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52 results for “host age”
Fig. 1 in Fluke abundance versus host age for an invasive trematode (Dicrocoelium dendriticum) of sympatric elk and beef cattle in southeastern Alberta, Canada
Fig. 1. Age–abundance profiles for the trematode, D. dendriticum in a population of elk sampled from 2009 to 2011 from Cypress Hills Park, Alberta. The solid line represents the negative binomial distribution model fit using maximum likelihood; the dashed lines represent the 95% confidence intervals.
Fig. 2 in Fluke abundance versus host age for an invasive trematode (Dicrocoelium dendriticum) of sympatric elk and beef cattle in southeastern Alberta, Canada
Fig. 2. Stacked frequency distribution of adult D. dendriticum in calf, juvenile, and adult elk collected between 1997 and 2011 from Cypress Hills Park, Alberta.
Fig. 4. Relationship between liver weight and host age for elk sampled from 2009 in Fluke abundance versus host age for an invasive trematode (Dicrocoelium dendriticum) of sympatric elk and beef cattle in southeastern Alberta, Canada
Fig. 4. Relationship between liver weight and host age for elk sampled from 2009 to 2011 from Cypress Hills Park, Alberta. Regression lines are maximum likelihood estimates.
Fig. 3 in Fluke abundance versus host age for an invasive trematode (Dicrocoelium dendriticum) of sympatric elk and beef cattle in southeastern Alberta, Canada
Fig. 3. Age–abundance profile of infection for the invasive trematode, D. dendriticum in beef cattle sampled from 2003 to 2013 from Cypress Hills Park, Alberta. The solid line represents the negative binomial distribution model fit using maximum likelihood; the dashed lines represent the 95% confidence interval.
Phyloseq 16S v3v4 object accompanying paper: Host genotype affects endotoxin release in excreta of broilers at slaughter age
<p>This ready to load <strong>phyloseq</strong> R S4 object contains the ASV table, taxonomy table and sample metadata. This data was build using the DaDa2 (version 1.18.0) and phyloseq (version 1.34.0) R packages using the SILVA 138.1 nr99 database and raw MiSeq PE300 sequencing data deposited at NCBI-SRA under BioProject: PRJNA975731.</p> <p>F. Marcato, J.M.J. Rebel, S.K. Kar, I. Wouters, D. Schokker, A. Bossers, F. Harders, J.W. van Riel, M. Wolthuis-Fillerup and I.C. de Jong. </p> <p>The main goal of the current study was to investigate whether or not it was possible to modulate the fecal microbiome and thereby reducing endotoxin concentrations in the excreta of broiler chickens. An experiment was carried out with a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement including 3 factors, 1) genetic strain (fast-growing Ross 308 vs. slower-growing Hubbard JA757), 2) no vs. combined use of probiotics and prebiotics in the diet and drinking water, 3) early feeding at the hatchery vs. non early feeding. A total of 624 Ross 308 and 624 Hubbard JA757 day-old male broiler chickens were included until d 37 and d 51 of age, respectively. Broilers (26 chicks per pen) were housed in a total of 48 pens, and there were 6 replicate pens/treatment group. Pooled cloacal swabs (10 chickens per pen) for microbiome and endotoxin analyses were collected at a target body weight (BW) of 200 g, 1 kg and 2.5 kg.</p>
Data from: How do host age and nutrition affect density regulation of obligate versus facultative bacterial symbionts? Insights from the tsetse fly
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Figure. Location of Beymelek Lagoon in southern Turkey. in Prevalence and intensity of parasitic helminths of thicklip grey mullet Chelon labrosus in hosts in Beymelek Lagoon Lake in Antalya, Turkey, according to season, host size, age, and sex of the host
Figure. Location of Beymelek Lagoon in southern Turkey.
