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168 results for “headwater streams”
Solute dynamics in the hyporheic zone of a headwater stream in Watershed 1 at the Andrews Experimental Forest, 2016-2018
This project examined the interactions between stream water and subsurface sediment to quantify how these interactions influenced organic C respiration and dissolved inorganic C (DIC) production in the hyporheic zone of a high-gradient headwater mountain stream draining a forested catchment at the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon, USA. The study used six 2-m long hyporheic mesocosms which were packed with streambed sediment in the spring of 2016. The mesocosms are located at the Watershed 1 (WS1) stream gage and stream water from WS1 has been pumped through the mesocosms continuously since they were first packed through the end of (and beyond) this study in autumn of 2018. The mesocosms were designed around 1-m long 20-cm diameter aluminum pipe segments with sample ports located each meter along the flowpath through each mesocosm – thus sampling at the inlet, at 1 m, and at the outlet which represents the full 2-m long flow path. Sampling was conducted on seven dates between Oct 23 2016 and Aug 27 2018. On two of these dates, only background samples were collected. On the remaining 5 dates, sampling was designed around continuous-injection tracer experiments using both a conservative tracer (salt) and a reactive tracer (various dissolved organic substrates). For background sampling events, samples were generally only collected once. The tracer experiments involved 4 discreet sampling times: 1. pre-injection (under background conditions); 2. early plateau; 3. late plateau, and 4. post-injection (and in one injection experiment, a 5th sample at late-post-injection time). For each round of samples, the mesocosm water temperature, pH, EC, and DO were measured with sensors in a small flow-through cell. Then water samples were collected for laboratory analysis for both DOC and DIC. The median travel time of water through each pipe segment of the 2-m mesocosms was also calculated from the conservative tracer break-through curves.
Longitudinal Streamflow in Headwater Streams on Prospect Hill Tract at Harvard Forest 2003
We have initiated long-term monitoring of streamflow in headwater streams on the Prospect Hill Tract at the Harvard Forest. In addition, we have periodically recorded summer flow conditions longitudinally along the length of headwaters within Harvard Forest to obtain information about spatial heterogeneity of flow and of availability of aquatic habitat within these headwaters. In summer of 2003, we recorded streamflow each week at 20-m intervals along the length of two tributaries of Nelson Brook, Tributary A, from Route 32 to its outlet from the Black Gum Swamp, and Tributary B, from its junction with Tributary A to its origin in wetlands north of Prospect Hill Road.
Inorganic Nutrient Concentrations in Forested Headwater Streams at Harvard Forest since 2017
For the past 8000 years hemlock has been the foundation species throughout the northeast. The unique functional characteristics of Hemlock have dictated biogeochemical fluxes from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems (Ellison et al. 2005). Unfortunately, it is currently in an irreversible decline due to the Hemlock Wooly Adelgid and the consequences on riparian ecology are unknown but likely profound (Adams et al. 2012). Red maple, black birch, and northern red oak are some of the most abundant trees in southern New England and are poised to replace hemlock across the landscape (Orwig et al. 2012). Decline and loss of hemlock, and its replacement with hardwood species containing different functional traits are expected to lead to changes in litterfall inputs, forest evapotranspiration, surface water hydrology, including seasonal streamflow/stormflow dynamics, stream temperature, decomposition, and nutrient release (Ellison et al. 2005; Ford and Vose 2007; Guswa and Spence 2011;Brantley et al. 2014). This anticipated shift to hardwoods has far reaching effects as it will significantly alter receiving water primary productivity and food web structure (Humborg et al. 2000, Garnier et al. 2010) by changing watershed N:P:Si export ratios and nutrient availability downstream (e.g., Currie et al. 1996, Fulweiler and Nixon 2005, Carey and Fulweiler 2013). The goal of this ongoing project is to quantify watershed export of inorganic nutrients overtime from the three gauged forested streams at Harvard Forest. To do this we aim to collect samples weekly and then we will calculate monthly, seasonal, and annual changes in inorganic nutrient export. Further we are investigating inorganic nutrient concentration as well as flux vs. stream discharge patterns to better understand the role of physical vs. biological processes in driving watershed nutrient export.
