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20 results for “helper effects”
Complex effects of helper relatedness on female extra-pair reproduction in a cooperative breeder
<p>In cooperatively-breeding species, the presence of male helpers in a group often reduces the breeding female's fidelity to her social partner, possibly because there is more than one potential sire in the group. Using a long-term study of cooperatively-breeding superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) and records of paternity in 1936 broods, we show that the effect of helpers on rates of extra-pair paternity varied according to the helpers' relatedness to the breeding female. The presence of unrelated male helpers in a group increased average rates of extra-pair paternity, from 57% for groups with no unrelated helpers, to 74% with one unrelated helper, to 86% with 2+ unrelated helpers. However, this increase was due in equal part to helpers within the group and males in other groups achieving increased paternity. In contrast, helpers who were sons of the breeding female did not gain paternity, nor did they affect the level of extra-group paternity (which occurred at rates of 60%, 58%, 61% in the presence of 0, 1, 2+ helper-sons respectively). There was no evidence of effects of helpers' relatedness to the female on nest productivity or nestling performance. Because the presence of helpers per se did not elevate extra-pair reproduction rates, our results undermine the 'constrained female hypothesis' explanation for an increase in extra-pair paternity with helper number in cooperative breeders. However, they indicate that dominant males are disadvantaged by breeding in 'cooperative' groups. The reasons why the presence of unrelated helpers, but not of helper-sons, results in higher rates of extra-group reproduction are not clear.</p>
Meerkat helpers buffer the detrimental effects of adverse environmental conditions on fecundity, growth and survival
<p>1. Recent comparative studies show that cooperative breeding is positively correlated with harsh and unpredictable environments and it is suggested that this association occurs because helpers buffer the negative effects of adverse ecological conditions on fitness.</p> <p>2. In the Kalahari, rainfall varies widely between- and within years, affecting primary production and the availability of the principal prey of cooperatively breeding Kalahari meerkats, Suricata suricatta. Our study aimed to establish whether the presence and number of helpers buffer the negative effects of variation in rainfall on the fecundity and body mass of breeding females, and the survival and growth of pups.</p> <p>3. We investigate the relationship between group size and variation in rainfall on dominant female fecundity, body mass, and offspring survival and growth using an additive modeling approach on twenty-one years of individual-based records of the life histories of individual meerkats.</p> <p>4. We show that breeding female fecundity is reduced during periods of low rainfall but that the effects of low rainfall are mitigated by increases in group size and body mass because heavier females and those in larger groups have increased fecundity and reduced interbirth intervals. Pup growth and survival are also reduced during periods of low rainfall, but more so in smaller groups.</p> <p>5. Our results support the suggestion that cooperative breeding mitigates the detrimental effects of adverse environmental conditions and may enhance the capacity of species to occupy environments where food availability is low and unpredictable.</p>
Complex effects of helper relatedness on female extra-pair reproduction in a cooperative breeder
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Meerkat helpers buffer the detrimental effects of adverse environmental conditions on fecundity, growth and survival
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Data from: Variable helper effects, ecological conditions, and the evolution of cooperative breeding in the acorn woodpecker
The ecological conditions leading to delayed dispersal and helping behavior are generally thought to follow one of two contrasting scenarios: that conditions are stable and predictable resulting in young being ecologically forced to remain as helpers (extrinsic constraints and the "habitat saturation" hypothesis), or that conditions are highly variable and unpredictable leading to the need for helpers to raise young, at least when conditions are poor (intrinsic constraints and the "hard life" hypothesis). We investigated how variability in ecological conditions influences the degree to which helpers augment breeder fitness in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus), a species in which the acorn crop, territory quality, and prior breeding experience all vary in ways that have important effects on fitness. We found that the relationship between ecological conditions and the probability that birds would remain as helpers was variable, but that helpers generally yielded greater fitness benefits when ecological conditions were favorable, rather than unfavorable, for breeding. These results affirm the importance of extrinsic constraints to delayed dispersal and cooperative breeding in this species, despite this species' dependence on a highly variable and unpredictable acorn crop. Our findings also confirm that helpers can have very different fitness effects depending on conditions, but that those effects are not necessarily greater when breeding conditions are unfavorable.
