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1,187 results for “herbivores”
Hierarchical herbivore exclosure vegetation canopy cover at 3 sites across grassland-shrubland ecotones, 2022
The goal of this dataset is to examine long-term effects of multiple herbivore groups on canopy cover of plants across a shrub encroachment gradient (i.e., Ecotone Study) using herbivore exclusion treatments. Plots (2x2-m) were controls (open to all herbivores), large herbivore exclusion (lagomorph, rodent access), or full exclusion (no herbivore access). Plots were established in 2001 across grassland-shrubland ecotones in patches of black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda with >75% cover). Biomass of B. eriopoda was physically removed from the center 40x40-cm2 patch of each treatment to simulate disturbance. We sampled the controls and herbivore exclosure plots in summer 2022 to evaluate the long-term influence of herbivore exclusion on B. eriopoda recovery and overall canopy cover.
Grass seedling survival and microhabitat vegetation cover among herbivore exclusion treatments across grassland-shrubland ecotones at 3 sites, 2022 and 2023
The aim of this study is to reveal how mammalian herbivores differentially affect the survival of grass seedlings depending on herbivore taxa (cattle, oryx, lagomorphs, rodents) and microhabitat vegetation structure surrounding grass seedlings. This dataset includes data tracking the survival of grass seedlings among herbivore exclusion treatments across grassland, ecotone, and shrubland habitats. Seedling survival trials were established at 3 spatial blocks associated with the Ecotone Study: JER Pastures 9 and 12, and CDRRC Pasture 3. Survival trials were conducted on Pasture 12 in 2022, and on Pastures 3, 9, and 12 in 2023. Each spatial block contained 3 sites (grassland, ecotone, shrubland) that were further subdivided into 5 replicate plots (n = 45 plots). Two trays (1 control open to all herbivores, 1 caged allowing only rodent access) of 25 seedlings each were buried at ground level at each plot and their condition (i.e., alive & undamaged, alive & herbivore damaged, senesced or absent via herbivory, senesced due to environmental stress, resprouted following herbivory, unknown fate, or herbivory following senescence) recorded every 3 days for a total of 15 days. Microhabitat vegetation cover surrounding the seedling trays was collected using ocular estimates of cover across plant functional types (e.g., perennial grasses, forbs, sub-shrubs, shrubs, etc.) within 1 square-meter PVC quadrats placed on both the east and west face of seedling trays established in the field. Maximum height of vegetative (non-reproductive) plant tissue of each functional type was additionally recorded to gauge the level of grass seedling concealment.
MCR LTER: Coral Reef: Modeling the effects of selectively fishing key functional groups of herbivores on coral resilience; data for Cook et al., 2023 Ecosphere
These data and code were generated in support of the manuscript: Cook DT, Schmitt RJ, Holbrook SJ, and HV Moeller, Ecosphere. To investigate the impacts of selectively harvesting functional groups of herbivorous fishes on coral resilience, we used a dynamic model that is grounded by the coral reef system in Moorea, French Polynesia. Our model simulates the fraction of a reef occupied through time by classes of key benthic spaceholders (coral, two stages of macroalgae, and turf). Benthic and fishing dynamics are linked through the harvesting of two functional groups of herbivorous fishes. We utilize data collected on the abundance of fishes on the reef and in the catch in Moorea, French Polynesia to inform our model and to empirically explore patterns of fishing selectivity. These data and code were published in Ecosphere and were a part of the thesis of D. Cook (2023). This manuscript uses data collected by the U.S. National Science Foundation's (NSF) Moorea Coral Reef Long Term Ecological Research (MCR LTER) site under Grant No. OCE 2224354 (and earlier awards). Additional financial support to the MCR LTER site was provided through a generous gift from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Research was completed under permits issued by the French Polynesian Government (Délégation à la Recherche) and the Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie Francaise (DTRT) (Protocole d'Accueil 2005-2023).
Herbivore dung and parasite counts, Ol Pejeta Conservancy and Mpala Research Centre, Kenya (2015-2018)
Data package contains two datasets of dung surveys, one dataset of parasite egg measurements, and two camera trap datasets collected from Mpala Research Centre and Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Laikipia County, Kenya from November 2015-September 2018. Datasets are provided as part of the publication `Watering sources aggregate parasites with increasing effects in more arid conditions`. Source data files for figures in the manuscript are also provided here.
Oak litter decomposition parameters across 19 Nutrient Network grassland sites in response to NPK and herbivore exclusion treatments
These data are from a study examining how herbivory and nutrient supply affect long-term aboveground decomposition. A novel oak litter was decomposed across 19 grassland sites of the Nutrient Network distributed experiment. At each site, a full-factorial experiment of combined nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium plus micronutrients ('control' or 'NPK') and mammalian herbivore exclusion ('fencing') was carried out in a randomized block design. The duration of the decomposition experiment varied by site but litter bags were harvested at approximately annual intervals for up to seven years. Litter decay parameters were calculated using four alternative statistical models of litter decomposition. Covariate data describing site and plot-level abiotic and biotic characteristics were also measured, including climate, atmospheric nitrogen deposition, live and dead aboveground biomass, and percent cover.
