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16 results for “heterospecific pollen”
Heterospecific pollen deposition is positively associated with reproductive success in a diverse hummingbird-pollinated plant community
<p>Heterospecific pollen deposition (HPD) is ubiquitous across plant communities, especially for generalized species which use a diversity of pollinators, and may have negative effects on plant reproduction. However, it is unclear whether temporal changes in the co-flowering community result in changes in HPD patterns. Moreover, community-level studies are required to understand which factors influence HPD and how the reproduction of different species is affected. We investigated the temporal variation of HPD, its relationship with level of specialization on pollinators and floral phenotypic specialization, and its association with reproductive success (pollen limitation and fruit set) in 31 hummingbird-pollinated plant species in a tropical Campo Rupestre. We found seasonality in HPD, with species flowering in the dry season having greater diversity of heterospecific pollen on stigmas and a higher frequency of stigmas containing heterospecific pollen, compared to the rainy season. Stigmas of ecologically generalized species had more heterospecific pollen, while the relationship for ecologically specialized species depended on floral phenotype. Surprisingly, and in contrast to theory, we found a positive relationship between HPD and reproductive success. Our results indicate benefits of generalization and facilitation, in which sharing pollinators brings greater reproductive success via increased conspecific pollen deposition, even if it incurs more HPD. We demonstrated how assessing HPD at a community-level can contribute to understanding the ecological causes and functional consequences of pollinator sharing.</p>
Original data of heterospecific pollen in three Silene species
<p><span><strong>PREMISE</strong>: </span><span>In communities with multiple co-flowering species, those species that have not evolved an avoidance mechanism may exhibit tolerance to heterospecific pollen (HP) deposition as an adaptive strategy to minimize any deleterious effects of HP transfer, but empirical evidence for the tolerance hypothesis remains scarce. </span></p> <p><span><strong>METHODS</strong>: </span><span>To estimate the potential effects of heterospecific pollen deposition (HPD) on female reproductive success, we counted conspecific (CP) and HP pollen grains deposited on stigmas and assessed subsequent seed sets of both open- and hand-pollinated flowers in three co-flowering <em>Silene</em> species with exposed stigmas that usually received numerous HP grains in nature.</span></p> <p><span><strong>RESULTS</strong>: </span><span>HP percent per flower varied from 16.6% to 43.0% among the three species. <em>Silene chungtienensis</em> experienced lower HP percent and</span><span> the CP-HP relationship was neutral, <em>S. gracilicaulis</em> and <em>S. yunnanensis</em> experienced relatively higher HP percent and the CP-HP relationship was positive. Positive effects of CP and HP number on natural seed set were observed in all three species, but stronger</span> <span>negative effects of HP percent in <em>S. chungtienensis</em> and <em>S. gracilicaulis</em>. In hand-pollinated flowers of the three <em>Silene</em> species, there was no decrease in seed set with HP whether CP was in excess or insufficient, indicating no negative effects of HPD on seed production. </span></p> <p><span><strong>CONCLUSIONS</strong>:</span><span> Consistent with the tolerance hypothesis, our results indicated that species experiencing higher HP interference are likely to be tolerant to an increase of HP percent. These species with generalist-pollinated flowers may benefit from an increase in conspecific pollen deposition, despite the associated increase in heterospecific pollen deposition.</span></p>
Data from: Prevalence and consequences of heterospecific pollen receipt in the subalpine plant communities of <em>Polemonium brandegeei</em>
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Data from: Phylogeny does not predict the outcome of heterospecific pollen-pistil interactions in a species-rich alpine plant community
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Heterospecific pollen deposition is positively associated with reproductive success in a diverse hummingbird-pollinated plant community
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Original data of heterospecific pollen in three Silene species
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Recipient and donor characteristics govern the hierarchical structure of heterospecific pollen competition networks
<ul> <li>Pollinator sharing can have negative consequences for plant fitness with the arrival of foreign (i.e. heterospecific) pollen, yet responses are often variable among species. Plant traits and relatedness of donor and recipient species have been suggested to drive the variations in plant fitness, but how they shape the structure of pollen competition networks has been overlooked at the community level.</li> <li>To understand the importance of reproductive traits and relatedness on the impacts of heterospecific pollen we conducted a controlled glasshouse experiment with an artificial co-flowering community. We performed 1800 reciprocal crosses by experimentally transferring 50% and 100% foreign pollen among 10 species belonging to three different plant families.