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22 results for “hemiparasitic”
Data for: Local adaptation of a generalist hemiparasitic plant to one of its potential host plants
<p>Coevolution is often found in parasite-host interactions but has not yet been described for hemiparasitic plants and their hosts. Root hemiparasites like <em>Rhinanthus alectorolophus</em> perform photosynthesis but also parasitize other plant species, some of which (e.g. <em>Plantago lanceolata</em>) may defend themselves against parasite attack by blocking the haustoria of the parasites. We grew seedlings of the hemiparasite <em>Rhinanthus alectorolophus</em> and the potential host <em>Plantago lanceolata</em> from seven grassland sites in a factorial design. To detect differences in host defence, we also included hosts from two 'naïve' populations from regions where the parasite does not occur.<em> R. alectorolophus</em> grew consistently larger and had higher fitness with sympatric than with allopatric hosts, suggesting parasite adaptation to local host populations. Moreover, <em>R. alectorolophus</em> remained smallest with allopatric hosts from the same region and reached intermediate sizes with allopatric hosts from other regions or naïve hosts, suggesting host adaptation to parasites at the regional scale. Parasite presence reduced the size of the host plants already after four weeks, but only that of hosts with 'experience' of the parasite, suggesting an early host response. Follow-up experiments confirmed that parasites attach to hosts already after four weeks and hosts respond by changing belowground allocation patterns. However, parasite roots did not preferentially grow towards sympatric hosts. Our results suggest that local adaptation to hosts can occur even in generalist parasites and does not require specialization on individual hosts. We discuss the role of potential mechanisms, including variation in chemical signalling (early) and in host defence (late effects).</p>
Data for: Local adaptation of a generalist hemiparasitic plant to one of its potential host plants
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Life history evolution, species differences and phenotypic plasticity in hemiparasitic eyebrights (Euphrasia)
<p><span>Premise of the study: Species delimitation in parasitic organisms is challenging as traits used in the identification of species are often plastic and vary depending on the host. Here, we use species from a recent radiation of generalist hemiparasitic <i>Euphrasia</i> to investigate trait variation and trait plasticity. We test whether <i>Euphrasia</i> species show reliable trait differences, investigate whether these differences correspond to life history trade-offs between growth and reproduction, and quantify plasticity in response to host species.<br> Methods: We perform common garden experiments to evaluate trait differences between eleven <i>Euphrasia</i> taxa grown on a common host, document phenotypic plasticity when a single <i>Euphrasia</i> species is grown on eight different hosts, and relate our observations to trait differences recorded in the wild.<br> Key results: <i>Euphrasia</i> exhibit variation in life history strategies; some individuals transition rapidly to flower at the expense of early season growth, while others invest in vegetative growth and delay flowering. Life history differences are present between some species, though many related taxa lack clear-cut trait differences. Species differences are further blurred by phenotypic plasticity—many traits are plastic and change with host type or between environments.<br> Conclusions: Phenotypic plasticity in response to host and environment confounds species delimitation in <i>Euphrasia</i>. When grown in a common garden environment it is possible to identify some morphologically distinct taxa, though others represent morphologically similar shallow segregates. Trait differences present between some species and populations demonstrates the </span>rapid evolution of distinct life history strategies in response to local ecological conditions<span>.</span></p>
FIGURES 37–41 in Five new species of Hypseloecus Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae) on hemiparasitic Santalales from India
FIGURES 37–41. Hypseloecus spinosus, sp. nov., male genitalia, 37. pygophore, 38. left paramere, 39. right paramere, 40. phallotheca, 41. endosoma.
FIGURES 27–31 in Five new species of Hypseloecus Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae) on hemiparasitic Santalales from India
FIGURES 27–31. Hypseloecus belli sp. nov., male genitalia, 27. pygophore, 28. left paramere, 29. right paramere, 30. phallotheca, 31. endosoma.
FIGURES 32–36 in Five new species of Hypseloecus Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae) on hemiparasitic Santalales from India
FIGURES 32–36. Hypseloecus orientale sp. nov., male genitalia, 32. pygophore, 33. left paramere, 34. right paramere, 35. phallotheca, 36. endosoma.
FIGURES 22–26 in Five new species of Hypseloecus Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae) on hemiparasitic Santalales from India
FIGURES 22–26. Hypseloecus articulatus sp. nov., male genitalia, 22. pygophore, 23. left paramere, 24. right paramere, 25. phallotheca, 26. endosoma.
FIGURES 17–21 in Five new species of Hypseloecus Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae) on hemiparasitic Santalales from India
FIGURES 17–21. Hypseloecus acutus sp. nov., male genitalia, 17. pygophore, 18. left paramere, 19. right paramere, 20. phallotheca, 21. endosoma.
FIGURES 9–16 in Five new species of Hypseloecus Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae) on hemiparasitic Santalales from India
FIGURES 9–16. Habitus of Hypseloecus spp. 11–16. alive, 9. H. spinosus sp. nov., male, 10. H. spinosus sp. nov., female; scale = 1.0 mm, 11&12. Nymphs and adults of H. belli sp. nov. on its host Dendrophthoe falcate; 13&14. Nymph and adult of H articulatus sp. nov. on its host Viscum articulatum, 15&16. Adults of H. orientale sp. nov. on its host Viscum orientale.
FIGURES 1–8 in Five new species of Hypseloecus Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae) on hemiparasitic Santalales from India
FIGURES 1–8. Habitus of Hypseloecus spp., 1. H. acutus sp. nov., male, 2. H. acutus sp. nov., female; 3. H. articulatus sp. nov., male, 4. H. articulatus sp. nov., female; 5. H. belli sp. nov., male, 6. H. belli sp. nov., female; 7. H. orientale sp. nov., male, 8. H. orientale sp. nov., female; scale = 1.0 mm.