Carbon dioxide flux measurements and plot photographs from Arctic LTER Heath Tundra herbivore exclosures, Toolik Field Station, Alaska 2013
Ecosystem carbon dioxide (CO2) flux light response curves were measured from Arctic LTER heath tundra herbivore exclosures. Plot photographs were taken of each subplot using five consumer grade red, green and blue (RGB) wavelength camera. Structure from motion (SFM) photogrammetric method was then used to derive canopy structure. This file contains the CO2, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data and photographs for each plot.
MCR LTER: Coral Reef: Patterns and implications of spatial covariation in herbivore functions on resilience of coral reefs
These data and code were generated in support of the manuscript: Cook DT, Holbrook SJ, and Schmitt RJ, Scientific Reports. In 2017, we collected biological and physical data from 20 sites along the north shore of Moorea, French Polynesia, to investigate spatial patterns in grazing and browsing functions of herbivorous fishes, environmental correlates, and implications for coral resilience. In addition to the data collected at the 20 north shore sites, we conducted a 10-day field experiment to assess the relationship between browsing intensity and potential of reversing a coral-to-macroalgae shift. This material uses data collected by the U.S. National Science Foundation's (NSF) Moorea Coral Reef Long Term Ecological Research (MCR LTER) site under Grant No. OCE 2224354 (and earlier awards). Additional financial support to the MCR LTER site was provided through a generous gift from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Research was completed under permits issued by the French Polynesian Government (Délégation à la Recherche) and the Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie Francaise (DTRT) (Protocole d'Accueil 2005-2025).
Tussock (Eriophorum vaginatum) density, mortality, and rodent-herbivore activity in moist acidic tussock tundra at the site of the 2007 Anaktuvuk River fire and nearby unburned tundra, measured in 2019
This dataset consists of tussock density, mortality rates and causes, and an assesment of rodent-herbivore activity levels in previously burned (2007 Anaktuvuk River fire) and unburned tussock tundra. Eriophourm vaginatum tussocks were counted every meter within a 1 square meter quadrat along three transects. Cause of tussock mortality, as well as level of rodent herbivory was assessed for each tussock, and rodent herbivore activity was assessed for each quadrat. The goal of the project was to examine the impact of post-fire changes in plant community composition and structure on habitat suitability and rodent herbivore activity in response to a large, severe, and unprecedented fire in northern Alaska moist acidic tundra.
EJR01 Foraging decisions underlying restricted space-use: effects of fire and forage maturation on large herbivore nutrient uptake on Konza Prairie
Recent models suggest that herbivores optimize nutrient intake by selecting patches of low to intermediate vegetation biomass. We assessed the application of this hypothesis to plains bison (Bison bison) in an experimental grassland managed with fire by estimating daily rates of nutrient intake in relation to grass biomass and by measuring patch selection in experimental watersheds in which grass biomass was manipulated by prescribed burning. Digestible crude protein content of grass declined linearly with increasing biomass, and the mean digestible protein content relative to grass biomass was greater in burned watersheds than watersheds not burned that spring (intercept; F1,251 = 50.57, P < 0.0001). Linking these values to published functional response parameters, ad libitum protein intake, and protein expenditure parameters, Fryxell's (Am. Nat., 1991, 138, 478) model predicted that the daily rate of protein intake should be highest when bison feed in grasslands with 400 - 600 kg/ha. In burned grassland sites, where bison spend most of their time, availability of grass biomass ranged between 40 and 3650 kg/ha, bison selected foraging areas of roughly 690 kg/ha, close to the value for protein intake maximization predicted by the model. The seasonal net protein intake predicted for large grazers in this study suggest feeding in burned grassland can be more beneficial for nutrient uptake relative to unburned grassland as long as grass regrowth is possible. Foraging site selection for grass patches of low to intermediate biomass help explain patterns of uniform space use reported previously for large grazers in fire-prone systems. This data set was used to test the forage maturation hypothesis in the Konza Prairie bison enclosure from 2012-2013. Our objectives were to quantify foraging site selection of Plains bison in order to determine if bison in a fire-prone grassland selected sites of low-to-intermediate forage biomass as posited by Fryxell’s (1991) forage mat
MCR LTER: Coral Reef Resilience: North Shore Herbivorous Fish Counts, Habitat Associations, and Substrate, 2010
These data describe the species abundance, size distributions, and habitat associations of roving herbivorous fishes (fishes belonging to the families, Acanthuridae, Scaridae, and Siganidae) found in different habitats in the lagoon and forereef on the north shore of Moorea. Adult fishes and large juveniles were counted (and their size estimated) by a SCUBA diver or snorkeler on thirty-four 50 m by 5 m wide transects. After counting large fishes, the entire transect was swam a second time, with the diver looking exclusively for small juvenile fishes on a 1 m swath. In addition to recording the species identity and estimated size of each juvenile encountered, the diver also recorded the particular microhabitat each individual or group of individuals was associated with. Finally, to quantify the relative availability of different types of microhabitat, the diver conducted point contacts where the primary benthic substrate was identified at regular (1 m) intervals on the same transect. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE 16-37396 (and earlier awards) as well as a generous gift from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Research was completed under permits issued by the French Polynesian Government (Délégation à la Recherche) and the Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie Francaise (DTRT) (Protocole d'Accueil 2005-2018). This work represents a contribution of the Moorea Coral Reef (MCR) LTER Site.