Data from: Host genotype and age shape the leaf and root microbiomes of a wild perennial plant
Bacteria living on and in leaves and roots influence many aspects of plant health, so the extent of a plant's genetic control over its microbiota is of great interest to crop breeders and evolutionary biologists. Laboratory-based studies, because they poorly simulate true environmental heterogeneity, may misestimate or totally miss the influence of certain host genes on the microbiome. Here we report a large-scale field experiment to disentangle the effects of genotype, environment, age and year of harvest on bacterial communities associated with leaves and roots of Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae), a perennial wild mustard. Host genetic control of the microbiome is evident in leaves but not roots, and varies substantially among sites. Microbiome composition also shifts as plants age. Furthermore, a large proportion of leaf bacterial groups are shared with roots, suggesting inoculation from soil. Our results demonstrate how genotype-by-environment interactions contribute to the complexity of microbiome assembly in natural environments.
Data from: Humidity modifies age-dependent heat wave effects in an insect host-parasitoid interaction
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Data from: Host genotype and age shape the leaf and root microbiomes of a wild perennial plant
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Host species and age-specific variation on Hepatozoon prevalence and its effect on body condition in two Neotropical crocodiles
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The probability of being infected with haemosporidian parasites increases with host age
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In vertebrates, disease susceptibility often varies with age. Older individuals may be more susceptible than younger individuals due to senescent declines in immune function. Alternatively, disease susceptibility may decrease with age if older individuals are more likely to have had prior exposures to parasites and acquired adaptive immune responses that allowed them to resist future infections. Disease susceptibility can also vary with reproductive state, and reproductive hormones have been shown to increase infection susceptibility. Here we investigated how age and experimentally elevated levels of the reproductive hormone testosterone affected haemosporidian infections in free-living adult male dark-eyed juncos (<i>Junco hyemalis</i>). Samples were collected before and at least one year after experimental treatment with either a testosterone implant or empty control implant. The probability of being infected with haemosporidians in the <i>Plasmodium/Haemoproteus </i>group increased with host age but was unaffected by experimental testosterone elevation. Our longitudinal sampling design allowed us to determine that the increase in infections with host age was driven by variation within individuals, such that an individual's probability of being infected increased with age. This suggests that haemosporidian susceptibility increases with host age, and/or that haemosporidian-infected juncos sustain long-term chronic infections that are rarely completely cleared, and that the probability of being infected is higher in older juncos because they have experienced higher cumulative exposure risk.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Premating isolation is determined by larval rearing substrates in cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis. X. Age-specific dynamics of adult epicuticular hyrdocarbon expression in response to different host plants
Analysis of sexual selection and sexual isolation in Drosophila mojavensis and its relatives has revealed a pervasive role of rearing substrates on adult courtship behavior when flies were reared on fermenting cactus in preadult stages. Here, we assessed expression of contact pheromones comprised of epicuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) from eclosion to 28 days of age in adults from two populations reared on fermenting tissues of two host cacti over the entire life cycle. Flies were never exposed to laboratory food and showed significant reductions in average CHC amounts consistent with CHCs of wild-caught flies. Overall, total hydrocarbon amounts increased from eclosion to 14–18 days, well past age at sexual maturity, and then declined in older flies. Most flies did not survive past 4 weeks. Baja California and mainland populations showed significantly different age-specific CHC profiles where Baja adults showed far less age-specific changes in CHC expression. Adults from populations reared on the host cactus typically used in nature expressed more CHCs than on the alternate host. MANCOVA with age as the covariate for the first six CHC principal components showed extensive differences in CHC composition due to age, population, cactus, sex, and age × population, age × sex, and age × cactus interactions. Thus, understanding variation in CHC composition as adult D. mojavensis age requires information about population and host plant differences, with potential influences on patterns of mate choice, sexual selection, and sexual isolation, and ultimately how these pheromones are expressed in natural populations. Studies of drosophilid aging in the wild are badly needed.
