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Data and code from: Insect biomass decline scaled to species diversity: General patterns derived from a hoverfly community
<p>To study changes in flying insect communities, and hoverflies in particular, malaise trap samples from a German site were compared between two years (Hallmann et al. 2020). The data files deposited here contain data obtained from six malaise traps in the Wahnbachtal (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, 50.851944N, 7.320833E) that were deployed in 1989 and again in 2014, at the exact same locations. Traps were situated in wet meadows as well as tall perennial meadows, in close proximity to shrub corridors, to forest–grassland borders, and to the Wahnbach River and surrounded by agricultural land, essentially a rather heterogeneous habitat. The Wahnbach River and the greater part of the valley are protected for watershed purposes and are subject to nature conservation management by the Wahnbach Talperrenverband. Hence, several restrictions apply to safeguard against water contamination.</p> <p>Total insect biomass collected with these traps was already included in Hallmann et al. (2017), but here we focus on additional information: the abundance and richness of hoverflies (Syrphidae) in each of the collected samples (pots). Methodologies of collection are described in Sorg (1990), Schwan et al. (1993), Sorg et al. (2013), Hallmann et al. (2017), and Ssymank et al. (2018). In brief, malaise traps were deployed throughout the growing season and operated continuously (day and night). Malaise trap construction (e.g., size, material, colouring, and ground sealing) and placing (e.g., positioning, orientation, and slope of the locations) were standardised in all aspects. Insect samples were preserved in 80% ethanol solution. Catches of the six traps investigated in the present study were emptied regularly: On average exposure intervals were 7.0 d (SD = 0.5) in 1989 and 16.7 d (SD = 5.6) in 2014. Across the six traps in 2014 the total exposure time (in number of days) was 42% higher compared to 1989. All collected samples (n = 196) were used in the present analysis with in total 19,604 individual hoverflies counted, distributed over 162 species and 59 genera.</p> <p>To assess how environmental conditions have changed over the 25 year, several additional datasets were assembled. Climatic<br> data were obtained from 169 climatic stations and were used to interpolate daily weather variables to each trap location, using spatiotemporal kriging. These steps are described in detail in Hallmann et al. (2017).</p> <p>Our analysis (see R code) consists of three components. First, we considered total abundance, species richness, and species diversity, at two temporal scales: pooled per year, i.e., across the sampling season, and seasonally (i.e., per day), and we compared these metrics between 1989 and 2014. Second, we examined how total flying biomass (i.e., the weight of all trapped insects, of which hoverflies are only a small proportion) related to total abundance as well as species richness of hoverflies. Third, we derived persistence probabilities and population growth rate trends per species, to examine interspecific variation in these parameters.</p> <p>Descriptions of the deposited files:</p> <p><strong>Groups.csv</strong><br> MF_NR = identifier of each of the six malaise trap locations<br> yrf = year of sampling<br> pot = sample identifier<br> dt = number of sampling days<br> from.dnr = day-of-the-year on which a pot was attached to a malaise trap<br> to.dnr = day-of-the-year on which a pot was collected from a malaise trap<br> mean.daynr = mean day-of-the-year of the sampling period<br> Nspec = number of different hoverfly species found in a pot<br> Nind = number of hoverfly individuals found in a pot</p> <p><strong>Counts.csv</strong><br> A matrix of counts of individual hoverflies per pot per species. The 196 rows represent the pots in the same order as in the file 'Groups.csv'. The columns represent the 162 different hoverfly species found. The scientific species names are indicated in the column headers.</p> <p><strong>PairedData.csv</strong><br> pot = sample identifier<br> JAHR = year of sampling<br> MF_NR = identifier of each of the six malaise trap locations<br> dt = number of sampling days<br> from.dnr = day-of-the-year on which a pot was attached to a malaise trap<br> to.dnr = day-of-the-year on which a pot was collected from a malaise trap<br> NI = number of hoverfly individuals found in a potbiomass.daily<br> NSP = number of different hoverfly species found in a pot<br> biomass.daily = daily fresh weight [gram] of flying insects: total fresh weight in a pot divided by the number of sampling days.</p> <p><strong>ModelFrame.csv</strong><br> MF_NR = identifier of each of the six malaise trap locations<br> yrf = year of sampling<br> pot = sample identifier<br> dt = number of sampling days<br> from.dnr = day-of-the-year on which a pot was attached to a malaise trap<br> to.dnr = day-of-the-year on which a pot was collected from a malaise trap<br> mean.daynr = mean day-of-the-year of the sampling period<br> plot = identifier of each of the six malaise trap locations<br> date = date for which the weather variables are interpolated<br> daynr = day-of-the-year for which the weather variables are interpolated<br> altitude = altitude [m] of the malaise trap locations<br> year = year of sampling<br> temperature = interpolated temperature [degrees Celsius]<br> precipitation = interpolated precipitation [mm per day]<br> wind.speed = interpolated wind speed [m/s]</p> <p><strong>Data_Rcode.pdf</strong><br> This pdf provides the R-code behind the analysis of the Hoverfly data. Three datasets are provided along with this R-code document, namely "Counts.csv", "Groups.csv", "PairedData.csv" and "ModelFrame.csv". Additionally, the BUGS-code ""syrphidModel.jag" is required for running the daily-activity model in JAGS.</p> <p><strong>syrphidModel.jag</strong><br> This BUGS-code is required for running the daily-activity model in JAGS.</p>
Fig. 27. Maximum likelihood tree from the concatenated data set with COI, 28S and 18S in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 27. Maximum likelihood tree from the concatenated data set with COI, 28S and 18S rRNA gene sequences.