Host age affects the performance of the root hemiparasitic plant Rhinanthus alectorolophus
<p><span>Interactions between root hemiparasitic plants and their hosts are strongly affected by host identity but may also depend on the condition of the host. A</span><span>n important determinant of host quality could be host age, as it may influence host size, allocation patterns, responses to infection, and the strength of competition for light between parasite and host. </span><span>We investigated the effects of host species identity, host age and above-ground separation of hemiparasite and host on the </span><span>interactions between the hemiparasite <em>Rhinanthus</em> <em>alectorolophus</em> and five host species in a factorial experiment. The host species were planted at six different times, from ten weeks before the parasite was planted to four weeks after. </span><span>Host age strongly influenced the performance of the parasite, but these effects also varied among host species. </span><span>Parasites grew largest with hosts planted at the same time or two weeks earlier, but their performance strongly declined both with increasing host age and with the time they grew autotrophically. A large part of the variation due to host age but not of that due to host species identity could be related to the negative influence of host size at the likely time of parasite attachment. The low quality of older hosts was not due to light competition, suggesting that effective exploitation of these hosts was prevented by other factors like harder roots, stronger defence against parasite attack or competition for resources taken up by the host roots. Suppression of host growth by the parasites declined with increasing host age. The results indicate that the choice of host age may influence the results of studies on hemiparasites. They also highlight the importance for annual root hemiparasites of attachment in early spring, i.e. at a time when their mostly perennial hosts produce fresh roots but are still poorly developed above ground.</span></p>
Effect of multiple hosts on hemiparasite growth
<p>This dataset shows the effect of<br> 1) host number on hemiparasite growth<br> 2) parasite N supply on host / parasite dynamics</p>
Data from: Suppressing competitive dominants and community restoration with native parasitic plants using the hemiparasitic Rhinanthus alectorolophus and the dominant grass Calamagrostis epigejos
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Host age affects the performance of the root hemiparasitic plant Rhinanthus alectorolophus
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Life history evolution, species differences and phenotypic plasticity in hemiparasitic eyebrights (Euphrasia)
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Data from: Multiple choice: hemiparasite performance in multi-species mixtures
Hemiparasitic plants have green leaves, but extract water and solutes from neighbouring plants. It is still poorly understood how different host plants in communities contribute to parasite performance, as species that are good hosts in single-host experiments may not necessarily be preferred hosts in mixtures. We grew the root hemiparasite Rhinanthus alectorolophus (Orobanchaceae) together with each of 13 host species (experiment 1) and with 15 different four-species mixtures of these hosts (exp. 2) that differed in the number of legumes and of host functional groups. Parasites profited from mixtures including more legumes and from mixtures including different host functional groups. Some host species and mixtures were very tolerant of parasitism and supported large parasites without being strongly suppressed in their own growth, but the suppression of a species in the single-host experiment did not explain the suppression of a species in a host mixture. We thus calculated for each host species an index of the difference in suppression between the two experiments which may be related to host use in a mixture. Host quality (mean parasite biomass with a host species) in the single-host experiment could explain 64% of the variation in parasite biomass with a host mixture when it was weighted by the proportion of the host species in the mixture without the parasite and by the suppression difference index. Our results suggest that plant species which are the best hosts in single-host experiments are not always those used most strongly by a parasite growing with a mixture. Together with the finding that hemiparasites benefit from a mixed diet based on hosts from different functional groups this suggests that parasites prefer certain host species to obtain a mixed diet.
Data from: Hemiparasites can transmit indirect effects from their host plants to herbivores
Parasitic plants can serve as critical intermediaries between their hosts and other organisms; however these relationships are not well understood. To investigate the relative importance of plant traits in such interactions, we studied the role of the root hemiparasite, Castilleja levisecta (Orobanchaceae), as a mediator of interactions between the host plants it parasitizes and the lepidopteran herbivore Euphydryas editha (Nymphalidae), whose caterpillars feed on Castilleja and sequester iridoid glycosides from it. We tested whether the hemiparasite's size, leaf N concentration, and iridoid glycoside concentrations were influenced by the identity of its host plant, and then whether these traits influenced outcomes for the herbivore. We found that the hemiparasite's size and leaf N depended on the host it parasitized, and these traits in turn affected outcomes for E. editha. Specifically, Euphydryas editha survival increased with hemiparasite size and caterpillar mass increased with leaf N; caterpillars with greater mass were more likely to survive during diapause. We also found preliminary evidence that host identity influenced iridoid glycoside sequestration by the herbivore. Mean iridoid glycoside concentrations in caterpillars ranged from 1-12% depending on the host being parasitized by Castilleja. This study demonstrates that root parasitism can result in strong indirect effects on higher trophic levels, influencing organisms' survival, growth, and chemical interactions.
Supplementary material 1 from: Těšitelová T, Knotková K, Knotek A, Cempírková H, Těšitel J (2024) Root hemiparasites suppress invasive alien clonal plants: evidence from a cultivation experiment. NeoBiota 90: 97-121. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.90.113069
Supplementary information
Supplementary material 2 from: Těšitelová T, Knotková K, Knotek A, Cempírková H, Těšitel J (2024) Root hemiparasites suppress invasive alien clonal plants: evidence from a cultivation experiment. NeoBiota 90: 97-121. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.90.113069
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Data from: Hemiparasites can transmit indirect effects from their host plants to herbivores
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