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Fig. 7 in A study of Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in its native range: further insights into life cycle, larval identification, developmental parameters, natural enemies, and damage to the host plant Opuntia ficus-indica (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae)

Fig. 7. Comparison of 3 characteristic forms of damage: (a) hole and feces coming from inside the pad, useful to distinguish pads with Cactoblastis cactorum; (b) typical damage observed in plants that were attacked by C. cactorum; (c) circular black spot fungal damage; (d) map black spot fungal damage.

Fig. 6 in A study of Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in its native range: further insights into life cycle, larval identification, developmental parameters, natural enemies, and damage to the host plant Opuntia ficus-indica (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae)

Fig. 6. Proportion of Cactoblastis cactorum infected cladodes parasitized by Apanteles opuntiarum and proportion per cladode of C. cactorum larvae parasitized by A. opuntiarum throughout the yr for sites from Santiago del Estero, Córdoba, and Tucumán provinces. The average and standard deviation of the number of pupae of A. opuntiarum per C. cactorum larvae also is shown.

Fig. 2 in A study of Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in its native range: further insights into life cycle, larval identification, developmental parameters, natural enemies, and damage to the host plant Opuntia ficus-indica (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae)

Fig. 2. Description of spots and setae from larval I to VI, shown in the pro- and meso-thoracic segment, and the seventh and anal abdominal segments: D1–2: dorsal setae; SD1–2: subdorsal setae; XD1–2: prothoracic setae; L1–3: lateral setae; SV1–2: subventral setae; PP1: posterior setae; spot "k" in prothorax, "h" in mesothorax, "a" and "c" in the seventh abdominal segment, and anal shield in the tenth and last abdominal segment.

Fig. 5 in A study of Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in its native range: further insights into life cycle, larval identification, developmental parameters, natural enemies, and damage to the host plant Opuntia ficus-indica (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae)

Fig. 5. Number of larvae of Cactoblastis cactorum per mo from all sites of Tucumán and the proportion of those that were parasitized by Apanteles.

Fig. 1 in A study of Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in its native range: further insights into life cycle, larval identification, developmental parameters, natural enemies, and damage to the host plant Opuntia ficus-indica (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae)

Fig. 1. (a) An eggstick oviposited on a pad of Opuntia ficus indica; (b) Anterior part of the larva exhibiting the cephalic capsule and prothorax starting to sclerotize; (c) Larva II has a dark shield on the prothorax and small macula at the base of each setae in the abdomen; (d) Larva III with bigger maculae with alternating color intensity on successive segments; (e) Larva IV with a white line between the head capsule and prothorax shield; (f) Larva V characterized by almost continuous black rings on the abdomen on an orange-brownish back- ground; (g) Typical bright orange larval VI with the prothorax shield fractured in 2 and apparently continuous black rings; (h) pupa within silk cocoon and naked pupa; Cactoblastis cactorum females (lef) and males (right); females have longer palps (i) than males (j). Both genders are characterized by a transverse line in the distal part of the wings (k, l).

Fig. 3 in A study of Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in its native range: further insights into life cycle, larval identification, developmental parameters, natural enemies, and damage to the host plant Opuntia ficus-indica (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae)

Fig. 3. Proportion of individuals of different developmental stages of Cactoblastis cactorum in Tucumán throughout the year. Inside the bars: E = eggsticks, L = larvae, P = pupae.

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Fig. 4 in A study of Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in its native range: further insights into life cycle, larval identification, developmental parameters, natural enemies, and damage to the host plant Opuntia ficus-indica (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae)

Fig. 4. Number of eggs across months for all sampling sites from Tucumán.

publicApr 2024View details →

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Data from: UDP-glycosyltransferases act as key determinants of host plant range in generalist and specialist Spodoptera species

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Data from: Shifts in diversification rates and host jump frequencies shaped the diversity of host range among Sclerotiniaceae fungal plant pathogens

The range of hosts that a parasite can infect in nature is a trait determined by its own evolutionary history and that of its potential hosts. However, knowledge on host range diversity and evolution at the family level is often lacking. Here, we investigate host range variation and diversification trends within the Sclerotiniaceae, a family of Ascomycete fungi. Using a phylogenetic framework, we associate diversification rates, the frequency of host jump events, and host range variation during the evolution of this family. Variations in diversification rate during the evolution of the Sclerotiniaceae define three major macro-evolutionary regimes with contrasted proportions of species infecting a broad range of hosts. Host-parasite co-phylogenetic analyses pointed towards parasite radiation on distant hosts long after host speciation (host jump or duplication events) as the dominant mode of association with plants in the Sclerotiniaceae. The intermediate macro-evolutionary regime showed a low diversification rate, high frequency of duplication events, and the highest proportion of broad host range species. Our findings suggest that the emergence of broad host range fungal pathogens results largely from host jumps, as previously reported for oomycete parasites, probably combined with low speciation rates. These results have important implications for our understanding of fungal parasites evolution and are of particular relevance for the durable management of disease epidemics.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

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Data from: Implications of a temperature increase for host plant range: predictions for a butterfly

Although changes in phenology and species associations are relatively well-documented responses to global warming, the potential interactions between these phenomena are less well understood. In this study, we investigate the interactions between temperature, phenology (in terms of seasonal timing of larval growth) and host plant use in the polyphagous butterfly Polygonia c-album. We found that the hierarchy of larval performance on three natural host plants was not modified by a temperature increase as such. However, larval performance on each host plant and temperature treatment was affected by rearing season. Even though larvae performed better at the higher temperature regardless of the time of the rearing, relative differences between host plants changed with the season. For larvae reared late in the season, performance was always better on the herbaceous plant than on the woody plants. In this species, it is likely that a prolonged warming will lead to a shift from univoltinism to bivoltinism. The demonstrated interaction between host plant suitability and season means that such a shift is likely to lead to a shift in selective regime, favoring specialization on the herbaceous host. Based on our result, we suggest that host range evolution in response to temperature increase would in this species be highly contingent on whether the population undergoes a predicted shift from one to two generations. We discuss the effect of global warming on species associations and the outcome of asynchrony in rates of phenological change.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

FIGURE 5 in Turrana ejuncida, a new species of Acanthocorini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) from Cape Range, Western Australia, with discussion of its systematic position and host plant associations

FIGURE 5. Map of point localities of Turrana abnormis Distant (triangles) and T. ejuncida sp. nov. (circle). Localities of T. abnormis from Cassis & Gross (2002).

