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45 results for “human faces”
Congruence among multiple indices of habitat preference for species facing human-induced rapid environmental change: A case study using the Brewer's sparrow
<p>Accurate evaluations of habitat preference are key to understanding optimal conditions for wildlife survival and reproduction. Habitat selection, however, usually is evaluated using a single index of preference, and congruence among multiple, relevant indices of preference is examined rarely.</p> <p>We assessed the concordance between patterns of habitat preference using three different indices of breeding site preference in a migratory songbird. Specifically, we compared the chronology of territorial establishment, pair formation, and reproductive initiation of the Brewer's sparrow (<em>Spizella breweri</em>) along a gradient of surface disturbance associated with natural gas development in Wyoming, USA during 2019.</p> <p>We expected all three indices to demonstrate a preference for breeding sites with less surface disturbance, where reproductive success typically is higher. By contrast, all indices suggested suboptimal preference with respect to surface disturbance, with some discrepancy among them. The chronology of settlement and pairing did not vary across the disturbance gradient, whereas nest initiation tended to occur earlier at sites with more disturbance.</p> <p>If the pattern of suboptimal selection of breeding sites that we identified is generalizable across other populations of migratory birds affected by energy development, the resultant lower fitness in those areas may exacerbate population declines.</p> <p>Our results suggest that traditional, single-index approaches to the study of habitat selection, if chosen carefully, may provide adequate inference on habitat preferences. Different metrics, however, can lead to at least subtle differences in patterns of habitat selection. The simultaneous examination of multiple indices of preference across a diversity of systems would help clarify the contexts under which preference metrics can become decoupled.</p>
Figure 3. 46 points are selected on face elements to describe the emotions.-Impact of Ethnic Group on Human Emotion Recognition Using Backpropagation Neural Network
<p>The number of points and the position of points are not standardized, but it is depending on<br> the features that will be extracted, and used for the classifier. Many researches use various number<br> of points and positions based on their view about the feature to be considered [13] [18] [19]. Figure<br> 3 shows the points we used.</p>
Figure 8. Machine faces, perceived as more figure-like(left) and less figure-like (right)-Gestalt Processing in Human-Robot Interaction: A Novel Account for Autism Research
<p>In an experimental study on visual perception, addressing directly Gestalt phenomena, a new<br> Gestalt cue for figure-ground assignment was introduced (Vechera et al., 2002). The foreground<br> versus the background organization is a strong determinant for decisions on objects seen among<br> image elements. A well-known set of perceptual cues that are often called Gestalt cues are the size<br> or area, the symmetry and the convexity vs. concavity judgments. It is generally assumed that<br> figures are ‘small, symmetrical and convex’. The authors asked the question whether these cues are<br> all that are necessary for a region of the image to be judged as a figure. The main result of this study<br> is that regions in the lower portion of a stimulus array appear more figure-like than regions in the<br> upper portion of the display.</p>
Figure 6. Noticeable subjective response to the distorted face to the right-Gestalt Processing in Human-Robot Interaction: A Novel Account for Autism Research
<p>Quite surprisingly, if the distortion is viewed in the normal upward position, it evokes strong<br> emotional response to the distorted face to the right in figure 6.</p>
Figure 5. The distortion is barely noticeable if the faces are viewed in the reversed position-Gestalt Processing in Human-Robot Interaction: A Novel Account for Autism Research
<p>According to the feature-based processing theories of human faces the main elements,<br> noticed and remembered in a face, are the eyes, the nose and the mouth (Thompson, 1980; Anstis,<br> 2005a). If, however, we distort some of the elements of a face, these should influence perception,regardless of the position of the image – upright or reversed – from the observer viewpoint. Figure 5<br> presents the reversed image of the face on the left and the reversed distorted face on the right. The<br> distortion was achieved by rotating the eyes of the image in the vertical direction.<br> Figure</p>
Figure 4. Main elements of a face, according to the feature-based processing theories-Gestalt Processing in Human-Robot Interaction: A Novel Account for Autism Research
<p>In 1980 Peter Thompson proposed a new experimental paradigm for investigation of<br> perception, called “face thatcherization” (also named “Thomson illusion”) (Thompson, 1980).<br> Imagine that the following face, depicted in figure 4, is a photo of the then UK Prime Minister<br> Margaret Thatcher.</p>
Figure 3. Robotic faces, similar to smiley emoticons-Gestalt Processing in Human-Robot Interaction: A Novel Account for Autism Research
<p>The smiley Gestalt is the result from a dynamic (evolved in time) cognitive process, it is<br> immediately given in cognition, memorable, emotionally rich and socially relevant and reflects the<br> special kind of Gestalt complexity as defined by Edwin Rausch (1988). Conventional representations<br> of holistic entities like smileys or novel robotic faces come to life because they capture essential<br> Gestalt qualities of the perceived image. For example, in figure 3 the robotic faces resemble the<br> smileys in terms of the evoked internal/emotional reactions.</p>
Congruence among multiple indices of habitat preference for species facing human-induced rapid environmental change: A case study using the Brewer’s sparrow