</li> <li>We found a significant reduction in seed set with 50% foreign pollen for 67% of the crosses driven largely by recipient traits and the interaction between recipient-donor traits under specific circumstances of trait-matching. In general, species with shorter styles, smaller stigmas and lower pollen:ovule ratios were more impacted by foreign pollen. These traits and their differences among species led to a hierarchical (or transitive) structure of pollen competition with clear winners and losers. However, phylogenetic distance among recipient and donor species did not explain the effects.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis</i>: Our study shows that specific traits and trait combinations between donor and recipient species are important in determining fitness outcomes with heterospecific pollen deposition. Moreover, the differences in traits between species lead to a competitive structure with clear "winners" or "losers" species. The results of this study indicate the need to shift from pairwise to community level interactions to elucidate the mechanisms underlying foreign pollen impacts upon plant reproductive fitness.</li> </ul>
Pollen transfer networks reveal alien species as main heterospecific pollen donors with fitness consequences for natives
<ol> <li>The ecological dynamics of co-flowering communities are largely mediated by pollinators. However, current understanding of pollinator-mediated interactions primarily relies on how co-flowering plants influence attraction of shared pollinators, and much less is known about plan-plant interactions that occur via heterospecific pollen (HP) transfer. Invaded communities in particular can be highly affected by the transfer of alien pollen, but the strength, drivers, and fitness consequences of these interactions at a community scale are not well understood.</li> <li>Here we analyze HP transfer networks in nine coastal communities in the Yucatan Mexico that vary in the relative abundance of invasive flowers to evaluate how HP donation and receipt varies between native and alien plants. We further evaluate whether HP donation and receipt are mediated by floral traits (e.g. display, flower size) or pollinator visitation rate. Finally, we evaluated whether post-pollination success (proportion of pollen tubes produced) was affected by alien HP receipt and whether the effect varied between native and alien recipients.</li> <li>HP transfer networks exhibit relatively high connectance (<i>ca</i>. 15%), suggesting high HP transfer within the studied communities. Significant network nestedness further suggests the existence of species that predominantly act as HP donors or recipients in the community. Species-level analyses showed that natives receive 80% more HP compared to alien species, and that alien plants donate 40% more HP than natives. HP receipt and donation were mediated by different floral traits and such effects were independent of plant origin (native or alien). The proportion of alien HP received significantly affected conspecific pollen tube success in natives, but not that of alien species.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis</i>. Our results suggest that HP transfer in invaded communities is widespread, and that native and alien species play different roles within HP transfer networks, which are mediated by a different suite of floral traits. Alien species, in particular, play a central role as HP donors and are more tolerant to HP receipt than natives—a finding that points to two overlooked mechanisms facilitating alien plant invasion and success within native co-flowering communities.</li> </ol>
Data from: Pollen–pistil interactions in reproductive interference: comparisons of heterospecific pollen tube growth from alien species between two native Taraxacum species
1. Reproductive interference (RI), any negative interspecific interaction during the reproductive process, has been gaining increasing attention due to its potential explanatory power for the mutually exclusive distribution of closely related species. RI in plants may occur during any of three stages: pollen transfer, pollen–pistil interactions or hybridization. Pollen–pistil interactions may be especially important as most studies of RI have suggested the involvement at this stage. Details of these interactions are required to fully explore RI and are especially relevant in considering the impact of RI in the field. 2. We present a plausible explanation of how RI functions in the pollen–pistil interaction stage using two Japanese native dandelions, Taraxacum japonicum and Taraxacum longeappendiculatum, of which only the former is vulnerable to RI from an alien congener, Taraxacum officinale. We conducted a series of hand pollinations in these native dandelions and compared pollen tube behaviour to examine differences associated with vulnerability and imperviousness to RI from the alien. 3. The two native dandelions differed in terms of the absence/presence of pollen tube elongation after heterospecific pollination (pollination with only T. officinale): pollen tubes grew through the ovaries of the vulnerable T. japonicum, but not through those of the impervious T. longeappendiculatum. In vitro hand pollination verified that the alien pollen tubes could extend into the ovaries of T. japonicum. 4. Our results show that RI from the alien dandelion consumed ovules by heterospecific pollen deposition. The pistils of the impervious native species could prevent growth of the alien pollen tubes, thereby sparing the ovules for fertilization by conspecific pollen. The pistils of the vulnerable species lacked interspecific incompatibility against the alien, and thus, the alien pollen tube entered the ovary, eliminating an opportunity for conspecific pollen fertilization. This consumption of ovules by heterospecific pollen tubes would cause a seed set failure, leading to reduced abundance and a further exertion of RI in the next generation, which explains displacement of the vulnerable species by the alien in the field.