Fig. 26 in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 26. Habitat of Merodon lotus Vujić & Radenković sp. nov. A–C. Ceres. D. Coleonema sp. Photos by Ante Vujić.
Fig. 25 in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 25. Habitat of Merodon multifasciatus Curran, 1939. A. Mpumalanga, near Emgwenya (Waterval Boven). B. Nidorella auriculata DC. C. Gladiolus sericeovillosus Hook. Photos by Branka Božičić Lothrop.
Fig. 24 in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 24. Habitat of Merodon bombiformis Hull, 1944. A. Drakensberg Mountains, Maclear-Naudes Nek. B. Likely host plant Gladiolus sp. C. Merodon bombiformis male habitus. Photos by Axel Ssymank.
Fig. 22 in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 22. Apical part of male metafemur, lateral view. A–C. Merodon lotus Vujić & Radenković sp. nov. Paratypes. A. Specimen FSUNS (FSUNS ID ZA6_052). B. Specimen FSUNS (FSUNS ID ZA6_060). Specimen FSUNS (FSUNS ID ZA6_066). D–F. M. zebra Vujić & Radenković sp. nov. D. Holotype (RMCA; FSUNS ID 25089). E. Paratype (NBCN; FSUNS ID 05174). F. Paratype (RMCA; FSUNS ID 25090). Scale bar = 1 mm.
Fig. 19. Male genitalia. A–C in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 19. Male genitalia. A–C. Merodon funestus (Fabricius, 1794) (FSUNS; FSUNS ID F99). D–F. M. nasicus Bezzi, 1915 (TAUI; FSUNS ID 04792). A, D. Epandrium, lateral view. B, E. Epandrium, ventral view. C, F. Hypandrium, lateral view. Abbreviations: ams = anterior margin of surstyle; pl = posterior lobe of surstyle. Scale bar = 0.25 mm.
Fig. 16. Female metaleg, lateral view. A. Merodon bombiformis Hull, 1944 in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 16. Female metaleg, lateral view. A. Merodon bombiformis Hull, 1944 (NMSA; FSUNS ID 04278). B. M. multifasciatus Curran, 1939 (FSUNS; FSUNS ID ZA5_243). C. M. zebra Vujić & Radenković sp. nov., paratype (NHMW; FSUNS ID 05725). D. M. lotus Vujić & Radenković sp. nov., paratype (NMSA; FSUNS ID ZA6_067). E. M. nasicus Bezzi, 1915, lectotype (BMNH NHMUK010369943). Scale bar = 2 mm.
Fig. 14 in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 14. Habitus of the female, dorsal view. A. Merodon bombiformis Hull, 1944 (NMSA; FSUNS ID 04278). B. M. multifasciatus Curran, 1939 (FSUNS; FSUNS ID ZA5_243). C. M. zebra Vujić & Radenković sp. nov., paratype (RMCA; FSUNS ID 25090). D. M. lotus Vujić & Radenković sp. nov., paratype (NMSA; FSUNS ID ZA6_067). E. M. nasicus Bezzi, 1915, lectotype (BMNH NHMUK010369943). Scale bar = 2 mm.
Fig. 21 in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 21. Apical part of male metafemur, lateral view. A–D. Merodon bombiformis Hull, 1944 A. Specimen FSUNS (FSUNS ID ZA2_079). B. Specimen NMSA (FSUNS ID 04276). C. Specimen NMSA (FSUNS ID 04277). D. Specimen NBCN LML-05-5 (FSUNS ID 04282). E. M. vittatus Vujić & Likov sp. nov., holotype (NBCN; FSUNS ID 04085). F–G. M. multifasciatus Curran, 1939. F. Specimen NMSA (FSUNS ID 04284). G. Specimen NBCN LML-05-3 (FSUNS ID 03909). H. M. apimina Hull, 1944, paratype (NBCN; FSUNS ID 04086). D, F. Distinct apical dent on triangular process marked with arrow. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Fig. 5. Male abdomen, dorsal view. A. Merodon bombiformis Hull, 1944 in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 5. Male abdomen, dorsal view. A. Merodon bombiformis Hull, 1944 (FSUNS; FSUNS ZA2_079). B. M. multifasciatus Curran, 1939 (USNM 2052372; FSUNS ID 04512). C. M. vittatus Vujić & Likov sp. nov. holotype (NBCN; FSUNS ID 04085). D. M. zebra Vujić & Radenković sp. nov. holotype (RMCA; FSUNS ID 25089). E. M. lotus Vujić & Radenković sp. nov., paratype (FSUNS; FSUNS ID ZA6_066). F. M. nasicus Bezzi, 1915 (RBINS; FSUNS ID 21976). Scale bar = 2 mm.
