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21 results for “horizontal transmission”
◂Fig. 4 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–R light microscopy; TS in horizontal orientation). A Secantial section. B, C TS %note cellular organisation). D Secantial section. E, F TS %note cellular organisation). G Secantial section of young gynoecium showing cellular organisation. H–J TS %note lacking cellular organisation, localisation in K–M). K–M LS at different levels from outside to inside of the same specimen %note strongly stained peripheral tissue; asterisks indicate tissue illustrated in H–J). N TS %note dehiscence lines of the prospective endocarp). O, P TS showing transmission tissue and dorsal bundles at top of style. Q vascularisation at base of gynoecium %note strongly stained peripheral tissue). R Vascularisation at base of flower %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; db, dorsal bundle; dl, dehiscent line; ep, epidermis; lb, lateral bundle; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral tissue; vb, ventral bundle; vs, ventral slit) in Observations on flower and fruit anatomy in dioecious species of Cordia (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with evolutionary interpretations
◂Fig. 4 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–R light microscopy; TS in horizontal orientation). A Secantial section. B, C TS %note cellular organisation). D Secantial section. E, F TS %note cellular organisation). G Secantial section of young gynoecium showing cellular organisation. H–J TS %note lacking cellular organisation, localisation in K–M). K–M LS at different levels from outside to inside of the same specimen %note strongly stained peripheral tissue; asterisks indicate tissue illustrated in H–J). N TS %note dehiscence lines of the prospective endocarp). O, P TS showing transmission tissue and dorsal bundles at top of style. Q vascularisation at base of gynoecium %note strongly stained peripheral tissue). R Vascularisation at base of flower %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; db, dorsal bundle; dl, dehiscent line; ep, epidermis; lb, lateral bundle; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral tissue; vb, ventral bundle; vs, ventral slit)
◂Fig. 3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit) in Observations on flower and fruit anatomy in dioecious species of Cordia (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with evolutionary interpretations
◂Fig. 3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit)
Facultative symbiont virulence determines horizontal transmission rate without host specificity in Dictyostelium discoideum social amoebas
<p>In facultative symbioses, only a fraction of hosts are associated with symbionts. Specific host and symbiont pairings may be the result of host-symbiont coevolution driven by reciprocal selection, or priority effects pertaining to which potential symbiont became associated with a host first. Distinguishing between these possibilities is important for understanding the evolutionary forces that affect facultative symbioses. We used the social amoeba <em>Dictyostelium discoideum</em> and its symbiont <em>Paraburkholderia bonniea </em>to determine whether ongoing coevolution affects which host-symbiont strain pairs naturally co-occur within a facultative symbiosis. Relative to other <em>Paraburkholderia</em>,<em> </em>including another symbiont of <em>D. discoideum</em>, <em>P. bonniea</em> features a reduced genome size that indicates a significant history of coevolution with its host. We hypothesized that ongoing host-symbiont coevolution would lead to higher fitness for naturally co-occurring (native) host and symbiont pairings compared to novel pairings. We show for the first time that <em>P. bonniea</em> symbionts can horizontally transmit to new amoeba hosts when hosts aggregate together during the social stage of their life cycle. Here we find evidence for a virulence-transmission trade-off without host specificity. Although symbiont strains were significantly variable in virulence and horizontal transmission rate, hosts and symbionts responded similarly to associations in native and novel pairings. We go on to identify candidate virulence factors in the genomes of <em>P. bonniea </em>strains that may contribute to variation in virulence. We conclude that ongoing coevolution is unlikely for <em>D. discoideum </em>and <em>P. bonniea. </em>The system instead appears to represent a stable facultative symbiosis in which naturally co-occurring <em>P. bonniea </em>host and symbiont pairings are the result of priority effects.</p>
A Study to Explore the Existence of Horizontal Transmission of the RIX4414 Vaccine Strain Between Twins Within a Family.