FIGURE 4 in Turrana ejuncida, a new species of Acanthocorini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) from Cape Range, Western Australia, with discussion of its systematic position and host plant associations

FIGURE 4. Turrana ejuncida sp. nov. Micro-CT images of female terminalia (WAME106180). A) dorsal, B) ventral, and C) lateral views of tip of abdomen. Scale bar = 100 µm.

FIGURE 3 in Turrana ejuncida, a new species of Acanthocorini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) from Cape Range, Western Australia, with discussion of its systematic position and host plant associations

FIGURE 3. Turrana ejuncida sp. nov. Micro-CT images of male genitalia (WAME106179). A) pygophore and semi-inflated aedeagus, lateral view; sclerotized portions of conjunctival processes coloured green. B) anterior of aedeagus. C) right paramere. Scale bars = 100 µm.

FIGURE 2 in Turrana ejuncida, a new species of Acanthocorini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) from Cape Range, Western Australia, with discussion of its systematic position and host plant associations

FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of Turrana ejuncida sp. nov. female (WAME106180). A) head, lateral; B) head, dorsal; C) head and thorax, ventral; D) pronotum, dorsal; E) hemelytra, detail; F) metathoracic scent gland. Anterior to left in all images.

FIGURE 1 in Turrana ejuncida, a new species of Acanthocorini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) from Cape Range, Western Australia, with discussion of its systematic position and host plant associations

FIGURE 1. Turrana ejuncida sp. nov. dorsal and lateral habitus images. A, B) holotype male (WAME106179); C, D) paratype female (WAME106180).

FIGURE 6 in Turrana ejuncida, a new species of Acanthocorini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) from Cape Range, Western Australia, with discussion of its systematic position and host plant associations

FIGURE 6. Collecting sites of Turrana ejuncida sp. nov. in Cape Range National Park. A) flowering Ipomoea yardiensis (detail in inset) on remote rocky ridge adjacent to canyon. B) Triodia epactia (inset shows dry, brown underside of plant) at side of Charles Knife Canyon Road, on ridge.

FIGURE 4 in Pseudoplectania mystica (Ascomycota, Pezizales), a new cup fungus with an endophytic habit of a broad range of host plants

FIGURE 4. Crystals in the hymenium of Pseudoplectania mystica (photos by Jia Y. Lin, from holotype HKAS133073). a. Overview of crystals in the hymenium. b. Thicker crystals. c. Thinner crystals. d. Medium-sized crystals. Bars: a = 100 µm, b–d = 20 µm.

FIGURE 3 in Pseudoplectania mystica (Ascomycota, Pezizales), a new cup fungus with an endophytic habit of a broad range of host plants

FIGURE 3. Microscopic structures of Pseudoplectania mystica (drawings by Jia Y. Lin, from holotype HKAS133073). a. Ascospores. b. Ascus with 8 developed ascospores and an invisible operculum. c. Hymenium elements, from left to right: the sporiferous part of an ascus with 8 developed ascospores and an invisible operculum, the sporiferous part of an empty ascus with its operculum opened, 2 hymenial hairs, and 5 paraphyses. d. Medullary excipulum. e. Ectal excipulum. f. External hairs. g. Basal tomenta. Bars: a, c–g = 10 µm, b = 50 µm (f and g sharing same bar).

FIGURE 2 in Pseudoplectania mystica (Ascomycota, Pezizales), a new cup fungus with an endophytic habit of a broad range of host plants

FIGURE 2. The fresh ascomata and habitat of Pseudoplectania mystica (photos by Ling-Han Guo). a–c. Habitat of the specimens—a bamboo forest dominated by a single bamboo species (probably Phyllostachys sp.); the yellow arrows indicate where the ascomata grew. d. Immature ascomata with a blackish hymenial surface growing on dead rhizome roots of bamboo (HTBM1851). e. Immature ascomata with a brownish hymenial surface growing on dead rhizome roots of bamboo (HTBM1853). f. Immature ascoma with a greyish hymenial surface growing on the mossy dead rhizome roots of bamboo (HTBM1854). g. Longitudinal sections of an immature ascoma (L24011). h. Mature ascomata growing on senescing to dead rhizome joints and internodes of bamboo (HKAS133073, holotype). i. Mature ascomata growing on mossy dead rhizome roots of bamboo (HKAS133074). The scale in i is valid for d–i.

FIGURE 1 in Pseudoplectania mystica (Ascomycota, Pezizales), a new cup fungus with an endophytic habit of a broad range of host plants

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree of Pseudoplectania inferred from concatenated nrITS-nrLSU alignment. Nodes are annotated if supported by ≥50% MLB or ≥0.9 BPP. The clades and subclades concerned are highlighted with background colours and coded. The specimens that we collected are highlighted in bold. (HT), (PT) and (NT) represent holotype, paratype and neotype, respectively. The sites diverging from the majority rule consensus within subclade a that represent the new species are shown with highlights on the left of the tree. The results of species delimitation generated from the ABGD and ASAP programs, and the host of each specimen (according to the references in Table 1) are shown on the right of the tree.