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22 results for “host-parasite system”
Data used in the article "Cryptic disease-induced mortality may cause host extinction in an apparently-stable host-parasite system"
<p>These data files include all the capture-history matrices that were used in the article, including two matrices with the age of captured individuals (adults or juveniles) according to the definition presented in the main text. Infection intensity (zoospore equivalents per swab) is provided in separate files for all <em>Rhinoderma darwini</em>i and<em> Eupsophus contulmoensis</em> individuals that tested positive for <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> infection. Also, the R code used for the fully paramaterized matrix population model 1 (including figures) is provided. Other codes used to analyze our data, especifically capture-recapture models, were obtained from Kéry and Schaub 2012 (<em>Bayesian population analysis using WinBUGS. A hierarchical perspective</em>. Waltham, USA: Academic Press.)</p>
Fig. 1 in Role of temperature and carbonate system variability on a host-parasite system: Implications for the gigantism hypothesis
Fig. 1. Study sites along the Chilean coast (Quintay and Concepción), and variability in temperature, pH, salinity, total alkalinity, partial pressure of CO2, and aragonite saturation state. Bars indicate ± 1 standard error. Asterisk represents significant differences between sites (p <0.001).
Inhibition of gut digestive proteases by cyanobacterial diets decreases infection in a Daphnia host-parasite system
<p>Secondary metabolites produced by primary producers have a wide range of functions as well as indirect effects outside the scope of their direct target. Research suggests that protease inhibitors produced by cyanobacteria influence grazing by herbivores and may also protect against parasites of cyanobacteria. In this study we asked whether those same protease inhibitors produced by cyanobacteria also can influence interactions of herbivores with their parasites. </p> <p>We used the <em>Daphnia-Metschnikowia</em> zooplankton host-fungal parasite system to address this question because it is well-documented that cyanobacteria protease inhibitors suppress trypsin and chymotrypsin in the gut of <em>Daphnia</em>, and because it is known that <em>Metschnikowia</em> infects via the gut. We tested the hypothesis that <em>Daphnia</em> gut proteases are necessary for <em>Metschnikowia</em> spores to be released from their asci. We then also tested whether diets that decrease trypsin and chymotrypsin activity in the guts of <em>Daphnia</em> lead to lower levels of infection.</p> <p>Our results show that chymotrypsin promotes release of the fungal spores from their asci. Moreover, a diet that strongly inhibited chymotrypsin activity in <em>Daphnia</em> decreased infection levels, particularly in the most susceptible <em>Daphnia</em> clones.</p> <p>Our results support the growing literature that cyanobacterial diets can be beneficial to zooplankton hosts when challenged by parasites and uncover a mechanism that contributes to the protective effect of cyanobacterial diets. Specifically, we demonstrate that host chymotrypsin enzymes promote dehiscence of <em>Metschnikowia</em> spores; when cyanobacteria inhibit activity of chymotrypsin in hosts, this most likely traps the spore inside the ascus, preventing the parasite from puncturing the gut and beginning the infection process, and reduced the proportion of <em>Daphnia</em> infected.</p> <p>This study illustrates how secondary metabolites of phytoplankton can protect herbivores against their own enemies.</p>
Size matters: The effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on parasite transmission in the Daphnia-Metschnikowia host-parasite system
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Inhibition of gut digestive proteases by cyanobacterial diets decreases infection in a Daphnia host-parasite system
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Data from: Consequences of divergent temperature optima in a host-parasite system
It was suggested that parasite infections become more severe with rising temperature, as expected during global warming. In ectothermic systems, the growth of a parasite and therefore its reproductive capacity is expected to increase with temperature. However, the outcome of the interaction depends on the temperature optima of both host and parasite. Here we used experimental infections of three-spined stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) with its specific tapeworm parasite Schistocephalus solidus to investigate in detail the temperature optima for both host and parasite. We analyzed the fitness consequences thereof, focusing on growth and immunity of the host, and growth and offspring production of the parasite as fitness correlates. We checked for potential differences among populations, using the offspring of hosts and parasites derived from four study sites in Iceland, Germany and Spain that differ in average annual temperature ranging between 4.8 °C and 18.4 °C. We found differences in temperature optima of host and parasites that were quite consistent across the populations: while sticklebacks grew faster and had higher immune activity at low temperatures, the parasites did not even grow fast enough to reach sexual maturity in these conditions. By contrast, with increasing temperatures, parasite growth, egg production and offspring hatching increased strongly while host immunity and growth were impaired. Our results show that divergent temperature optima of hosts and parasites can have drastic fitness consequences and support the expectation that some parasites will benefit from global warming.
