquette Co., MI) includes ca. 100 ha of largely unlogged, original forest. Publications cited below include more detailed information about the site. About half of the RNA supports upland forests intergrading from hemlock (Tsuga candensis) dominance to mixtures of hemlock and northern hardwoods species. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) is dominant over much of the upland area, with, locally, significant admixtures of beech (Fagus grandifolia), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), and red maple (Acer rubrum). Topographic relief is very slight with total elevational change within the RNA only about 10 m. The stand is within a few km of the western limit of the continuous range of beech. In 1935, 248 continuing forest inventory (CFI) plots (circular, 0.2 acre) were established on a regular grid throughout the RNA, and these have been the subject of repeated sampling through 2018-2019 and support continuing long-term study addressing canopy tree communities (canopy data to be deposited in a separate project). Examples of resulting publications are cited elsewhere in metadata, and can provide more detailed information about the RNA. In 1978-80, U.S. Forest Service researchers, directed by Jan Schultz and Frederick Metzger, initiated studies of understory communities, including herbaceous species and woody seedlings. Data were derived from four sub-quadrats within each of the CFI plots. These quadrats were re-estab
Long-term (1993-2019) dynamics of tree populations on a mapped 3-ha permanent plot in old-growth northern hardwood forest, Huron Mts., Marquette Co., MI, USA
This data-set includes multiple remeasurements, over 25 years, of all woody stems >2 cm diameter (total of 2125 stems) on a 2.72-ha stem-mapped plot in old-growth northern hardwood forest in the Huron Mountains region of northern Marquette County, MI. The plot and surrounding forest is dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). Among secondary species, yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) and basswood (Tilia americana) are most common. Soils (identified as Kalkaska series) are developed on deep sandy glacial outwash. The plot is within a much larger region of old-growth forest, protected since ca. 1880, with only minimal disturbance associated with access tracks and trails. Numerous other forest community and dendrochronological studies support the interpretation that the area around the study plot has not experienced stand-initiating disturbance for at least 400 years. Initial mapping and measurements (1993-1995 for 2.52 ha; an additional 0.2 ha added in 1999) used a 20x20 m grid established in a near-level area of uniform substrate. All stems were identified to species, mapped on polar coordinates from the center of each grid cell (including, at first measurement, identifiable dead trees, standing and down), and diameter at breast height (dbh) measured to nearest 0.1 cm. All stems were remeasured on a five-year cycle 1999-2019, and new mortality was recorded at each remeasurement. New recruits > 2 cm dbh were added at each remeasurement.
Long-term (1962-2019) tree demography on permanent plots in old-growth northern hardwood forests of the Huron Mountains, Marquette Co., Michigan.
This package contains tree demographic data from multiple remeasurements of several sets of permanent study plots in old-growth hemlock-northern hardwood forests in northern Marquette Co., Michigan. Plots were established from 1962-2001, with five to nine censuses over the study period. Plots are distributed over a large and diverse area of old-growth forests protected since ca. 1880, with no commercial management and active management limited to maintenance of trails and tracks. Most plots have not experienced stand-originating disturbances for at least 400 years (based on increment cores); three plots are in stands originating following a fire ca. 1830 ("Bourdo plots" 7094-7096). Forests are dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis); secondary species include yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), basswood (Tilia americana), and hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana). Soils are variable, ranging from deep sandy outwash to thin layers of rocky till over bedrock. Mortality and diameter growth of all trees were recorded at each remeasurement. Protocols for measurement and stem-mapping are described in Methods. Several publications use some of the data included in this package -- see 'journal citations'. (identified as Kalkaska series) are developed on deep sandy glacial outwash. The plot is within a much larger region of old-growth forest, protected since ca. 1880, with only minimal disturbance associated with access tracks and trails. Numerous other forest community and dendrochronological studies support the interpretation that the area around the study plot has not experienced stand-initiating disturbance for at least 400 years. Initial mapping and measurements (1993-1995 for 2.52 ha; an additional 0.2 ha added in 1999) used a 20x20 m grid established in a near-level area of uniform substrate. All stems were identified to species, mapped on polar coordinates from the center of each grid cell (including, at first measurement, identif
Plot-based vegetation data for a large tract of old--growth hemlock-northern hardwood forest, Marquette Co., Michigan: 1988
In 1987-88 members of the Burton V. Barnes lab at University of Michigan conducted a landscape inventory of portions of the Huron Mountain Club lands (primarily, the self-declared 'Reserved Area') in Powell Township, northern Marquette County, MI. The data-set deposited here, collect under direction of Philip E. Stuart (then a graduate student in the lab) focuses on the ca. 1200 ha of old-growth, mesic hemlock-northern hardwood forests within the larger property. 313 plots (450 m^2) were established at nodes of an approximately 10 chain (~192 m) grid that fell within these forest types. The data-set includes canopy tree measurements, ground-layer cover estimates (for a subpplot), and a number of soil and topographic variables (measured directly and derived). A description of the study and results is published in Simpson et al. 1990. Occasional Papers of the Huron Mountain Wildlife Foundation Number 4, with associated maps.