MCR LTER: Coral Reef Resilience: Herbivore Bite Rates on the North Shore Forereef July-August 2010
These data describe bite rates of two abundant species of roving herbivorous fishes found on the forereef, Chlorurus sordidus (Scaridae), and Ctenochaetus striatus (Acanthuridae). During several days in July and August 2010, a SCUBA diver followed individual focal fish for a period of up to 5 minutes and recorded the number of bites taken as well the types of substrates bitten. Upon randomly locating a focal individual, divers estimated the total length of that individual as well as their depth at the initiation (and termination) of the observation. Data are organized in two data tables. The first data table (Focal_Herbivore_Bite_Rates) contains individuals that were observed at two depths (~ 10 m and ~ 17 m) at LTER 1 as part of a balanced sampling design (see Sampling Protocol/Design). The second data table (Additional_Bite_Rate_Data) contains individuals that were observed opportunistically at LTER 1 and Resilience 2. To minimize the effect of time of day on fish behavior, all data were collected between 10:00 and 16:00, a period of time which corresponds with peak feeding rates for many herbivorous fishes. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE 16-37396 (and earlier awards) as well as a generous gift from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Research was completed under permits issued by the French Polynesian Government (Délégation à la Recherche) and the Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie Francaise (DTRT) (Protocole d'Accueil 2005-2018). This work represents a contribution of the Moorea Coral Reef (MCR) LTER Site.
The influence of choice on feeding preferences of marine herbivores
These data describe the preferences of two herbivores, the wavy turban snail Megastraea undosa and the Pacific purple urchin Strongylocentrotuts purpuratus for 14 macroalgal species relative to giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera and the role chemical defenses play in influencing herbivory. Data cover the raw grams consumed and total phenolic content of 15 total macroalgal species found in the Santa Barbara Channel and are taken from three Santa Barbara Coastal Long Term Ecological Research sites (Mohawk Reef, Arroyo Burro Reef, and Naples Reef).
Contrasting effects of landscape composition on crop yield mediated by specialist herbivores
<p>Landscape composition not only affects a variety of arthropod-mediated ecosystem services, but also disservices, such as herbivory by insect pests that may have negative effects on crop yield. Yet, little is known about how different habitats influence the dynamics of multiple herbivore species, and ultimately their collective impact on crop production. Using cabbage as a model system, we examined how landscape composition influenced the incidence of three specialist cruciferous pests (aphids, flea beetles, and leaf-feeding Lepidoptera), lepidopteran parasitoids, and crop yield across a gradient of landscape composition in New York, USA. We expected that landscapes with a higher proportion of cropland and lower habitat diversity would lead to an increase in pest pressure of the specialist herbivores and a reduction in crop yield. However, results indicated that neither greater cropland area nor lower landscape diversity influenced pest pressure or yield. Rather, pest pressure and yield were best explained by the presence of non-crop habitats (i.e. meadows) in the landscape. Specifically, cabbage was infested with fewer Lepidoptera in landscapes with a higher proportion of meadows likely resulting from increased parasitism. Conversely, cabbage was infested with more flea beetles and aphids as the proportion of meadows in the landscape increased, suggesting that these pests benefit from non-crop habitats. Furthermore, path analysis confirmed that these landscape-mediated effects on pest populations can have either positive or negative cascading effects on crop yield. Our findings illustrate how different pest species within the same cropping system show contrasting responses to landscape composition with respect to both the direction and spatial scale of the relationship. Such tradeoffs resulting from the complex interaction between multiple-pests, natural enemies, and landscape composition must be considered, if we are to manage landscapes for pest suppression benefits.</p>
Root symbionts alter the volatile profile of herbivore-infested tomato plants and aid the attraction of a predator