Data from: Male and female helper effects on maternal investment and adult survival in red-winged fairy-wrens
Despite its importance for the evolution of cooperative breeding, it has proven difficult to determine whether helpers improve their recipients' fitness. Helpers affect fitness in multiple ways, both positive and negative, but their effects can also be concealed through reduced maternal investment. Furthermore, determining the direction of causation is difficult, as helper presence may indicate a productive territory, rather than high productivity indicating an effect of help. In cooperatively breeding red-winged fairy-wrens (Malurus elegans) groups reduce care when they have male helpers, but groups with female helpers do not, so nestlings receive more food. Thus our predictions vary with helper sex rather than helper number, and by studying within-group changes with regard to group composition we separate phenotypically plastic responses from among-group correlations. Females did not reduce egg size in response to an increasing number of female helpers. However, more male or female helpers allowed females to lay larger clutches and more female helpers reduced re-nesting intervals. There was mixed support for a benefit of load lightening: Helpers, but not breeders, gained survival benefits with increasing number of male helpers. However, helper survival decreased with the number of female helpers, suggesting that increased competition counterbalanced these male helper benefits. We also found consistent among-group differences, which would have erroneously been interpreted as helper effects had we not disentangled the within-group changes with regard to group composition. This study highlights the importance of assessing carers' benefits in relation to both group composition and size, and of investigating the within-individual plastic response of helper effects.
Data from: Egg size investment in superb fairy-wrens: helper effects are modulated by climate
Natural populations might exhibit resilience to changing climatic conditions if they already show adaptive flexibility in their reproductive strategies. In cooperative breeders, theory predicts that mothers with helpers should provide less care when environmental conditions are favourable, but maintain high investment when conditions are challenging. Here, we test for evidence of climate-mediated flexibility in maternal investment in the cooperatively breeding superb fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus. We focus on egg size because in this species egg size influences offspring size, and females reduce egg investment when there are helpers at the nest. We report that females lay larger eggs during dry, hot conditions. However, the effect of temperature is modulated by the presence of helpers: the average egg size of females with helpers is reduced during cooler conditions but increased during hot conditions relative to females without helpers. This appears to reflect plasticity in egg investment rather than among female differences. Analysis of maternal survival suggests that helped females are better able to withstand the costs of breeding in hot conditions than females without helpers. Our study suggests that females can use multiple, independent cues to modulate egg investment flexibly in a variable environment.
Data from: Helper effects in the azure-winged magpie Cyanopica cyana in relation to highly-clumped nesting pattern and high frequency of conspecific nest-raiding
In avian cooperative breeding systems, many benefits obtained by social pairs from the presence of helpers have been uncovered. However, until now, the factors that determine the type of assistance helpers provide and the responses of social pairs have not been well illustrated. We examined the contribution of helpers to cooperative groups and the relevant responses of dominant pairs in the azure-winged magpie Cyanapica cyana which breeds on the Tibetan Plateau. We used the capture–mark–recapture method to identify helpers. Results showed that helpers were mostly the yearling sons of dominant pairs. They mainly contributed to the cooperative group in three ways, courtship-feeding the incubation female, provisioning the brood, and defending the nest. For responses of dominant pairs, we unexpectedly found that clutch size was not influenced by the presence of helpers at the nest. However, cooperative groups had higher brood feeding rates than biparental nests and their feeding pattern also differed to that of the latter. Consequently, nestlings in cooperative groups had larger fledging body mass than that in biparental nests. By examining reasons for nest failure, we revealed that conspecific nest-raiding contributed to more nest failure than any other natural predators. Because of the contribution of helpers in defending against both predators and conspecific nest-raiders, cooperative groups had higher survival rate than biparental nests. Thus, our findings suggest that in a highly-clumped nesting pattern, factors concerning the risk of nest predation, rather than that influencing food supply, play an important role in determining helper effects and responses of aided dominant pairs.
Effect of Helpers Program On-line Training on Smoking Relapse and Social Networks
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05641974. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
The Effect of the Helper Skin Tap Technique and Buzzy® During Vaccination
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06312228. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 5.
Data from: Egg size investment in superb fairy-wrens: helper effects are modulated by climate
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Data from: Helper effects in the azure-winged magpie Cyanopica cyana in relation to highly-clumped nesting pattern and high frequency of conspecific nest-raiding
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Data from: Variable helper effects, ecological conditions, and the evolution of cooperative breeding in the acorn woodpecker
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Data from: Social genetic and social environment effects on parental and helper care in a cooperatively breeding bird
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Data from: Male and female helper effects on maternal investment and adult survival in red-winged fairy-wrens
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Data from: Antagonistic effect of helpers on breeding male and female survival in a cooperatively breeding bird
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Differential and cooperative effects of IL-25 and IL-33 on T helper cells contribute to cryptococcal virulence and brain infection
GEO Series GSE229703. Mus musculus. 4 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
The Effects of Yoga in Mental Health Professional Helpers
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02228161. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Characterization of the Effect of Tocilizumab in Vivo and in Vitro on T Follicular Helper Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients and Consequence on B Cells Maturation
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02569736. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
The effects of sorafenib treatment on the T helper cell (Th9) population
GEO Series GSE280958. Mus musculus. 6 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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