Permanent plot data for old-growth white pine - hemlock - hardwood forests in the Huron Mountains, Marquette County, Michigan: 2006-2022
This study was initiated by Dr. Dennis A. Riege with a focus on the role of white pine (Pinus strobus) in old-growth mixed white pine-hemlock-northern hardwood forests. Study areas within the lands of the Huron Mt. Club were selected for prominent presence of canopy white pine. Several permanent study plots, totaling about 3.3 ha, were established, with all trees >5 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) identified, mapped and measured. Initiatl establishment was from 2006-2008. All plots were remeasured in 2011, 2016 and 2021-22. Mortality and new recruits were documented in remeasurements. Reference coordinates for each plot are included in 'Methods'. Data tables in this package include all of these measurements. Additional information, including maps of downed logs, is included in material included under 'other entities'.
Long-term (1993-2019) tree population measurements from a mapped 2.9-ha permanent plot in old-growth northern hardwood forest, Dukes Research Natural Area, Marquette Co., MI, USA
The Dukes Research Natural Area (Hiawatha National Forest, Marquette Co., MI) amounts to ca. 100 ha of minimally disturbed original forests, including a mix of mesic 'hemlock-northern hardwood' types and peaty wetlands dominated by several species of swamp conifers and black ash (Fraxinus nigra). The RNA hosts a regular grid of 250 permanent monitoring plots (data to be provided in a separate package). In 1993-95, a macroplot of 2.91 ha was established in a mixed mesic upland forest area within the RNA, in which all woody stems >2 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were identified, measured, and mapped. In 1999 and again every five years subsequently through 2019, the macroplot was recensused; all stems were remeasured, stems newly recruited (>2 cm DBH) were measured and mapped, and any mortality since previous census was noted and described. A severe storm in 2002 resulted in extensive mortality throughout the RNA, particularly in the area in and around the macroplot.
Long-term trends in abundance of Lepidoptera larvae at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and three additional northern hardwood forest sites, 1986-2018 (Reformatted to the ecocomDP Design Pattern)
This data package is formatted as an ecocomDP (Ecological Community Data Pattern). For more information on ecocomDP see https://github.com/EDIorg/ecocomDP. This Level 1 data package was derived from the Level 0 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/knb-lter-hbr/82/8. The abstract below was extracted from the Level 0 data package and is included for context: Numbers and lengths of Lepidoptera larvae (caterpillars, all species) were censused on shrub level foliage at biweekly intervals from late May/early June through late July/early August each year. Measurements were conducted on the Main bird plot in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and on three additional plots within the White Mountain National Forest from 1986-1997.. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Multiple Element Limitation in Northern Hardwood Ecosystems (MELNHE): Net N mineralization at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, Bartlett Experimental Forest and Jeffers Brook, central NH USA, 2009 - 2017
The Multiple Element Limitation in Northern Hardwood Ecosystems (MELNHE) project studies N and P acquisition and limitation through a series of nutrient manipulations in northern hardwood forests. This data set includes net N mineralization measured in Oe, Oa, and mineral soil horizons in all 13 of the MELNHE study sites. Samples are collected every several years, beginning with pretreatment (2008 and 2009) through 2017, representing 3 years of N and P fertilization. Additional detail on the MELNHE project, including a datatable of site descriptions and a pdf file with the project description and diagram of plot configuration can be found in this data package: https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/mapbrowse?scope=knb-lter-hbr&identifier=344 These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station. The following papers describe and make use of these data: Kang H, Fahey TJ, Bae K, Fisk MC, Sherman RE, Yanai RD, See C. 2016. Response of forest soil respiration to nutrient addition depends on site fertility. Biogeochemistry 127:113-124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-015-0172-6. Ratliff TJ, Fisk MC. 2016. Phosphatase activity is related to N availability but not P availability across hardwood forests in the northeastern United States. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 94:61-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.11.009. Bae B, Fahey TJ, Yanai RD, Fisk MC. 2015. Soil nitrogen availability affects belowground carbon allocation and soil respiration in northern hardwood forests of New Hampshire. Ecosystems 18:1179-1191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-015-9892-7. Fisk MC, Ratliff TJ, Goswami S, Yanai RD. 2014. Synergistic soil response to nitrogen plus phosphorus fertilization in hardwood forests. Biogeochemistry 118:195-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-013-9918-1.