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EEG Dataset of 38 Infants (Aged 5-13 Months) Viewing Human and Monkey Faces (Two Identities Each)
<p><strong>EEG Dataset of 38 Infants (Aged 5-13 Months) Viewing Human and Monkey Faces (Two Identities Each)</strong></p> <p><em><strong>Roman Kessler</strong> & <strong>Michael A. Skeide</strong></em></p> <p><br><br>Raw data set used in the study titled: </p> <p><strong>Electrophysiological decoding captures the temporal trajectory of face categorization in infants</strong></p> <p><em><strong>Roman Kessler</strong> & <strong>Michael A. Skeide</strong></em></p> <p> </p> <p>Processing scripts related to the study, cleaned raw data, demographical information, and processed data can be found at:</p> <p>https://github.com/SkeideLab/PRAWN</p> <p> </p> <p>When using this data, please cite:</p> <ul> <li>Kessler, R., & Skeide, M. A. (2024). Electrophysiological decoding captures the temporal trajectory of face categorization in infants. bioRxiv. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.07.617144">https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.07.617144</a></li> <li>Kessler, R., & Skeide, M. A. (2024). EEG Dataset of 38 Infants (Aged 5-11 Months) Viewing Human and Monkey Faces (Two Identities Each) (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13881207" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/</a><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13881207">10.5281/zenodo.13881206</a></li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>The dataset contains raw data of 38 infants, that were invited 1-2 times each for an EEG experiment showing human (2 individuals) or monkey (2 individuals) faces. See Kessler & Skeide 2024 (bioRxiv) for more information.</p> <p>The preprocessed and all downstream data is located in the GitHub repository.</p> <p>The raw_eeg.zip file is the raw data as provided from the EEG system. Sometimes the session is comprised of several raw eeg files, that are concatenated and cleaned of artifacts from technical failures.</p> <p>The raw_adult_pilots.zip contains the raw data of two adult participants.</p>
A genome catalogue of mercury-methylating bacteria and archaea from sediments of a boreal river facing human disturbances
<p>Methyl mercury is a toxic compound produced by anaerobic microbes that biomagnifies in aquatic food webs, impacting animal and human health. Genome-based explorations of Hg methylators remain limited, particularly in the context of river ecosystems. To fill this knowledge gap, we created a genome catalogue of putative Hg-methylating microorganisms (based on the presence of <em>hgcAB</em>) from the sediments of a river impacted by two run-of-river hydroelectric dams, logging, and a wildfire. By using genome-resolved metagenomics, we uncovered a unique and diverse assemblage of Hg methylators dominated by members of the metabolically versatile Bacteroidota and particularly enriched in butyrate fermentative microbes. By comparing diversity and abundance of Hg methylators between sites that were subjected to different disturbances, we found that ongoing disturbances, such as input of organic matter related to logging activities. were particularly favorable to the establishment of a Hg-methylating niche. Lastly, for a deeper understanding of the environmental factors shaping Hg methylator diversity, we juxtaposed the Hg-methylating genome catalogue with the wider microbial community. The results suggest that Hg methylators respond to environmental conditions similarly to overall microbial community, and therefore it is crucial to interpret the diversity and abundance of Hg methylators within their specific ecological context.</p>
Data from: Human face-off: a new method for mapping evolutionary rates on three-dimensional digital models
<p>Modern phylogenetic comparative methods allow estimating evolutionary rates of phenotypic change, how these rates differ across clades, and assessing whether the rate remained constant over time. Unfortunately, currently available phylogenetic comparative tools express the rate in terms of a scalar dimension, hence they do not allow us to determine rate variations among different parts of a single, complex phenotype, or charting of realized rate variation directly onto the phenotype. Herein, we present a new method which allows the mapping of evolutionary rate variation directly on three-dimensional phenotypes, informing on the direction and magnitude of trait change automatically.</p> <p>This new method, implemented by the function rate.map embedded in the R package 'RRphylo', is based on phylogenetic ridge regression rate estimates. Since the latter represent ridge regression slopes, they possess sign and magnitude. In 'RRphylo', different rates are calculated for different districts of the phenotype, which can then be visualized directly onto the phenotype itself. We present the application of rate.map to the evolution of facial skeleton in Hominoidea (the clade including living and fossil apes), the primate clade inclusive of Homo and the greater apes. We found that the highly derived, unique shape of the face in modern humans evolved through rapid phenotypic changes affecting the nasal bones, the brow ridge and the maxillary region. The canine fossa, a facial feature unique to Homo sapiens, did not belong to a region of rapid phenotypic change, and could be seen as the by-product of midface evolution as suggested by previous studies.</p>
Data from: A new data-driven mathematical model dissociates attractiveness from sexual dimorphism of human faces