Carbon Biogeochemistry of Forested Headwater Streams at Harvard Forest 2006-2007
Headwater streams make up greater than 80% of total channel length in the United States and play important roles in regulating nutrient, organic matter, and sediment fluxes from terrestrial to downstream ecosystems. Headwater streams are common features of many upland-forested watersheds in New England, yet are not explicitly factored into forest water, carbon, and nutrient budgets. Here we report on recent efforts to examine terrestrial and stream ecosystem linkages in carbon biogeochemistry in a hemlock-dominated watershed. A prototype stream biogeochemical system (SBS) was tested at the Harvard Forest LTER. The SBS allows a suite of stream water properties to be characterized in real-time over extended periods of time thus allowing questions to be asked at a wide range of time scales. The prototype SBS was field-tested in Bigelow Brook West on the Prospect Hill research tract at Harvard Forest. Bigelow Brook West was selected because the watershed’s hydrology, stream ecology, forest composition, land-use history, and carbon sequestration have been characterized, thus aiding the interpretation of SBS data and facilitating multi-disciplinary research. The prototype system monitors stream and air temperature, pCO2 , colored dissolved organic matter, total suspended sediments, PAR, water depth, pH, and dissolved O2. Independent estimates of organic and inorganic water chemistry were used to validate and interpret SBS data. Here we report on preliminary findings from the pilot SBS at Harvard Forest to highlight the usefulness of headwater stream chemistry data to a wide-diversity of ecosystem scientists. 1) Low pH constrains dissolved inorganic carbon solute fluxes to downstream ecosystems. 2) CO2 concentrations were always supersaturated in Bigelow Brook, averaging about 6x atmospheric values in summer, thus the stream is an important source of CO2 to the atmosphere. Variation in CO2 appears to be linked to multiple mechanisms including changes in stream temperature,
Headwater Habitat Streams in Central Massachusetts 2002-2005
Headwater streams, particularly those that flow only during part of the year, are understudied and underprotected in Massachusetts. Research being conducted elsewhere suggests that these "Headwater Habitat Streams" are important both for aquatic biodiversity and for ecological function of lower stream reaches. We are carrying out baseline research, involving research scientists and volunteers, on hydrology and habitat characteristics in headwater streams in northern Worcester County, MA. We hypothesized that headwater streams exhibit a longitudinal gradient of hydrology, from (1) ephemeral channels that flow only in response to storms, through (2) intermittent sections that flow seasonally until the groundwater table falls below the channel and are dry the rest of the year, to (3) interstitial reaches that flow seasonally and retain pools connected by subsurface flow during the summer, to (4) the perennial stream. Results to date show a high degree of longitudinal heterogeneity in the study streams, with interspersion of perennially flowing reaches among low-gradient sections of vegetated wetland, high-gradient boulder piles, and braided channels. Perennial flow is found high up in some watersheds. We expect our methods and results will have implications throughout the Commonwealth for local conservation commissions and other municipal officials responsible for land-use planning and regulation, state agencies responsible for land management and the protection of wildlife, regulators reviewing projects affecting streams, watershed managers, teachers and their students, private land trusts, conservation advocates, and citizen-naturalists.
Environmental, Taxonomic, and Stable Isotope Data from Aquatic Insects sampled from Beaver-Engineered Headwater Streams (Adirondack Park, NY; 2024).
This data package contains environmental and biological data from a field study examining aquatic insect assemblage composition and basal resource use in beaver-engineered headwater streams in Adirondack Park, New York. Data was collected from six streams across two watersheds; the Oswegatchie River Watershed and Upper Hudson River Watershed. Three streams were sampled within the Oswegatchie River Watershed; East Creek, Sucker Brook, and Chair Rock Creek located near the Cranberry Lake Biological Station in St. Lawrence County. Three streams were sampled from the Upper Hudson River Watershed; Big Sucker Brook, Little Sucker Brook, and Panther Brook located near SUNY ESF’s Newcomb Campus in Essex County. Site conditions were characterized using densiometer measurements of canopy cover, visual assessments of substrate composition, and river discharge measurements collected with an OTT MF Pro flow meter. Aquatic insect assemblages were sampled using multihabitat active sampling and Hester–Dendy and leaf-bag passive samplers, with specimens identified to genus and assigned to functional feeding groups. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes were analyzed for a subset of insect taxa and three basal resource pools; coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM), fine particulate organic matter (FPOM), and periphytic algae. The Bayesian mixing model MixSIAR was used to estimate the proportional contribution of these primary sources to aquatic insect biomass. All data was collected between June and August 2024.
Water chemistry, bedrock geology, and land cover data for Pennsylvania headwater streams: 2007-2022.
This data package contains all data necessary to run random forest and regression analyses featured in the article: 'Influence of bedrock geology on headwater stream pH' by G. Moyer, K. Frantz, and M. Shank. The data include water chemistry, land cover, and geologic formations for 271 headwater streams in Pennsylvania. Data from two previously published papers are also included: Ponce et al. (1979) and Lynch and Dise (1985), which were used as validation datasets.