<p>Beneficial root microbes are among the most frequently used biocontrol agents in cropping systems, since they have been shown to promote plant growth and crop yield. Moreover, they are able to enhance protection against pathogens and insect herbivores by activating plant resistance mechanisms. Plant defense responses against herbivorous insects include the induction of metabolic pathways involved in the synthesis of defense-related metabolites. These metabolites include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which attract natural enemies of the herbivores as a form of indirect resistance. Considering that beneficial root microbes may affect direct herbivore resistance, we hypothesized that also indirect resistance may be affected. We tested this hypothesis in a study system composed of tomato, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus <em>Rhizophagus irregularis</em>, the growth-promoting fungus <em>Trichoderma harzianum</em>, the generalist chewing herbivore <em>Spodoptera exigua </em>and the omnivorous predator<em> Macrolophus pygmaeus</em>. Using a Y-tube olfactometer we found that <em>M. pygmaeus</em> preferred plants with <em>S. exigua </em>herbivory, but microbe-inoculated plants more than non-inoculated ones. We used a targeted GC-MS approach to assess the impact of beneficial microbes on the emission of volatiles twenty-four hours after herbivory to explain the choice of <em>M. pygmaeus</em>. We observed that the volatile composition of the herbivore-infested plants differed from that of the non-infested plants, which was driven by the higher emission of green leaf volatile compounds, methyl salicylate, and several monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Inoculation with microbes had only a marginal effect on the emission of some terpenoids in our experiment. Gene expression analysis showed that the marker genes involved in the jasmonic and salicylic acid pathways were differentially expressed in the microbe-inoculated plants after herbivory. Our results pinpoint the role of root symbionts in determining plant-microbe-insect interactions up to the third trophic level, and elucidates their potential to be used in plant protection.</p>
Data and code for: Insect herbivores drive sex allocation in angiosperm flowers
<p><strong>Code and Data for the paper:</strong></p> <p>Insect herbivores drive sex allocation in angiosperm flowers</p> <p><em>Carlos Roberto Fonseca, Martin M. Gossner, Johannes Kollmann, Martin Brändle, Gustavo Brant Paterno</em></p> <p> </p> <p>Content of the repository</p> <ol> <li> <p><strong>Data</strong>: the folder <code>data</code> contains all data required to reproduce analyses, figures and tables.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Outputs</strong>: the folder <code>output</code> contains the figures, tables and temporary files generated.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Code</strong>: the folder <code>scripts</code> contains all scripts (.R) that generated results, figures and tables used in the manuscript and in the supporting information.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Supplementary information</strong>: the folder <code>doc</code> contains the supplementary information associated to the paper.</p> </li> </ol>
Data and code for: Habitat preference of an herbivore shapes the habitat distribution of its host plant
<p>Initial release of analysis and code for:</p> <p>Alexandre, N. M., P. T. Humphrey, A. D. Gloss, J. Lee, J. Frazier, H. A. Affeldt III, and N. K. Whiteman. 2018. Habitat preference of an herbivore shapes the habitat distribution of its host plant. Ecosphere 00(00):e02372. (full citation pending)</p> <p>Release published to accompany corrected proofs on 2018-Jul-26.</p>
Contrasting effects of landscape composition on crop yield mediated by specialist herbivores
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Mammalian herbivores restrict the altitudinal range limits of three alpine grass species (transplant and herbivore exclusion experiment and demographic data from natural populations), West Elk Mountains, Colorado, USA 2015-2018
Though rarely experimentally tested, biotic interactions have long been hypothesized to limit low-elevation range boundaries of species. We tested the effects of herbivory on three alpine-restricted plant species by transplanting plants below (novel), at the edge (limit), or in the center (core) of their current elevational range and factorially fencing-out above- and belowground mammals in the West Elk Mountains, Colorado, USA from 2015-2018. Herbivore damage was greater in range limit and novel habitats than in range cores. Exclosures increased plant biomass and reproduction more in novel habitats than in range cores, suggesting demographic costs of novel interactions with herbivores. We then used demographic models to project population growth rates, which increased 5-20% more under herbivore exclosure at range limit and novel sites than in core habitats. Our results identify mammalian herbivores as key drivers of the low-elevation range limits of alpine plants and indicate that upward encroachment of herbivores could trigger local extinctions by depressing plant population growth.
Belowground foodweb biomass from moist acidic tundra and dry heath tundra nutrient addition and herbivore exclusion plots (since 1996) sampled Summer 2006
Biomass of belowground community groups (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes, rotifers, tardigrades) determined for organic soils in moist acidic tundra and dry heath tundra.
White spruce seedling demography and browsing by snowshoe hares inside and outside the large herbivore exclosures located along the Tanana River, summer 2014
White spruce seedling height, age, basal diameter, browsing history, and density were measured inside and outside the seven remaining paired exclosure and control plots located along the Tanana River floodplain in the summer of 2014.
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