Recipient and donor characteristics govern the hierarchical structure of heterospecific pollen competition networks
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Data from: Pollen–pistil interactions in reproductive interference: comparisons of heterospecific pollen tube growth from alien species between two native Taraxacum species
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Pollen transfer networks reveal alien species as main heterospecific pollen donors with fitness consequences for natives
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Data from: Can plants evolve tolerance mechanisms to heterospecific pollen effects? An experimental test of the adaptive potential in Clarkia species
Flowering plants do not occur alone and often grow in mixed-species communities where pollinator sharing is high and interactions via pollinators can occur at pre- and post-pollination stages. While the causes and consequences of pre-pollination interactions have been well studied little is known about post-pollination interactions via heterospecific pollen (HP) receipt, and even less about the evolutionary implications of these interactions. In particular, the degree to which plants can evolve tolerance mechanisms to the negative effects of HP receipt has received little attention. Here, we aim to fill this gap in our understanding of post-pollination interactions by experimentally testing whether two co-flowering Clarkia species can evolve HP tolerance, and whether tolerance to specific HP 'genotypes' (fine-scale local adaptation to HP) occurs. We find that Clarkia species vary in their tolerance to HP effects. Furthermore, conspecific pollen performance and the magnitude of HP effects were related to the recipient's history of exposure to HP in C. xantiana but not in C. speciosa. Specifically, better conspecific pollen performance and smaller HP effects were observed in populations of C. xantiana plants with previous exposure to HP compared to populations without such exposure. These results suggest that plants may have the potential to evolve tolerance mechanisms to HP effects but that these may occur not from the female (stigma, style) but from the male (pollen) perspective, a possibility that is often overlooked. We find no evidence for fine-scale local adaptation to HP receipt. Studies that evaluate the adaptive potential of plants to the negative effects of HP receipt are an important first step in understanding the evolutionary consequences of plant–plant post-pollination interactions. Such knowledge is in turn crucial for deciphering the role of plant–pollinator interactions in driving floral evolution and the composition of co-flowering communities.
Data from: Invasion status and phylogenetic relatedness predict cost of heterospecific pollen receipt: implications for native biodiversity decline
Understanding the mechanisms by which invasive species affect native plants is a central challenge. Invasive plants have been shown to reduce pollinator visitation to natives and increase pollen quantity limitation. However, visitation and conspecific pollen delivery are only two components of the pollination process; post-pollination interactions on the stigma (heterospecific pollen [HP] receipt) could intensify pre-pollination responses to invasion. Here we used meta-analysis to test the hypotheses that invasive plants are more detrimental as HP donors than natives ones, and that HP donors that are closely related to the recipients have stronger effects on fruit and seed production compared to distantly related ones. Invasive HP donors reduced fruit and seed production of recipients to a greater degree than native ones, and this was more intense for HP donors closely related to natives. Related donors were more detrimental overall. Synthesis: These results suggest that the total effect of invasive plants on native plant reproductive success could be greater than what is inferred from visitation and conspecific pollen transfer alone. Furthermore, these results indicate that invasive species can reduce reproductive success of native species even if pollinator visitation rates remain unaltered. Thus, we highlight the need to evaluate pre- and post-pollination processes in order to fully understand the potential effects of invasive species on the reproductive success and maintenance of native plant populations.
Data from: Invasion status and phylogenetic relatedness predict cost of heterospecific pollen receipt: implications for native biodiversity decline
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Data from: Can plants evolve tolerance mechanisms to heterospecific pollen effects? An experimental test of the adaptive potential in Clarkia species
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