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Fig. 5. Trypanoxyuris kotudoi n in Pinworms of the red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) in Colombia: Gathering the pieces of the pinworm-primate puzzle

Fig. 5. Trypanoxyuris kotudoi n. sp. (A) Male full body, lateral view. (B) Male cephalic end, apical view. (C) Male posterior end, ventral view; (D) Male posterior end, lateral view, (E) Female full body, lateral view; (F) Female cephalic end, apical view; (G) Female cross section showing lateral alae; (H) Egg.

Fig. 6 in Pinworms of the red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) in Colombia: Gathering the pieces of the pinworm-primate puzzle

Fig. 6. SEM of buccal structures of males of Trypanoxyuris species found in howler monkeys (A) Trypanoxyuris seunimii n. sp. (B) T. keumimae n. sp. (C) T. kotudoi n. sp. (D) T. minutus from Alouatta seniculus. (E) T. pigrae. (F) T. minutus from Mesoamerican howler monkeys. R: right ventral lip; L: left ventral lip. White arrow pointing at the sharp protuberances formed as a result of the notches in the lips.

Fig. 4 in Pinworms of the red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) in Colombia: Gathering the pieces of the pinworm-primate puzzle

Fig. 4. SEM of buccal structures of females of Trypanoxyuris species found in howler monkeys (A) Trypanoxyuris seunimii n. sp. (B) T. keumimae n. sp. (C) T. kotudoi n. sp. (D) T. minutus from Alouatta seniculus. (E) T. pigrae. (F) T. minutus from Mesoamerican howler monkeys. R: right ventral lip; L: left ventral lip. White arrow pointing at the lateral indentations. Black arrow pointing at the square-shaped edge.

Fig. 3. Trypanoxyuris keumimae n in Pinworms of the red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) in Colombia: Gathering the pieces of the pinworm-primate puzzle

Fig. 3. Trypanoxyuris keumimae n. sp. (A) Female full body, lateral view. (B) Female cephalic end, apical view. (C) Male cephalic end, apical view, (D) Male full body, lateral view; (E) Male posterior end, lateral view, (F) Male posterior end, ventral view; (G) Female cross section showing lateral alae (H) Egg.

Fig. 2. Trypanoxyuris seunimii n in Pinworms of the red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) in Colombia: Gathering the pieces of the pinworm-primate puzzle

Fig. 2. Trypanoxyuris seunimii n. sp. (A) Female full body, lateral view. (B) Female cephalic end, apical view. (C) Male cephalic end, apical view, (D) Female cross section showing lateral ala; (E) Egg; (F) Male full body, lateral view; (G) Male posterior end, ventral view; (H) Male posterior end, lateral view.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2014View details →

Supplementary material 2 from: Steinberg E, Nieves M, Mudry M (2014) Multiple sex chromosome systems in howler monkeys (Platyrrhini, Alouatta). Comparative Cytogenetics 8(1): 43-69. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v8i1.6716

Supplementary Figure S. (doi: 10.3897/CompCytogen.v8i1.6716.app2) File format: Microsoft Word file (doc).:

Fig. 5 in Molecular characterization of trypanosomatid infections in wild howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in northeastern Argentina

Fig. 5. Agarose gel (2%) showing RibDNA-amplified fragments stained with ethidium bromide. Samples are indicated by their ID numbers. Reference strains were used as positive controls: TCI: T. cruzi I, TCII: T. cruzi II, and TR: T. rangeli. M: 1 kb DNA molecular ladder. Fragment size is indicated in base pairs.

Fig. 2 in Molecular characterization of trypanosomatid infections in wild howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in northeastern Argentina

Fig. 2. Study areas showing the locations of the sampled howler groups and the results of molecular analysis: groups with only RibDNA PCR-positive howler monkeys (gray circle); groups with RibDNA and kDNA-PCR-positive howler monkeys (white circle); groups with RibDNA, kDNA, and SatDNA-PCR-positive howler monkeys positive (black circle). A: Isla Brasilera (IB) and Isla del Cerrito (IC); B: San Cayetano (SC) and Estacíon Bioĺogica de Corrientes (EBCo).

Fig. 1 in Molecular characterization of trypanosomatid infections in wild howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in northeastern Argentina

Fig. 1. Location of study areas in Northeastern Argentina: San Cayetano (SC), Estacíon Bioĺogica Corrientes (EBCo), Isla Brasilera (IB) and Isla del Cerrito (IC).

Fig. 3 in Molecular characterization of trypanosomatid infections in wild howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in northeastern Argentina

Fig. 3. Size variation of amplified kDNA fragments revealed by electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining. Samples are indicated by their ID numbers. Reference strains used as positive controls: TR1 and TR2: T. rangeli, k98: T. cruzi I, ClBr: T. cruzi VI (Cl Brener). M: 1 kb DNA molecular ladder. Fragment size is indicated in base pairs.

Fig. 5 in Helminth parasites of howler and spider monkeys in Mexico: Insights into molecular diagnostic methods and their importance for zoonotic diseases and host conservation

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic trees based on 28S (left) and cox1 (right) sequences of Strongyloides eggs. Sequences obtained from the eggs are bold type and indicated with an *. Numbers at the nodes represent posterior probabilities from Bayesian inference.

Fig. 2 in Helminth parasites of howler and spider monkeys in Mexico: Insights into molecular diagnostic methods and their importance for zoonotic diseases and host conservation

Fig. 2. Egg morphotypes found in the faeces of Mexican primates. A) Trypanoxyuris sp., B) Controrchis biliophilus, arrow pointing to the two eyespot remnants; C) trematode, diagnosed as C. biliophilus by molecular data; D) unidentified ancylostomatid; E) Strongyloides sp.; F) unidentified ascarid. Scale bar is equal to 15 Mm.

