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251 results for “herbicide”
Seedling emergence and biomass data of nine dryland plant species characterizing the impact of soil residual auxin herbicide across two soil types and water pulse events on greenhouse growth; Las Cruces, New Mexico, Spring 2021.
Synthetic-auxin herbicides are often used to control woody plants and aid in grassland restoration. Seed-based restoration is common alongside herbicide applications and there may be unintended effects of these herbicides on dryland plant species at the seed and seedling stages. Additionally, abiotic conditions at the time of herbicide application may influence herbicide-soil-plant interactions. We conducted a greenhouse study to examine the effects of a common shrub-control herbicide mix and its interaction with soil type and a post-herbicide water pulse on common desert plant seeds and seedlings. In this greenhouse study, we found that a subset of species responded negatively to soil residual herbicide activity of a mixture of aminopyralid, clopyralid, and triclopyr at the seed and seedling stages. Species sensitive to soil herbicide residues were primarily shrub and forb species that are often the target species of herbicide applications for woody plant control, such as Prosopis glandulosa (honey mesquite) and Larrea tridentata (creosote bush). However, two shrub species (Atriplex canescens [four-wing saltbush] and Yucca elata [soaptree yucca]) and one perennial grass species (Digitaria californica [Arizona cottontop]), which are used in dryland restoration projects, were found to be particularly sensitive to soil residual herbicide activity. Thus, if using these herbicides to control woody plants and restore herbaceous vegetation via active seeding or relying on the in situ seed bank, considerations should be given to what species are used in the seed mix, what species are already present in the soil seed bank, and other details of the circumstances of herbicide application.
The interactive effects of predator stress, predation, and the herbicide Roundup®
These data are from a mesocosm experiment examined how lethal predators and cues from caged predators potentially interacted with four concentrations of the herbicide Roundup® in its effects on three species of tadpoles (gray tree frogs, green frogs, bulfrogs).
Jornada Basin and Experimental Range Mesquite Herbicide Project (JERHM) Core Methods Data, 2020-2022
This dataset includes contains line-point intercept, plant height, gap, and species inventory data collected over three years (2020-2022) as part of the Jornada Experimental Range Herbicide Mesquite Project (JERHM). Data were collected to assess plant community composition and structural change to herbicide application across a Black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda) grassland to Honey mesquite (Neltuma glandulosa [=Prosopis glandulosa]) shrubland encroachment gradient. Twenty sets of paired, 5-hectare plots (n=40 plots total) were established across a N. glandulosa encroachment gradient in 2020. One plot within each plot pair received an aerial application of herbicide in 2021, with the second plot left untreated by herbicide as a control. Data were collected annually following the following the Monitoring Manual for Grassland, Shrubland, and Savanna Ecosystems (Herrick et al. 2017) on each of three, 50m permanent transects established on each plot. These data are also available within the Landscape Data Commons (https://landscapedatacommons.org/) under ProjectKey=Jornada_JERHM. There are no immediate plans to continue data collection.
New effects of Roundup on amphibians: Predators reduce herbicide mortality while herbicides induce anti-predator morphology, 2006.
