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10 results for “hatching asynchrony”
Variation in incubation length and hatching asynchrony in Eastern Kingbirds: weather eclipses female effects
<p>Incubation length and hatching asynchrony are integral elements of the evolved reproductive strategies of birds and here we here quantify intra- and interpopulation variation in both traits for Eastern Kingbird (<i>Tyrannus tyrannus</i>) populations from New York (NY), Kansas (KS), and Oregon (OR). Multiple samples from a subset of females demonstrated that neither incubation length nor hatching asynchrony was repeatable, that both traits varied with a female trait (clutch size), but that variation in both incubation length and hatching asynchrony was to a substantial degree linked to weather, namely ambient temperature and precipitation. Incubation length exhibited the same median (15 days) and range (13 to 17 days) at all sites, and model selection results indicated that incubation periods were longer in NY than KS, among the smallest and largest clutches, when rain was frequent throughout the period when eggs were in the nest, in replacement nests, and likely when ambient temperatures were low during egg-laying. Full hatching usually required 2 days (but up to 3), and more synchronous hatching was associated with small clutch size, short incubation periods, frequent rain during the egg-laying period, and low ambient temperatures during the first half of incubation. Only 5% to 9% of nestlings starved and starvation was not associated with greater hatching asynchrony, indicating the nestling starvation was likely not a cost of hatching asynchrony. Thus, although clutch size, a female trait, contributed to variation in incubation length and hatching asynchrony, weather was a greater source of variation, especially for incubation length. Weather thus influences length of exposure of eggs to destructive forces (predators and severe weather), and as a consequence, climate change has the potential to influence reproductive success.</p>
Figure 2 in The role of hatching asynchrony in brood size reduction of the great tit Parus major in a Mediterranean pine forest
Figure 2. Distribution of estimated age at time of death of nestlings in synchronous (asynchrony of 0 or 1 days, white bars) and asynchronous (asynchrony of 2 or more days, black bars) broods.
Figure 1 in The role of hatching asynchrony in brood size reduction of the great tit Parus major in a Mediterranean pine forest
Figure 1. Mean hatching asynchrony by five-day periods against laying date (vertical lines indicate range of values).
Variation in incubation length and hatching asynchrony in Eastern Kingbirds: weather eclipses female effects
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Data from: Hatching asynchrony aggravates inbreeding depression in a songbird (Serinus canaria): an inbreeding-environment interaction
Understanding how the intensity of inbreeding depression is influenced by stressful environmental conditions is an important area of enquiry in various fields of biology. In birds, environmental stress during early development is often related to hatching asynchrony; differences in age, and thus size, impose a gradient in conditions ranging from benign (first hatched chick) to harsh (last hatched chick). Here, we compared the effect of hatching order on growth rate in inbred (parents are full siblings) and outbred (parents are unrelated) canary chicks (Serinus canaria). We found that inbreeding depression was more severe under more stressful conditions, being most evident in later hatched chicks. Thus, consideration of inbreeding-environment interactions is of vital importance for our understanding of the biological significance of inbreeding depression and hatching asynchrony. The latter is particularly relevant given that hatching asynchrony is a widespread phenomenon, occurring in many bird species. The exact causes of the observed inbreeding-environment interaction are as yet unknown, but may be related to a decrease in maternal investment in egg contents with laying position (i.e. pre-hatching environment), or to performance of the chicks during sibling competition and/or their resilience to food shortage (i.e. post-hatching environment).
Data from: Eggshell spotting pattern is related to hatching asynchrony, hematocrit value and growth of nestling great tits (Parus major)
Eggshell pigmentation may signal the quality of the egg, that of the female and the environment, and thus nestling development may be related to this egg trait. However, so far, few studies have investigated the relationship between eggshell pigmentation and nestling development. Our aim was to study in a partial cross-fostering experiment whether the protoporphyrin-based eggshell pigmentation (spot intensity and spot distribution) showed any significant associations with several traits related to the development of nestling great tits (Parus major). We found that nestlings from clutches with darker spotted eggshells hatched more synchronously, had higher hematocrit value and shorter wings. Females under adverse environmental circumstances were previously shown to lay darker-spotted eggs, and these females probably delayed the start of incubation due to energetic constraints, resulting in a more synchronous hatching. The shorter wings of fledglings originating from clutches with darker-spotted eggs may be caused by the lower general quality of their mothers, mediated through either genetic factors or early maternal effects. Darker spotted eggs may contain different levels of some biomolecules than paler spotted eggs, which could have an effect on nestling metabolism and activity, resulting in an elevated hematocrit value. More aggregated eggshell spotting was related to faster bone growth and slightly longer fledging tarsus length. Eggs with aggregated spotting may have thinner eggshells that could lead to hatchlings with smaller bones due to the lower availability of calcium during development. Neslings may increase bone growth rate to compensate for their smaller initial size. Overall, our results indirectly suggest lower fitness for nestlings hatched from darker spotted eggs and for nestlings hatched from eggs with more aggregated spotting distribution due to the possible long-term costs of synchronous hatching, shorter wings, and accelerated tarsus growth rate.
Data from: The role of partial incubation and egg repositioning within the clutch in hatching asynchrony and subsequent effects on breeding success
The main mechanism to achieve hatching asynchrony (HA) for incubating birds is to start heating the eggs before clutch completion. This might be achieved through partial incubation and/or early incubation. Even in the absence of incubation behaviour during the laying phase, clutches still experience a certain degree of asynchrony. Recent studies have shown that eggs located in the centre of the nest receive more heat than peripheral ones during incubation. Since eggs receiving more heat would develop faster, we hypothesised that HA should be shorter in nests where eggs were moved homogeneously along the centre-periphery space during incubation compared to those nests where eggs repeatedly remained in the same locations, either centrally or peripherally. We explored the relative roles of egg repositioning and partial incubation in determining HA in wild birds by (1) removing eggs from 20 Great Tit Parus major nests on day of laying and replacing them with fake eggs to avoid partial incubation, and returning them when full incubation began; (2) monitoring twice a day the position of each individually marked egg relative to the clutch centre during incubation, and estimating the coefficient of variation of the distances (CVdistance); (3) determining HA in each nest. Preventing partial incubation reduced HA by 51% days in experimental nests. It also caused negative effects for the incubating females (lengthening the full incubation period) and positive effects for the brood (increasing fledging success). However, our hypothesis about the role of egg repositioning on HA was not supported: all the females moved the eggs with remarkable consistency, generally attaining a CVdistance around 33%, and it was not related to the HA experienced. We therefore conclude that partial incubation is an important factor regulating HA, and females compensate for the potential effects of differential heating by moving the eggs homogeneously within the clutch.
Data from: Eggshell spotting pattern is related to hatching asynchrony, hematocrit value and growth of nestling great tits (Parus major)
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Data from: The role of partial incubation and egg repositioning within the clutch in hatching asynchrony and subsequent effects on breeding success
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Data from: Hatching asynchrony aggravates inbreeding depression in a songbird (Serinus canaria): an inbreeding-environment interaction
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