Headwater Stream Macroinvertebrates of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon, 2003-2004
Recent studies of headwater streams have demonstrated their importance to overall watershed biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and energy flux. However, little attention has been paid to long-term effects of forest harvest on macroinvertebrate communities in headwater streams. This study investigated headwater stream macroinvertebrate communities in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon, U.S.A and used a paired-stream study design to examine if long term legacies of prior forest harvest existed for communities of stream macroinvertebrates. This study also examined correlations of macroinvertebrate life-history traits with site physical variables.
Stream and hyporheic carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements in a headwater catchment, Watershed 1, and throughout Lookout Creek watershed at the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest, July 2013 to July 2014
We examined the spatial and temporal variability of stream carbon dioxide (CO2) in a headwater catchment. We measured stream and hyporheic pCO2 at at 30-minute intervals over 11 months in 95.9-ha Watershed 1, HJ Andrews Experimental Forest. We also measured stream temperature, pH and alkalinity which we used to calculate CO2 at monthly intervals from July 2013 through July 2014 at 38 locations across the 6400-ha HJ Andrews Experimental Forest.
Leaf leachate chemistry and uptake metrics in headwater streams July 2015
This dataset contains the results of uptake experiments conducted at Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed in July 2015. The objective of the study was to determine the relative influence of molecular composition and nutrient content of organic matter on the retention of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in boreal streams. We measured in situ rates of carbon uptake in streams following introduction of leachates derived from of alder (Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia), poplar (Populus balsamifera), and white spruce (Picea glauca) trees subject to long-term fertilization with nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P). We measured leachate composition through chemical analysis and optical properties (absorbance and fluorescence).
PIE LTER year 2016, 15 minute measurements of specific conductance, water temperature in a small headwater stream draining a highly suburban catchment (72% residential), Saw Mill Brook, Burlington, MA.
Year 2016, continuous measurements, every 15 minutes were made of conductivity, water temperature in a small headwater stream, Saw Mill Brook, Burlington, MA, draining a highly suburban catchment (72% residential) in the Ipswich River watershed. Due to sedimentation within the datalogger housing, there are periods when the datalogger lost hydrological connection with the stream (i.e., during low flow). As such, data has been flagged to remove these erroneous readings.
PIE LTER stream chemistry characteristics studied for methane ebullition at four headwater streams in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.
Sediment, stream, and canopy characteristics were measured in four headwater streams in Massachusetts and New Hampshire associated with methane ebullition monitoring. Canopy cover, water depth, sediment organic matter content, the percent sediment less than 2mm in diameter, sediment depth, sediment percent carbon, and sediment percent nitrogen were measured. Other files to reference: WAT-Stream-Ebullition
Year 2019-2021, 15 minute measurements of stage, water temperature in a small headwater stream draining draining a mainly forested catchment (55% forest + 19% wetland), Cart Cr., Newbury, MA.
Year 2019, 2020, and 2021 continuous measurements, every 15 minutes, were made of stage, water temperature in Cart Creek, Newbury, MA, a small headwater stream draining a mainly forested catchment (55% forest + 19% wetland) in the Parker River watershed. Discharge is determined from stage using discharge vs stage regressions.
Stream metabolism (as resazurin-resorufin transformation) along a boreal headwater stream and its relation to groundwater organic matter supply
<p>Datasets supporting the manuscript entitled "<strong><em>Groundwater-stream connections shape the spatial patterns and rates of aquatic metabolism</em></strong>", published in L<em>imnology and Oceanography Letters</em>. Three datasets are available:</p> <ul> <li>"<em><strong>Groundwater_Characterization.csv":</strong></em> dissolved organic matter characterization of and heterotrophic activity associated with, the major water sources discharging into a headwater boreal stream during summer 2017. Major water sources are: lake water and five discrete groundwater inflows (here named as <em>discrete riparian inflow points)</em>.</li> <li>"<em><strong>Raz_Additions.csv</strong></em>": Constant-rate additions of resazurin performed in a boreal headwater stream (Krycklan catchment, Sweden) during seven dates of summer 2017. Data contains resazurin and resorufin concentrations from the surface and hyporheic water at 18 stations along a 90-m long reach. </li> <li>"<em><strong>Raz_transformation_metric.csv</strong></em>": Hydrologic and metabolic characterization of the 90-m long reach for the seven resazurin additions conducted in summer 2017. </li> </ul> <p>More information about the data can be found in the document "<strong><em>Metadata.doc</em></strong>". Information about field and laboratory procedures can be found in the main manuscript or in the document "<strong><em>Supporting_Information.doc</em></strong>".</p>
Riparian remnant species registered at headwater streams in San Juan Zitácuaro, Mich.