Host age affects the performance of the root hemiparasitic plant Rhinanthus alectorolophus
<p><span>Interactions between root hemiparasitic plants and their hosts are strongly affected by host identity but may also depend on the condition of the host. A</span><span>n important determinant of host quality could be host age, as it may influence host size, allocation patterns, responses to infection, and the strength of competition for light between parasite and host. </span><span>We investigated the effects of host species identity, host age and above-ground separation of hemiparasite and host on the </span><span>interactions between the hemiparasite <em>Rhinanthus</em> <em>alectorolophus</em> and five host species in a factorial experiment. The host species were planted at six different times, from ten weeks before the parasite was planted to four weeks after. </span><span>Host age strongly influenced the performance of the parasite, but these effects also varied among host species. </span><span>Parasites grew largest with hosts planted at the same time or two weeks earlier, but their performance strongly declined both with increasing host age and with the time they grew autotrophically. A large part of the variation due to host age but not of that due to host species identity could be related to the negative influence of host size at the likely time of parasite attachment. The low quality of older hosts was not due to light competition, suggesting that effective exploitation of these hosts was prevented by other factors like harder roots, stronger defence against parasite attack or competition for resources taken up by the host roots. Suppression of host growth by the parasites declined with increasing host age. The results indicate that the choice of host age may influence the results of studies on hemiparasites. They also highlight the importance for annual root hemiparasites of attachment in early spring, i.e. at a time when their mostly perennial hosts produce fresh roots but are still poorly developed above ground.</span></p>
Data from: Premating isolation is determined by larval rearing substrates in cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis. X. Age-specific dynamics of adult epicuticular hyrdocarbon expression in response to different host plants
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Host age affects the performance of the root hemiparasitic plant Rhinanthus alectorolophus
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Data from: Age-related effects of chronic hantavirus infection on female host fecundity
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The probability of being infected with haemosporidian parasites increases with host age
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Data from: Host sex and age typically explain variation in parasitism of Rock Ptarmigan: implications for identifying determinants of exposure and susceptibility
<p>Measures of parasitism often differ between hosts. This variation is thought due in part to age or sex differences in exposure to parasites and/or susceptibility to parasitism. We assessed how often age or sex biases in parasitism were found using a large, multi-year (2006 – 2017) dataset of 12 parasite species of Icelandic Rock Ptarmigan (<em>Lagopus muta</em>). We found host traits (i.e. age and/or sex) accounted for significant variation in abundance of 11 of the 12 parasite species. We often found increased abundance among juvenile hosts, although significant adult biases were observed for three parasite species. Additionally, higher levels of parasitism by many species were observed for female hosts, contrary to frequent male biases in parasitism reported for other vertebrates. Abundance of six parasite species was best explained by interactions between host age and sex; some degree of decrease in abundance with host age was present for both male and female hosts for four of those parasite species. We consider various host and parasite traits that could account for observed singular and repeated patterns of age and/or sex biases in parasitism (e.g. age- and sex-related grouping behaviours, age-specific mortality in relation to parasitism, acquisition of greater immunity with age). This work provides a foundation for future studies investigating age-related differences in acquired immunity and age-specific parasite-mediated mortality for males and females, as well as studies on interactions between co-infecting parasite species.</p>
Data from: Plastic responses of some life history traits and cellular components of body size in Aphidius ervi as related to the age of its host Acyrthosiphon pisum
Phenotypic plasticity of wing size and shape has been evaluated in Aphidius ervi developing in its host, Acyrthosiphon pisum, parasitized at seven different ages. The parasitoid wing size was used as an estimator of both whole body size and its cellular composition. No size difference was observed in A. ervi adults emerged from aphids 1, 2 or 3 days old at parasitization. Body size then increased in A. ervi emerged from hosts older at parasitization. Body size values as related to host age at parasitization were achieved by adjusting developmental time, developmental rate or both. Parasitoids of similar size, but developed in hosts parasitized at different ages, had different wing cellular composition, while the increase of parasitoid body size was related to a general increase in both cell area and cell number. These results seem to suggest a trade-off between adult size and developmental time, at least for parasitoids developed at the two extremes of host ages at parasitization, and that A. ervi can reach the same adult size via different trajectories, adapting its ontogenetic processes. Wing shape was typical for all the different parasitoid classes considered and differed strongly between males and females, independent of their size. Parasitoid males (haploids) and females (diploids) did not differ in either cell area or cell number, suggesting a possible sex-determined dosage compensation in somatic tissue endoreplication.
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