The use of pesticides is important for growing crops and protecting human health by reducing the prevalence of targeted pest species. However, less attention is given to the potential unintended effects on nontarget species, including taxonomic groups that are of current conservation concern. One issue raised in recent years is the potential for pesticides to become more lethal in the presence of predatory cues, a phenomenon observed thus far only in the laboratory. A second issue is whether pesticides can induce unintended trait changes in nontarget species, particularly trait changes that might mimic adaptive responses to natural environmental stressors. Using outdoor mesocosms, I created simple wetland communities containing leaf litter, algae, zooplankton, and three species of tadpoles (wood frogs [Rana sylvatica or Lithobates sylvaticus], leopard frogs [R. pipiens or L. pipiens], and American toads [Bufo americanus or Anaxyrus americanus]). I exposed the communities to a factorial combination of environmentally relevant herbicide concentrations (0, 1, 2, or 3 mg acid equivalents [a.e.]/L of Roundup Original MAX) crossed with three predator-cue treatments (no predators, adult newts [Notophthalmus viridescens], or larval dragonflies [Anax junius]). Without predator cues, mortality rates from Roundup were consistent with past studies. Combined with cues from the most risky predator (i.e., dragonflies), Roundup became less lethal (in direct contrast to past laboratory studies). This reduction in mortality was likely caused by the herbicide stratifying in the water column and predator cues scaring the tadpoles down to the benthos where herbicide concentrations were lower. Even more striking was the discovery that Roundup induced morphological changes in the tadpoles. In wood frog and leopard frog tadpoles, Roundup induced relatively deeper tails in the same direction and of the same magnitude as the adaptive changes induced by dragonfly cues. To my knowledge, this i
Jornada Basin and Experimental Range Mesquite Herbicide Project (JERHM) Connectivity Modifier Data, 2023
This dataset includes plant community composition, plant litter, soil depth, and shrub interspace fetch distance data collected in 2023 as part of the Jornada Experimental Range Herbicide Mesquite Project (JERHM). Data were collected to characterize plant community and ecosystem resource (plant litter, soil depth) responses to the use of Connectivity Modifiers (ConMods), which are used to reduce bare ground connectivity, alongside herbicide application to reduce honey mesquite (Neltuma glandulosa [=Prosopis glandulosa]) encroachment. ConMod and control (rebar-only) arrays were installed on 16 paired, 5-hectare plots, with one plot within each pair randomly selected to receive herbicide treatment in 2021 to reduce N. glandulosa abundance, or left untreated for comparison. Approximately 6 months after herbicide application (spring 2022), 12-unit ConMod and control (rebar-only) arrays were installed on experimental plots within 8 randomly selected N. glandulosa shrub interspaces (n = 8 arrays per plot, 4 per array type). Data were collected in the fall of 2023 at the end of the second growing season following array installation. There are no immediate plans to continue data collection.
Transcriptomic signatures induced by the herbicide bentazone and pharmaceutical atorvastatin in Myriophyllum spicatum
<p>Within this study, the non-model organism Myriophyllum spicatum was used to evaluate ecotoxic modes of action at the gene expression level. M. spicatum was exposed to low-effect concentrations of bentazone and atorvastatin in a shortened and modified version of the OECD guideline test No. 239, followed by RNA extraction of the shoot tip tissue and a subsequent RNA-seq analysis utilizing a de novo assembly of the transcriptome. While the herbicide bentazone is an inhibitor of photosynthesis, the widely spread pharmaceutical atorvastatin acts as an inhibitor of the hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase and thus the isoprenoid biosynthesis. The aim of this study was to determine molecular fingerprints and biomarkers distinguishing these distinct modes of action at a molecular level.</p>
Figure 1 in Exposure of the snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum to herbicide boosts output and survival of parasite infective stages
Figure 1. Mean (±SE) number of cercariae emerging per day from individual snails, P. antipodarum, exposed to either control water, low, medium or high concentrations of the herbicide glyphosate. Data are shown separately for the trematodes C. parvum (N = 6 snails for each treatment), Apatemon sp. (N = 3), and an undescribed renicolid species from two localities (Tomahawk Lagoon, N = 12; Lake Waihola, N = 9). In each case, different letters on the bars indicate mean values that are significantly different (Tukey–Kramer tests, P <0.05).