Studying riparian vegetation allows understanding the floristic diversity patterns along the fluvial network, and because of the level of transformation they show, it is essential to generate knowledge to guide further recovery. This paper analyzed the remaining riparian tree vegetation in 30 sites in streams located in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, by describing the structure, species richness, and geographic setting (elevation, precipitation, hydrological order, and land cover), and by identifying possible invasive species. Elevation of the sites was associated with precipitation, hydrologic order, and land cover being crossed by the streams. Fifty-six mostly tree species were recorded, which increased in density and height with elevation. Some of the species with the highest importance value include Roldana angulifolia, Cestrum fulvescens, Ilex tolucana, Alnus acuminata, Buddleja cordata, and Fraxinus udhei. Four physiognomic groups emerged based on the number of species, genera and families, the number of branches, and the number, height, and diameter of individuals. High species turnover was found between sites, mainly with those located at higher elevations. The occurrence of potentially invasive species was shown to be associated with the density of individuals, with Shannon's diversity index (H'), and with geographic attributes such as elevation and hydrological order. The analyzed riverbanks show human intervention, being necessary to discriminate those impacts associated with flow alteration from those associated with land cover change.
CO2 concentrations and emissions from subtropical headwater streams, São Carlos, Brazil, 2018
The data were collected in the municipalities of São Carlos, Itirapina, and Brotas in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Six sandy/rocky-bottom headwater streams (1st to 2nd order) were selected based on the main land use in the catchment. Three streams drained sugarcane plantations, and three streams drained native vegetation catchments (Cerrado vegetation). The catchment drainage areas were determined using digital elevation models. Land use was classified based on satellite images from LANDSAT using ArcGIS software. The data were collected to study the impact of different land uses (sugarcane plantations vs. native vegetation) on the headwater streams. These streams have previously been studied for methane dynamics, indicating a focus on understanding environmental and ecological impacts. Three samples were collected from each stream during spring, summer, and winter using the headspace extraction technique. Due to access issues, samples from one stream were not collected in spring and summer 2018. Syringes filled with ultrapure nitrogen were used to collect stream water samples, which were then shaken to equilibrate gases. The gas was analyzed using a Shimadzu GC-2014 gas chromatograph equipped with various detectors. Concentrations were compared with standards to calculate CO2 levels, and CO2 emissions were calculated based on gas transfer velocity and dissolved concentrations.
Carbon Dynamics in the Hyporheic Zone of a Headwater Mountain Stream in the Cascade Mountains, Oregon – Watershed 1 at HJA – June 2013 to March 2014
This study investigated carbon dynamics in the hyporheic zone of a steep, forested catchment in the Cascade Mountains of western Oregon, USA. Water samples were collected monthly from a headwater stream and well network during baseflow conditions from July to December 2013 and again in March 2014. We also sampled during one fall storm event, collecting pre-storm, rising leg, and extended high flow samples. The well network is located at the base of Watershed 1 (WS1) of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest and spans the full width of the floodplain (~14 m) along a 29 m reach of stream. We measured pH, temperature, water level, major anions, major cations, DOC, DIC, and total alkalinity. Flow paths, travel time to wells and hydraulic conductivity were available from previous studies.
Stream TASCC nutrient additions conducted in headwater streams of the Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed (CPCRW) and along the Steese Highway during the summer of 2013.
Instantaneous additions of acetate-DOM, birch leachate-DOM, N+P, N alone, and P alone were conducted in headwater streams of the Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed (CPCRW) and along the Steese Highway during the summer of 2013 to characterize how DOM affected uptake of inorganic N and P. Nutrient uptake was calculated using the TASCC method (Covino et al. 2010) and stream water chemistry was analyzed by colorimetric and chromatographic methods.
Year 2001, 15 minute measurements of stage, water temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and pH in a small headwater stream draining a moderate sized, mixed land use (mainly forest) watershed, Fish Brook, Middleton, MA.
During 2001, continuous measurements, every 15 minutes, were made of stage, water temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and pH in a small headwater stream, Fish Brook, Boxford, MA, draining a moderate sized, mixed land use watershed. Measurements are for part of the ice free season (June – December). Discharge could not be determined due to inadequate rating curve. Several day gaps occur periodically due to removal for recalibration.
Year 2002, 15 minute measurements of stage, water temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and pH in a small headwater stream draining a moderate sized, mixed land use (mainly forest) watershed, Fish Brook, Middleton, MA.
During 2002, continuous measurements, every 15 minutes, were made of stage, water temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and pH in a small headwater stream, Fish Brook, Boxford, MA, draining a moderate sized, mixed land use watershed. Measurements are for part of the ice free season (June – December). Discharge could not be determined due to inadequate rating curve and due to beaver activity. Several day gaps occur periodically due to removal for recalibration.
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