Fig. 4 in Helminth parasites of howler and spider monkeys in Mexico: Insights into molecular diagnostic methods and their importance for zoonotic diseases and host conservation

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic tree based on 28S sequences of Controrchis biliophilus. Sequences obtained from the eggs are bold type and indicated with an *. Numbers at the nodes represent posterior probabilities from Bayesian inference. Host species are indicated within parenthesis.

Fig. 1 in Helminth parasites of howler and spider monkeys in Mexico: Insights into molecular diagnostic methods and their importance for zoonotic diseases and host conservation

Fig. 1. Surveyed sites for parasites in Mexican primates. Dots indicate sampling sites, black: Alouatta palliata; white: A. pigra; and grey: Atetes geoffroyi. Polygons indicate the primate distribution range in Mexico, diagonal lines: A. palliata; dashes: A. pigra; and grey: A. geoffroyi.

Fig. 3 in Helminth parasites of howler and spider monkeys in Mexico: Insights into molecular diagnostic methods and their importance for zoonotic diseases and host conservation

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic trees based on 28S (left) and cox1 (right) sequences of Trypanoxyuris sp. Sequences obtained from the eggs are bold type and indicated with an *. Numbers at the nodes represent posterior probabilities from Bayesian inference.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Feeding strategies of brown howler monkeys in response to variations in food availability

Primates display varying degrees of behavioral flexibility that allow them to adjust their diet to temporal changes in food availability. This trait might be critical for the survival of folivorous-frugivorous species inhabiting small forest fragments, where the availability of food resources tends to be lower than in large fragments and continuous forests. However, the scarcity of studies addressing this issue hampers our understanding of the adaptive behaviors that favor the survival of these primates in low-quality habitats. We conducted a 36-mo study testing the hypothesis that brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) are able to adjust their diet in response to local and seasonal changes in resource availability. We compared the diet of six free-ranging groups inhabiting three small (<10 ha) and three large (>90 ha) Atlantic forest fragments in southern Brazil and estimated the temporal availability of their top food species (i.e., those species that together contribute ≥80% of total feeding records). We found that brown howlers exploited similarly rich diets in small (45, 54, and 57 plant species) and large (48, 51, and 56 species) fragments. However, intermonth diet similarity was higher for groups in small fragments, where howlers also fed on plant items from nine alien species. Fruits and leaves were the most consumed plant items in both small (42% and 49% of feeding records, respectively) and large (51% and 41%, respectively) fragments. The consumption of young leaves was higher in small than in large fragments, whereas the consumption of other plant items did not show a pattern related to fragment size. Regarding the contribution of growth forms as food sources, only the exploitation of palms showed a pattern related to fragment size. Palms contributed more to the diet of groups inhabiting large fragments. The availability of seasonal food items–ripe fruits and young leaves–influenced their consumption in both habitat types. Therefore, brown howlers cope with local and seasonal fluctuations in food availability by opportunistically exploiting resources. We believe that this feeding flexibility is a key component of the phenotypic plasticity that enables howlers to thrive in disturbed habitat patches, where periods of scarcity of preferred foods shall be more common.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Dispersal patterns in black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra): Integrating multi-year demographic and molecular data

Dispersal is a fundamental process in the functioning of animal societies as it regulates the degree to which closely related individuals are spatially concentrated. A species' dispersal pattern can be complex as it emerges from individuals' decisions shaped by the cost-benefit tradeoffs associated with either remaining in the natal group or dispersing. Given the potential complexity, combining long-term demographic information with molecular data can provide important insights into dispersal patterns of a species. Based on a 15-year study that integrates multi-year demographic data on six groups with longitudinal and cross-sectional genetic sampling of 20 groups (N=169 individuals, N=21 polymorphic microsatellite loci), we describe the various dispersal strategies of male and female black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) inhabiting Palenque National Park, Mexico. Genetically confirmed dispersal events (N=21 of 59 males; N=6 of 65 females), together with spatial autocorrelation analyses revealed that the dispersal pattern of black howlers is bisexual with strong sex-biases in both dispersal rate (males disperse more often than females) and dispersal distance (females disperse farther than males). Observational and genetic data confirm that both males and females can successfully immigrate into established groups, as well as form new groups with other dispersing individuals. Additionally, both males and females may disperse singly, as well as in pairs, and both may also disperse secondarily. Overall, our findings suggest multiple dispersal trajectories for black howler males and females, and longer multi-year studies are needed to unravel which demographic, ecological, and social factors underlie individuals' decisions about whether to disperse and which dispersal options to take.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Seed traits of seed within spider monkey, howler monkey feces, and dung beetles' dung balls

These data files contain seed traits from three sources, 1) seed traits from "Seeds of Amazonian Plants", 2) Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Seed Information Database, and 3) seeds dissected from field collections of primate feces and dung balls from dung beetles. The dataset was used in the article published in Biotropica entitled "Seed size and pubescence facilitate secondary dispersal by dung beetles". The data mostly describes seed traits of morphospecies within the feces of brown-headed spider monkeys (Ateles fusciceps) and mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata). Traits included in the data set are size, surface, length, width, shape, color, and dispersal by mammals.

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Supplementary material 1 from: Steinberg E, Nieves M, Mudry M (2014) Multiple sex chromosome systems in howler monkeys (Platyrrhini, Alouatta). Comparative Cytogenetics 8(1): 43-69. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v8i1.6716

Data matrix. (doi: 10.3897/CompCytogen.v8i1.6716.app1) File format: Microsoft Word file (doc).:

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2014View details →