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8 results for “hatching order”
Swift parrot data including the sex of offspring and their hatch order
<p>Most species produce equal numbers of sons and daughters, and sex differences in survival after parental care do not usually affect this pattern. Temporary overproduction of the scarcer sex can be adaptive when generations overlap, the sexes differ in life history expectations, and parents can anticipate future mating opportunities. However an alternative strategy of maximising the competitiveness of the more abundant sex in these circumstances remains unexplored. We develop theory showing how mothers can maximise reproductive value when future mate competition will be high by producing more sons in the advantageous early hatching positions within their broods. Our model for optimal birth order was supported by long term data of offspring sex in a parrot facing catastrophic female mortality caused by introduced predators. Swift parrots (<i>Lathamus discolor</i>) suffer high female mortality due to introduced sugar gliders (<i>Petaurus breviceps</i>) creating fluctuating male biased adult sex ratios. Offspring hatched early within broods fledged in better condition, and in support of our model were more likely to be male in years with higher adult female mortality. We found a highly significant rank-order correlation between observed and predicted birth sex ratios. Our study shows the potential for mothers to maximise reproductive value via strategic biases in offspring sex depending on the advantages conferred by birth order and the predictability of future mate competition. Our long term data support the predictions and appear to suggest that sex allocation strategies may evolve surprisingly quickly when anthropogenic pressures on populations are severe.</p>
Code and data for "Telomere length vary with sex, hatching order and year of birth in little owls, Athene noctua"
<p>Datafile and R code of the statistical analyses published in the article "telomere length vary with sex, hatching order and year of birth in little owls, <em>Athene noctua</em>".</p>
Offspring sex ratio is affected by pre-breeding rainfall and hatching order in a cooperative breeding bird
<p><span>Selection may favour sex ratio adjustment when the fitness benefits of producing male or female offspring vary. In birds, sex ratio bias at hatching has been particularly well-studied in cooperative breeding species, primarily in helper-at-the-nest systems wherein young remain with their parents and help raise subsequent broods. In these systems, breeding females are expected to skew offspring sex ratio in favour of the helping sex if sufficient resources exist. In communal laying systems multiple group members breed and raise the young and offspring dispersal varies, making it difficult to predict whether and how breeders should skew offspring sex ratio. We tested for sex ratio bias in smooth-billed anis (<em>Crotophaga ani</em>), a communal laying cuckoo with low within-group relatedness, high offspring dispersal, and high annual turnover in group membership. One male performs nocturnal incubation and sires more offspring, suggesting these males may have higher reproductive variance and thus that it may be beneficial for his mate to produce more male offspring. We hypothesized that pre-breeding rainfall influences food availability and thus offspring sex ratio, predicting that breeding females skew production towards the more beneficial sex (i.e., males) in high food years, consistent with the Trivers-Willard hypothesis. Females may also adjust sex ratio across the hatching order, so we predicted a male-bias in first hatched chicks in larger broods that should experience greater competition. Contrary to our first prediction, more male chicks hatched when pre-breeding rainfall was lower. In partial support of our second prediction, marginally more first hatched chicks were male in larger broods. Based on these results, we propose the nestling competition hypothesis and predict that when nestling competition is high (i.e., in poor years and in large joint broods), mothers should produce more of the more competitive sex. </span></p>
Swift parrot data including the sex of offspring and their hatch order
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Offspring sex ratio is affected by pre-breeding rainfall and hatching order in a cooperative breeding bird
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Silver spoon effects of hatching order in an asynchronous hatching bird
The silver spoon hypothesis proposes that individuals which develop under favourable conditions will gain fitness benefits throughout their lifetime. Hatching order may create a considerable size hierarchy within a brood and lead to earlier-hatched nestlings having a competitive advantage over their siblings, which has been illustrated in some studies. However, there have been few explorations into the effect on subsequent generations. Here, using a 15-year-long study, we investigated the long-term fitness consequence of hatching order in the endangered crested ibis, Nipponia nippon, a species with complete hatching asynchrony. In this study, we found strong support for silver spoon effects acting on hatching order. Compared to later-hatched nestlings, first-hatched nestlings begin reproduction at an earlier age, have higher adult survival rates, possess a longer breeding life span and achieve higher lifetime reproductive success. Interestingly, we found carry-over effects of hatching order into the next generation. Nestlings which hatched earlier and became breeders in turn also produced nestlings with larger tarsus and better body condition. Additionally, we found a positive correlation among life-history traits in crested ibis. Individuals which started reproduction at a younger age were shown to possess a longer breeding life span. And the annual brood size increased with an individual's breeding life span. This suggests that the earlier-hatched nestlings are of better quality and the 'silver spoon' effects of hatching order cover all life-history stages and next generation effects.
Data from: Silver spoon effects of hatching order in an asynchronous hatching bird
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Data from: Paternity covaries with laying and hatching order in the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis
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