<p>Human facial attractiveness is evaluated by using multiple cues. Among others, sexual dimorphism (i.e. masculinity for male faces/femininity for female faces) is an influential factor of perceived attractiveness. Since facial attractiveness is judged by incorporating sexually dimorphic traits as well as other cues, it is theoretically possible to dissociate sexual dimorphism from facial attractiveness. This study tested this by using a data-driven mathematical modelling approach. We first analysed the correlation between perceived masculinity/femininity and attractiveness ratings for 400 computer-generated male and female faces (Experiment 1) and found positive correlations between perceived femininity and attractiveness for both male and female faces. Using these results, we manipulated a set of faces along the attractiveness dimension while controlling for sexual dimorphism by orthogonalisation with data-driven mathematical models (Experiment 2). Our results revealed that perceived attractiveness and sexual dimorphism are dissociable, suggesting that there are as yet unidentified facial cues other than sexual dimorphism that contribute to facial attractiveness. Future<span> studies can investigate the true preference of sexual dimorphism or the genuine effects of attractiveness by using well-controlled facial stimuli like those </span><span>that this study</span><span> generated. </span><span>The</span> findings will be of benefit to the further understanding of what makes a face attractive.</p>
A View From Somewhere: Human-Centric Face Representations
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Few datasets contain self-identified sensitive attributes, inferring attributes risks introducing additional biases, and collecting attributes can carry legal risks. Besides, categorical labels can fail to reflect the continuous nature of human phenotypic diversity, making it difficult to compare the similarity between same-labeled faces. To address these issues, we present A View From Somewhere (AVFS)---a dataset of 638,180 human judgments of face similarity. We demonstrate the utility of AVFS for learning a continuous, low-dimensional embedding space aligned with human perception. Our embedding space, induced under a novel conditional framework, not only enables the accurate prediction of face similarity, but also provides a human-interpretable decomposition of the dimensions used in the human decision-making process, and the importance distinct annotators place on each dimension. We additionally show the practicality of the dimensions for collecting continuous attributes, performing classification, and comparing dataset attribute disparities.</p> <p><strong>ICLR 2023 Paper</strong></p> <p><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.17176">arxiv.org/abs/2303.17176</a></p> <p><strong>Code</strong></p> <p><a href="https://github.com/SonyResearch/a_view_from_somewhere">github.com/SonyResearch/a_view_from_somewhere</a></p> <p><strong>Citing A View From Somewhere</strong></p> <pre>@inproceedings{ andrews2023avfs, title={A View From Somewhere: Human-Centric Face Representations}, author={Jerone T A Andrews and Przemyslaw Joniak and Alice Xiang}, booktitle={ICLR}, year={2023} }</pre>
A Proof of Concept Clinical Study to Investigate the Effects of an Experimental Cosmetic Moisturiser on the Barrier Function of Human Skin on the Face and Forearm
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03216265. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Data from: Human face-off: a new method for mapping evolutionary rates on three-dimensional digital models
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A genome catalogue of mercury-methylating bacteria and archaea from sediments of a boreal river facing human disturbances
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: A new data-driven mathematical model dissociates attractiveness from sexual dimorphism of human faces
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
"Not only faces": specialized visual representation of human hands revealed by adaptation
Classical neurophysiological studies demonstrated that the monkey brain is equipped with neurons selectively representing the visual shape of the primate hand. Neuroimaging in humans provided data suggesting that a similar representation can be found in humans. Here, we investigated selectivity of hand representation in humans by means of the visual adaptation technique. Results showed that participants' judgment of human-likeness of a visual probe representing a human hand was specifically reduced by a visual adaptation procedure when using a human hand adaptor but not when using an anthropoid robotic hand or a non-primate animal paw adaptor. Instead, human-likeness of the anthropoid robotic hand was affected by both human and robotic adaptors. No effect was found when using a non-primate animal paw as adaptor or probe. These results support the existence of specific neural mechanisms encoding human hand in the human's visual system.
Data from: The morphometrics of "masculinity" in human faces
In studies of social inference and human mate preference, a wide but inconsistent array of tools for computing facial masculinity has been devised. Several of these approaches implicitly assumed that the individual expression of sexually dimorphic shape features, which we refer to as maleness, resembles facial shape features perceived as masculine. We outline a morphometric strategy for estimating separately the face shape patterns that underlie perceived masculinity and maleness, and for computing individual scores for these shape patterns. We further show how faces with different degrees of masculinity or maleness can be constructed in a geometric morphometric framework. In an application of these methods to a set of human facial photographs, we found that shape features typically perceived as masculine are wide faces with a wide inter-orbital distance, a wide nose, thin lips, and a large and massive lower face. The individual expressions of this combination of shape features—the masculinity shape scores—were the best predictor of rated masculinity among the compared methods (r = 0.5). The shape features perceived as masculine only partly resembled the average face shape difference between males and females (sexual dimorphism). Discriminant functions and Procrustes distances to the female mean shape were poor predictors of perceived masculinity.
Beyond human faces: Adaptation aftereffects in complex natural objects
<p>Raw participant data for the corresponding manuscript.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.