Data for Hogan et al. 2024: "Basal bark herbicide treatment of Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle) is effective regardless of application timing, with limited nontarget effects on native plant diversity"
<p>Data to accompany the following publication, currently in press:</p> <p>Hogan, K.F.E., K.Baker, E.M. Bach, N.A. Barber. Basal bark herbicide treatment of Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle) is e ective regardless of application timing, with limited nontarget e ects on native plant diversity. In press, Ecological Solutions and Evidence</p> <p> </p> <p>Paper abstract: </p> <p><span>Managers tasked with controlling invasive species require effective methods that are quick and easy to use without inflicting extensive nontarget damage, while also being compatible with other scheduled management responsibilities. <em>Lonicera maackii</em> (Amur honeysuckle) is a non-native shrub that has invaded eastern and midwestern North American deciduous forests, altering ecosystem function and reducing biodiversity. </span><span>This study explores prescribed fire and seasonal basal applications of triclopyr ester as control methods and examines the extent of nontarget damage. We used paired-split plots to implement basal bark treatments in different seasons within burned and unburned units, and we tracked individual<em> L. maackii</em> to determine mortality and hyperlocal impacts of management. </span><span>Basal bark treatments killed 98.4% of <em>L. maackii</em> across seasonal timings. Nontarget plant cover immediately declined similarly for all herbicide application seasons, but the early- and late-spring treatments showing signs of recovery within four years. Meanwhile, species richness showed biologically small but statistically different declines across all treatment times. Prescribed fire did not impact <em>L. maackii </em>mortality or interact with herbicide efficacy. </span><span>Basal bark applications of triclopyr are an effective means of <em>L. maackii</em> control regardless of application timing, which allows managers to implement it at their convenience to avoid interfering with other management tasks that have time constraints.</span></p>
Figure 3. Limnocoris submontandoni testis with clomazone 162 in Ecotoxicological effects of commercial herbicides on the reproductive system of aquatic arthropod Limnocoris submontandoni (Hemiptera: Naucoridae)
Figure 3. Limnocoris submontandoni testis with clomazone 162 mg / L, (A) Apparent enlargement of the testicular interstice and degeneration of some spermatoids (SPTI), with normal concentrations of spermatozoa (SPTZ) in the outer regions, (B) spermatocytes (SPTO) with normal appearance and sperm (SPTZ) with slight alteration of spermatids (SPTI), C) profusion of sperm (SPTZ) with a high degree of compaction, indicating high rates of spermatogenesis and integrity of tubular cells (arrowhead). Dye: Toluidine Blue.
Figure 1 in Ecotoxicological effects of commercial herbicides on the reproductive system of aquatic arthropod Limnocoris submontandoni (Hemiptera: Naucoridae)
Figure 1. Photomicrographs of the control group of Limnocoris submontandoni, (A) helical distribution of the seminiferous tubule with germ cells, spermatogonia (SPGO), spermatocytes (SPTO), spermatids (SPTI), sperms (SPTZ), (B) spermatocytes (SPTO) and spermatids (SPTI) in different degrees of maturation, (C) spermatocytes (SPTO) with slightly colored areas (*) displaced to one of the cell poles, spermatids (SPTI) with different degrees of maturation, acrosome vesicle (arrows), elongation of slightly colored structures (**), elongated cells forming the tubular wall (arrowhead), core (n), (D) Spermatids (SPTI) in different degrees of maturation, spermatozoa (SPTZ) forming compact bundles and very elongated nucleus, nucleus (n) and acrosome vesicles (arrows) of some spermatoids and (E) Compact sperm bundles (SPTZ), sperm nuclei (n), tubular wall cells (arrowhead) and tracheole (tr). Dye: Toluidine Blue.
Figure 4 in Herbicide-resistance management: a common pool resource problem?
Figure 4. Attributes of resource users associated with cooperative behavior and self-governance. Adapted from Schlager (2004, 152).
Figure 3 in Herbicide-resistance management: a common pool resource problem?
Figure 3. Attributes of common pool resources associated with cooperative behavior and self-governance. Adapted from Schlager (2004, 151–152).
Figure 1 in Herbicide-resistance management: a common pool resource problem?
Figure 1. Diagram of pesticide resistance as common property resource based on Miranowski and Carlson (1986). In this conceptualization, the common property resource is pest susceptibility, which is composed of a stock variable and a flow variable. Pest resistance is initially a renewable resource but becomes depleted over time through repeated use of chemicals. Thus, the actions of certain individuals may deplete the resource stock for others.
Figure 2 in Herbicide-resistance management: a common pool resource problem?