Fig. 9. Male head, lateral view. A. Merodon bombiformis Hull, 1944 in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 9. Male head, lateral view. A. Merodon bombiformis Hull, 1944 (FSUNS; FSUNS ZA2_079). B. M. multifasciatus Curran, 1939 (USNM 2052372; FSUNS ID 04512). C. M. vittatus Vujić & Likov sp. nov., holotype (NBCN; FSUNS ID 04085). D. M. zebra Vujić & Radenković sp. nov., holotype (RMCA; FSUNS ID 25089). E. M. lotus Vujić & Radenković sp. nov., paratype (FSUNS; FSUNS ID ZA6_066). F. M. nasicus Bezzi, 1915 (TAUI; FSUNS ID 04972). Scale bar = 2 mm.
Fig. 23 in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 23. Apical part of male metafemur, lateral view. A–B. Merodon nasicus Bezzi, 1915. A. Specimen RBINS (FSUNS ID 29176). B. Specimen TAUI (FSUNS ID 04972). C. M. funestus (Fabricius, 1794) (FSUNS; FSUNS ID F98), dentate apicoventral triangular lamina on metafemur marked with arrow. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Fig. 2. A–C in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 2. A–C. Merodon funestus (Fabricius, 1794), ♂. A. Mid coxa (FSUNS; FSUNS ID F98), lateral view, posterior pile marked with arrow. B. Anterior anepisternum (CWM; FSUNS ID 10347), pile below postpronotum marked with arrow, anterolateral view. C. Abdomen, dorsal view (FSUNS; FSUNS ID F99). Scale bar = 2 mm.
Fig. 18 in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 18. Male genitalia, aedeagus, lateral view. A. Merodon lotus Vujić & Radenković sp. nov., paratype (FSUNS; FSUNS ID ZA6_060). B. M. multifasciatus Curran, 1939 (NBCN LML-05-3; FSUNS ID 03909). C. M. vittatus Vujić & Likov sp. nov., holotype (NBCN; FSUNS ID 04085). D. M. nasicus Bezzi, 1915 (TAUI; FSUNS ID 04972). Abbreviation: s = lateral sclerite of aedeagus. Scale bar = 0.25 mm.
Fig. 8. Male metaleg, lateral view. A in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 8. Male metaleg, lateral view. A. Merodon funestus (Fabricius, 1794) (CWM; FSUNS 10347). B. M. vittatus Vujić & Likov sp. nov., holotype (NBCN; FSUNS ID 04085). Calcar on metatrochanter marked with arrow. Scale bar = 2 mm.
Fig. 20. Merodon nasicus Bezzi, 1915 in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 20. Merodon nasicus Bezzi, 1915, lectotype, ♀ (BMNH NHMUK010369943). A. Head, lateral view. B. Metafemur and metatibia, lateral view. C. Antenna, lateral view. D. Abdomen, dorsal view. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Fig. 17 in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 17. Merodon lotus Vujić & Radenković sp. nov., male genitalia. Paratypes. A–C. Specimen FSUNS (FSUNS ID ZA6_066). D–F. Specimen FSUNS (FSUNS ID ZA6_060). A, D. Epandrium, lateral view. B, E. Epandrium, ventral view. C, F. Hypandrium, lateral view. Abbreviations: ams = anterior margin of surstyle; c = cercus; pl = posterior lobe of surstyle. Scale bar = 0.25 mm.
Fig. 12. Male head, dorsal view. A. Merodon bombiformis Hull, 1944 in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 12. Male head, dorsal view. A. Merodon bombiformis Hull, 1944 (FSUNS; FSUNS ZA2_079). B. M. multifasciatus Curran, 1939 (USNM 2052372; FSUNS ID 04512). C. M. vittatus Vujić & Likov sp. nov., holotype (NBCN; FSUNS ID 04085). D. M. zebra Vujić & Radenković sp. nov., holotype (RMCA; FSUNS ID 25089). E. M. lotus Vujić & Radenković sp. nov., paratype (FSUNS; FSUNS ID ZA6_066). F. M. nasicus Bezzi, 1915 (TAUI; FSUNS ID 04972). Scale bar = 2 mm.
Fig. 7. Male genitalia. A–C in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 7. Male genitalia. A–C. Merodon zebra Vujić & Radenković sp. nov., paratype (NBCN; FSUNS ID 05174). D–F. M. vittatus Vujić & Likov sp. nov., holotype (NBCN; FSUNS ID 04085). A, D. Epandrium, lateral view. B, E. Epandrium, ventral view. C, F. Hypandrium, lateral view. Abbreviations: ams = anterior margin of surstyle; c = cercus; pl = posterior lobe of surstyle. Scale bar = 0.25 mm.
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