Organic components of decomposing hardwood boles at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 1990-2016
In 1990-1991 segments of boles from felled sugar maple (Acer saccharum), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) and American beech (Fagus grandifolia) trees were placed in the field to study the rate of decomposition and nutrient loss (or gain) over time. The segments incubated in the field, ranging from 0.5-1.3 meters in length, were paired with fresh segments from the same trees. The fresh segments were taken to the lab shortly after felling, dried, weighed and subsampled. Fresh samples of wood and bark were collected separately. Incubated bole segments were collected in 1993 (T1), 1997 (T2), 2001 (T3), 2007 (T4) and 2015/2016 (T5). The whole bole segments were transported to the lab, measured, dried and weighed to determine mass loss. Subsamples of the bole wood and bark were collected for chemical analysis, including cross-polarization with magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) 13C NMR. Chemical analyses were conducted concurrently on the fresh (T0) and incubated samples. This data package includes the unprocessed NMR data, phased spectra, and integrated (spectral area) data in chemical shift regions that correspond to key structural groups. This data set includes data for T1, T3, T4, and T5 samples and their paired T0 fresh samples. Samples from T2 were measured for mass, but inadvertently discarded prior to chemical analysis. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Ten-year interval tree-remeasure of a Northern Hardwood Forest: Bird Area, 1981 - ongoing, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest
These data depict change in the northern hardwood forest at mid-elevation (360-680 m a.s.l.) over 40 years from 1981 – 2021. The data set includes 7443 trees over time. During this period, there was no trend in basal area or biomass, but there was a decrease in tree density and diversity and an increase in quadratic mean diameter. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Data and Code in support of Nitrogen and phosphorus co-limitation of forest growth in northern hardwood forests; Blumenthal et al. 2025
The Multiple Element Limitation in Northern Hardwood Ecosystems (MELNHE) project studies N and P acquisition and limitation of forest productivity through a series of nutrient manipulations in northern hardwood forests. This data set is published in support of a manuscript titled "Nitrogen and phosphorus co-limitation of forest growth in northern hardwood forests" and includes data and code used in the analysis. The primary diameter breast height dataset can be found in: Fisk, M.C., R.D. Yanai, and T.J. Fahey. 2025. Tree DBH response to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization in the MELNHE study, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, Bartlett Experimental Forest, and Jeffers Brook ver 2. Environmental Data Initiative. https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/fb8f8d5b903627bee9ad6aa4c32f2289. Additional detail on the MELNHE project, including a datatable of site descriptions and a pdf file with the project description and diagram of plot configuration can be found in this data package: https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/mapbrowse?scope=knb-lter-hbr&identifier=344 These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Forest Inventory of a Northern Hardwood Forest: Bird Area at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 1981
The forest inventory surveys in the bird area were initiated in 1981 and transects were made permanent in 1991. The inventory is representative of approximately 2.5 km-squared of mid elevation northern hardwood forest. It consists of a total inventory of all trees >=10 cm dbh, within each of four 10 m wide belt transects. The parallel transects are placed approximately 200 m apart and run roughly in an east-west direction for 2200 to 2900 m. In 1991, each live stem >=10 cm dbh was tagged with a unique number. Tree vigor is assessed every two years and diameter is remeasured every ten years. Every two years, new tags are placed on stems that have grown into the 10 cm diameter class. A survey of smaller trees (>=2 to <10 cm dbh) was first taken in 1991 and is resurveyed every ten years. This dataset includes the initial inventory values measured in 1981. The full timeline of tree inventory data for this site is available at https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/58dfdebfd1b6440510def2394ab92c53 These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Forest Inventory of a Northern Hardwood Forest: Bird Area, 1991 - present, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest
The forest inventory surveys in the bird area were initiated in 1981 and transects were made permanent in 1991 by Tom Siccama who created and designed this tree survey. The inventory is representative of approximately 2.5 km2 of mid elevation northern hardwood forest. The data set is particularly geared toward producing accurate mortality and recruitment estimates. It consists of a total inventory of all trees greater than or equal to 10 cm dbh within each of four 10 m wide belt transects. The parallel transects are placed approximately 200 m apart and 290° bearing in an east-west direction for 2200 to 2900 m. In 1991, each live stem greater than or equal to 10 cm dbh was tagged with a unique number. Tree vigor is assessed every two years and diameter is remeasured every ten years. Every two years, new tags are placed on stems that have grown into the 10 cm diameter class. This dataset includes 1991 and subsequent samplings. These detailed tree status data provide a high resolution assessment of tree vital rates, particularly recruitment and mortality rates. The data show an increase in both mortality and recruitment over the 30 year measure time (1991-2021). The number of unhealthy trees has also increased to about 8% of the live trees. The measure period includes notable disturbances, particularly the 2013 microburst impacted the west end of lines 5 and 9, and a saddled prominent outbreak concurrent with drought conditions in 2020. Data from an earlier sampling in 1981 (pre-tagging of individual trees) can be found in: Sherry, T., D. Holmes, and T. Siccama. 2019. Forest Inventory of a Northern Hardwood Forest: Bird Area at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 1981 ver 7. Environmental Data Initiative. https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/206b98f6553f1ff95cf584dd2185554e (Accessed 2021-09-16). These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and ma
Long-term trends in abundance of Lepidoptera larvae at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and three additional northern hardwood forest sites, 1986-2022
Numbers and lengths of Lepidoptera larvae (caterpillars, all species) were censused on shrub level foliage at biweekly intervals from late May/early June through late July/early August each year. Measurements were conducted on the Main bird plot in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and on three additional plots within the White Mountain National Forest from 1986-1997. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
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