Figure 2. This diagram conceptualizes herbicide resistance as a common pool resource problem. Importantly, two conjoined common pool resources—herbicides and the weed gene pool—make up this resource system. Following common pool resource theory, this diagram illustrates the interconnectedness of four stock variables: (1) supply of a herbicide; (2) supply of a weed gene pool susceptible to a herbicide; (3) supply of a weed gene pool resistant to a herbicide; and (4) supply of herbicide efficacy on a weed gene pool. We have also diagramed corresponding flow variables or resource units (RU). In a generalized way, the use of a herbicide application (F1) influences the weed gene pool. However, the weed gene pool (S2 and S3) also acts independently of herbicide use and is influenced by both biological dynamics and social dynamics. Importantly, dynamics involving the weed gene pool are complex and include spatial and temporal variability in both the plant population and weed seedbank. The characteristics of the weed gene pool (S2 and S3) then affect the efficacy of the herbicide (S4) and whether its effectiveness is renewable or whether it becomes a finite stock resource. The quality of the herbicide (S4) may ultimately affect the supply of the herbicide (S1), if declining efficacy takes away from the herbicide's economic and chemical utility. In particular, the quality of these two common pool resources and not simply the quantity makes it a very complex resource arrangement. Factors adding complexity include that the weed gene pool is simultaneously both a pest and a resource. Furthermore, when the weed gene pool is characterized as a resource (its susceptibility to herbicides), the quality of this resource depends primarily upon provisioning practices of the common pool resource that keep the quality intact.In other words, following resource practices that do not allow internal or external resistance into the gene pool is key to maintaining its quality. The lack of quality from underprovisioning may result in a finite stock supply of the resource (i.e., weed gene pool susceptible to herbicides).Overappropriation (i.e., quantity or overharvesting of the resource) is a concern,in that it can be connected to poor provisioning practices.Aside from using a resource unit of herbicide in an application, the resource user does not directly appropriate or harvest from the system. This schematic only covers a generalized scenario, and more finescale analysis is needed to tease apart the complex relationships existing among herbicides and the weed gene pool.
Figure 7 in Interference and management of herbicide-resistant crop volunteers
Figure 7. Individual rows of weedy rice accessions or cultivated rice cultivars 8 d following a post-flood application of benzobicyclon at 371 g ai ha−1. Healthy rows are cultivated rice or resistant weedy rice accessions, whereas chlorotic rows are benzobicyclon-sensitive weedy rice accessions.
Figure 9 in Interference and management of herbicide-resistant crop volunteers
Figure 9. Field-scale evaluation of imidazolinone-resistant (ClearfieldṜ) wheat compared with non–herbicide resistant wheat (including volunteers the following year) in Saskatchewan, Canada, in the early 2000s (adapted from Beckie et al. 2011).
Figure 4 in Interference and management of herbicide-resistant crop volunteers
Figure 4. Symptoms of (A) glufosinate on glyphosate-resistant volunteer corn in glufosinate-resistant soybean and (B) sethoxydim on glyphosate/glufosinate-resistant volunteer corn in dicamba/glyphosate-resistant soybean.
Figure 2 in Interference and management of herbicide-resistant crop volunteers
Figure 2. Soybean after corn is a typical rotation in the midwestern United States. If not controlled, volunteer corn is a problem weed in soybean fields.
Figure 1 in Interference and management of herbicide-resistant crop volunteers
Figure 1. Glyphosate- and glufosinate-resistant canola volunteers in adjacent fields in Saskatchewan, Canada, due to bidirectional pollen-mediated gene flow the previous year.
Figure 1. Response curves for percent acetyl-coenzyme A in Detecting the effect of ACCase-targeting herbicides on ACCase activity utilizing a malachite green colorimetric functional assay
Figure 1. Response curves for percent acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) activities of resistant and susceptible Digitaria ciliaris biotypes in response to the increasing concentrations of the ACCase-targeting herbicides, sethoxydim, clethodim,fluazifop-p-butyl, and pinoxaden.The response was modeled based on the log rate of ACCase-targeting herbicides to create equal spacing between rates using least-squares fit regression of ACCase activity to the non-treated check. Means are represented by differing symbols for each biotype, and regression equation models are represented by differing line types for each biotype. Vertical bars represent the standard errors of the means (n = 6). Digitaria ciliaris biotypes: R1 and R2, resistant; S, susceptible. The concentration of ACCase-targeting herbicides required to cause 50% inhibition of ACCase activity (IC50) was calculated from concentration-response curves. CI, confidence interval.
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