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00396630. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Facultative symbiont virulence determines horizontal transmission rate without host specificity in Dictyostelium discoideum social amoebas
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Research data supporting article "Recurrent horizontal transfer identifies mitochondrial positive selection in a transmissible cancer"
<p>Gene expression data supporting analyses described in the article "Recurrent horizontal transfer identifies mitochondrial positive selection in a transmissible cancer" (Strakova et al., 2020).</p>
Horizontal transmission of a murine retrovirus is driven by males within semi-natural enclosures
<p>1. Transmission is a key component of a pathogen's life history, but it is often difficult to obtain reliable ecological estimates of the dominant mode(s) of transmission and how host traits, such as sex, influence transmission dynamics.<br> 2. Here, we have developed a robust system pairing the use of semi-natural populations of house mice (Mus musculus) with modern molecular viral titering approaches to evaluate the transmission dynamics of Friend Virus Complex (FVC). <br> 3. Semi-natural populations were founded with female and male mice that were either 'index' (initially infected via intraperitoneal injection) or 'contact' (uninfected at the start of experiment). Three experimental population designs were implemented: female index only, male index only, and both female and male index.<br> 4. Utilizing these enclosures, we found male-male transmission to be the predominant mode of transmission, with low rates of horizontal female transmission and no evidence of vertical transmission. Additionally, contact males that became infected harbor higher titers than females, while suffering a similar amount of spleen enlargement; this, paired with a strong correlation between titer and spleen size in males, and no correlation in females, indicates FVC viral dynamics differ between the sexes.<br> 5. Lastly, natural transmission may be an impediment to FVC replication as infected contact animals have a lower viral titer than index animals. These results illuminate the complex life history of murine leukemia viruses and demonstrate the important role of host sex on pathogen transmission dynamics.</p>
Data from: Horizontal Transmission of the Heritable Protective Endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa Depends on Titre and Haplotype
<p></p><p>Secondary endosymbionts of aphids have an important ecological and evolutionary impact on their host, as they provide resistance to natural enemies but also reduce the host's lifespan and reproduction. While secondary symbionts of aphids are faithfully transmitted from mother to offspring, they also have some capacity to be transmitted horizontally between aphids. Here we explore whether 11 isolates from 3 haplotypes of the secondary endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa differ in their capacity for horizontal transmission. These isolates vary in the protection they provide against parasitoid wasps as well as the costs they inflict on their host, Aphis fabae. We simulated natural horizontal transmission through parasitoid wasps by stabbing aphids with a thin needle and assessed horizontal transmission success of the isolates from one shared donor clone into three different recipient clones. Specifically, we asked whether potentially costly isolates reaching high cell densities in aphid hosts are more readily transmitted through this route. This hypothesis was only partially supported. While transmissibility increased with titre for isolates from two haplotypes, isolates of the H. defensa haplotype 1 were transmitted with greater frequency than isolates of other haplotypes with comparable titres. Thus, it is not sufficient to be merely frequent—endosymbionts might have to evolve specific adaptations to transmit effectively between hosts.</p><p></p>
Data from: Horizontal transmission of the father’s song in the Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata)
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Data from: Clonal genetic variation in a Wolbachia-infected asexual wasp: horizontal transmission or historical sex?
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Horizontal transmission of a murine retrovirus is driven by males within semi-natural enclosures
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Data from: Horizontal Transmission of the Heritable Protective Endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa Depends on Titre and Haplotype
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Data from: Evidence for a recent horizontal transmission and spatial spread of Wolbachia from endemic Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae) to invasive Rhagoletis cingulata in Europe
The widespread occurrence of Wolbachia in arthropods and nematodes suggests that this intracellular, maternally inherited endosymbiont has the ability to cross species boundaries. However, direct evidence for such a horizontal transmission of Wolbachia in nature is scarce. Here, we compare the well-characterized Wolbachia infection of the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi, with that of the North American eastern cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cingulata, recently introduced to Europe. Molecular genetic analysis of Wolbachia based on multilocus sequence typing and the Wolbachia surface protein wsp showed that all R. cingulata individuals are infected with wCin2 identical to wCer2 in R. cerasi. In contrast, wCin1, a strain identical to wCer1 in R. cerasi, was present in several European populations of R. cingulata, but not in any individual from the United States. Surveys of R. cingulata from Germany and Hungary indicated that the frequency of wCin1 infection increased dramatically in just a few years with at least two independent horizontal transmission events in Germany and Hungary. This is further corroborated by the analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene that showed linkage of wCin1 with two distinct haplotypes in Germany, one of which is also infected with wCin1 in Hungary. In summary, our study provides strong evidence for a very recent interspecific Wolbachia transmission with a subsequent spatial spread in field populations.