Microsatellites data set: Correlated population genetic structure in a three-tiered host-parasite system: the potential for coevolution and adaptive divergence
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Three subspecies of Northern Bahamian Rock Iguanas, <i>Cyclura cychlura</i>, are currently recognized: <i>C. c. cychlura,</i>restricted to Andros Island, and <i>C. c. figginsi</i> and <i>C. c. inornata,</i> native to the Exuma Island chain. Populations on Andros are genetically distinct from Exuma Island populations, yet genetic divergence among populations in the Exumas is inconsistent with the two currently recognized subspecies from those islands. The potential consequences of this discrepancy might include the recognition of a single subspecies throughout the Exumas rather than two. That inference also ignores evidence that populations of <i>C. cychlura</i> are potentially adaptively divergent. We compared patterns of population relatedness in a three-tiered host-parasite system: <i>C. cychlura</i> iguanas, their ticks (genus <i>Amblyomma</i>, preferentially parasitizing these reptiles), and <i>Rickettsia </i>spp. endosymbionts (within tick ectoparasites). Our results indicate that while <i>C. c. cychlura</i> on Andros is consistently supported as a separate clade, patterns of relatedness among populations of <i>C. c. figginsi</i> and <i>C. c. inornata</i> within the Exuma Island chain are more complex. The distribution of the hosts, different tick species, and <i>Rickettsia</i> spp., supports the evolutionary independence of <i>C. c. inornata</i>. Further, these patterns are also consistent with two independent evolutionarily significant units within <i>C. c. figginsi</i>. Our findings suggest coevolutionary relationships between the reptile hosts, their ectoparasites, and rickettsial organisms, suggesting local adaptation. This work also speaks to the limitations of using neutral molecular markers from a single focal taxon as the sole currency for recognizing evolutionary novelty in populations of endangered species.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Microsatellites data set: Correlated population genetic structure in a three-tiered host-parasite system: the potential for coevolution and adaptive divergence
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Data from: The potential for arms race and Red Queen coevolution in a protist host-parasite system
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Data from: Experimental investigation of alternative transmission functions: quantitative evidence for the importance of non-linear transmission dynamics in host-parasite systems
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Data from: Consequences of divergent temperature optima in a host-parasite system
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Data from: The role of parasite dispersal in shaping a host-parasite system at multiple evolutionary scales
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Fig. 4 in Role of temperature and carbonate system variability on a host-parasite system: Implications for the gigantism hypothesis
Fig. 4. (A) Growth and (B) metabolic rates of parasitized (gray bars) and nonparasitized (white bars) of P. purpuratus from central site (Quintay), subject to 12 and 18 ̊C. Bars indicate ± 1 standard error. Asterisk indicates significant differences between parasitism condition (p <0.001).
Fig. 2 in Role of temperature and carbonate system variability on a host-parasite system: Implications for the gigantism hypothesis
Fig. 2. Total shell length of adults parasitized (gray bars) and non-parasitized (white bars) individuals of P. purpuratus from central (Quintay) and southern populations (Concepción). Bars indicate ± 1 standard error. Asterisk indicates significant differences between parasitism condition (p <0.001).
Fig. 3 in Role of temperature and carbonate system variability on a host-parasite system: Implications for the gigantism hypothesis
Fig. 3. Least square means (LSM), the predicted value of the response variable at the mean value of the covariate (Shell Length) in ANCOVA. Responses are (A) total weight, (B) soft tissue weight, (C) shell weight, (D) volume, (E) CaCO3, and (D) LSM of the shell surface of P. purpuratus from central (Quintay) and southern populations (Concepción). Gray bars represent parasitized individuals and white bars, non-parasitized individuals. Asterisk indicates significant differences between parasitism condition, and letter indicates significant differences between sites (p <0.001).
Data from: Integral Projection Models for host-parasite systems with an application to amphibian chytrid fungus
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Data from: Hosts are ahead in a marine host-parasite coevolutionary arms race: innate immune system adaptation in pipefish Syngnathus typhle against Vibrio phylotypes
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Data from: No measurable fitness cost to experimentally evolved host defense in the Caenorhabditis elegans-Serratia marcescens host-parasite system
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Data from: Avian brood parasitism and ectoparasite richness – scale-dependent diversity interactions in a three-level host-parasite system
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Gene expression differences underlying genotype-by-genotype specificity in a host-parasite system
GEO Series GSE55035. Bombus terrestris. 16 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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