Data from: Horizontal transmission of Rickettsia felis between cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis
Rickettsia felis is a rickettsial pathogen primarily associated with the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis. Although laboratory studies have confirmed that R. felis is maintained by transstadial and transovarial transmission in C. felis, distinct mechanisms of horizontal transmission of R. felis among cat fleas is undefined. Based on the inefficient vertical transmission of R. felis by cat fleas and the detection of R. felis in a variety of hematophagous arthropods, we hypothesize that R. felis is horizontally transmitted between cat fleas. Towards testing this hypothesis, flea transmission of R. felis via a bloodmeal was assessed weekly for four weeks. Rhodamine B was used to distinguish uninfected recipient and R. felis-infected donor fleas in a rickettsial horizontal transmission bioassay and quantitative real-time PCR assay was utilized to measure transmission frequency; immunofluorescence assay also confirmed transmission. Female fleas acquired R. felis-infection more readily than male fleas after feeding on a R. felis-infected bloodmeal for 24 h (69.3% and 43.3%, respectively) and both Rickettsia-uninfected recipient male and female fleas became infected with R. felis after co-feeding with R. felis-infected donor fleas (3.3-40.0%). Distinct bioassays were developed to further determine that R. felis was transmitted from R. felis-infected to uninfected fleas during co-feeding and copulation. Vertical transmission of R. felis by infected fleas was not demonstrated in this study. The demonstration of horizontal transmission of R. felis between cat fleas has broad implications for the ecology of R. felis rickettsiosis.
Data from: Evidence for a recent horizontal transmission and spatial spread of Wolbachia from endemic Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae) to invasive Rhagoletis cingulata in Europe
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Data from: Vertical and horizontal photobiont transmission within populations of a lichen symbiosis
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Data from: Horizontal transmission of Rickettsia felis between cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis
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Data from: Can maternally inherited endosymbionts adapt to a novel host? Direct costs of Spiroplasma infection, but not vertical transmission efficiency, evolve rapidly after horizontal transfer into D. melanogaster
Maternally inherited symbionts are common in arthropods and many have important roles in host adaptation. The observation that specific symbiont lineages infect distantly related host species implies new interactions are commonly established by lateral transfer events. However, studies have shown that symbionts often perform poorly in novel hosts. We hypothesized selection on the symbiont may be sufficiently rapid that poor performance in a novel host environment is rapidly ameliorated, permitting symbiont maintenance. Here, we test this prediction for a Spiroplasma strain transinfected into the novel host Drosophila melanogaster. In the generations immediately following transinfection, the symbiont had low transmission efficiency to offspring and imposed severe fitness costs on its host. We observed that effects on host fitness evolved rapidly, being undetectable after 17 generations in the novel host, whereas vertical transmission efficiency was poorly responsive over this period. Our results suggest that long-term symbiosis may more readily be established in cases where symbionts perform poorly in just one aspect of symbiosis.
Data from: Can maternally inherited endosymbionts adapt to a novel host? Direct costs of Spiroplasma infection, but not vertical transmission efficiency, evolve rapidly after horizontal transfer into D. melanogaster
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Data from: Host genotype and environment affect the trade-off between horizontal and vertical transmission of the parasite Edhazardia aedis
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