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28 results for “human introduction”
Fig. 4 in Ephemeral Occurrence of the Echiuran Listriolobus brevirostris (Annelida: Echiura) in Osaka Bay between 1995 and 2002; a New Record for Japan, Probably Resulting from Human-mediated Introduction
Fig. 4. Relationship between trunk length and proboscis length in 52 fixed specimens of Listriolobus brevirostris, collected from Osaka Bay in 1999 (NSMT-Ec 164 to 183).
Fig. 3 in Ephemeral Occurrence of the Echiuran Listriolobus brevirostris (Annelida: Echiura) in Osaka Bay between 1995 and 2002; a New Record for Japan, Probably Resulting from Human-mediated Introduction
Fig. 3. Internal morphology (dorsal view) of Listriolobus brevirostris from Osaka Bay, collected off Kobe on 26 November 2001 (NSMT-Ec 186). A, anterior end of trunk; B, posterior end of trunk (ventral vessel undetectable due to deterioration). Abbreviations: al, alimentary canal; av, anal vesicle; dv, dorsal vessel; gd, gonoduct; gl, gonostomal lip; im, interbasal muscle; nv, neurointestinal vessel; rc, rectal caecum; re, rectum; rv, ring vessel; tb, terminal bulb; vn, ventral nerve cord: vs, ventral seta; vv, ventral vessel. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Fig. 5 in Ephemeral Occurrence of the Echiuran Listriolobus brevirostris (Annelida: Echiura) in Osaka Bay between 1995 and 2002; a New Record for Japan, Probably Resulting from Human-mediated Introduction
Fig. 5. Seasonal changes in trunk length of Listriolobus brevirostris from Osaka Bay in 1999. Solid bars indicate mature specimen(s), dotted lines, measurements from live specimens, and double-headed arrow of dotted line, the length range in live specimens (see text).
Data from: Elevated human impact on islands increases the introduction and extinction status of native insular reptiles
<p>In the Anthropocene, the ranges of introduced species are expanding, while extinction-prone species are contracting. Introductions and extinctions are caused by how species respond to human impacts, but it is unknown why the ranges of some species expand and some contract. Here, we test whether this opposite response of human impact is due to introduced and extinction-prone species falling at opposite ends of geographic, evolutionary, or ecological trait continua. We constructed a database of native range maps, traits, phylogenetic relationships, and the introduction and extinction-prone status of squamate reptiles with ranges native to the Western Hemisphere. Across >3,000 snake and lizard species (88% of known native squamates), 142 had been introduced elsewhere and 483 were extinction-prone (i.e., vulnerable, endangered, critically endangered, extinct in the wild, extinct). To explain variation in status, we first tested if the same human-impacted regions in the Americas contained the native ranges of species of either status. Second, we tested for phylogenetic signal in species status. Finally, we tested the explanatory power of multiple trait continua. The native ranges of introduced and extinction-prone reptiles were clustered in island regions with high human impact vs. mainland regions with lower human impact. Phylogenetic signal was weak for status, but introduced and extinction-prone species were clustered in different clades. All geographic and ecological traits that explained each status supported the opposite ends hypothesis. Introduced species had larger, edgier ranges, while extinction-prone species had smaller, simpler ranges. Introduced species were mostly herbivorous/omnivorous, while extinction-prone species were mostly carnivorous. Introduced species produced larger clutches, while extinction-prone species had smaller body sizes. In the Anthropocene, the naive ranges of introduced and extinction-prone species are in the same human-impacted regions where trait continua, having opposite effects, determine whether species ranges expand or contract in the continuing face of global change.</p>
Rapid morphological divergence following a human-mediated introduction: The role of drift and directional selection
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Data from: Elevated human impact on islands increases the introduction and extinction status of native insular reptiles
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Data from: Landscape does matter: disentangling founder effects from natural and human-aided post-introduction dispersal during an ongoing biological invasion
<p><span>Environmental features impacting the spread of invasive species after introduction can be assessed using population genetic structure as a quantitative estimation of effective dispersal at the landscape scale. However, in the case of an ongoing biological invasion, deciphering whether genetic structure represents landscape connectivity or founder effects is particularly challenging. We examined the modes of dispersal (natural and human-aided) and the factors (landscape or founders history) shaping genetic structure in range edge invasive populations of the Asian tiger mosquito, <i>Aedes albopictus</i>, in the region of Grenoble (Southeast France). Based on detailed occupancy-detection data and environmental variables (climatic, topographic, land-cover), we modelled <i>A. albopictus </i>potential suitable area and its expansion history since first introduction. The relative role of dispersal modes was estimated using biological dispersal capabilities and landscape genetics approaches using genome-wide SNP dataset. We demonstrate that both natural and human-aided dispersal have promoted the expansion of populations. Populations in diffuse urban areas, representing highly suitable habitat for <i>A. albopictus</i>, tend to disperse less, while roads facilitate long-distance dispersal. Yet demographic bottlenecks during introduction played a major role in shaping the genetic variability of these range edge populations. </span>The present study is one of the few investigating the role of founder effects and ongoing expansion processes in shaping spatial patterns of genetic variation in an invasive species at the landscape scale. The combination of several dispersal modes and large proportions of continuous suitable habitats for <i>A. albopictus</i> promoted range filling of almost its entire potential distribution in the region of Grenoble only few years after introduction.</p>
Data from: Assembling a species–area curve through colonization, speciation and human-mediated introduction
Aim: The fundamental biogeographical processes of colonization, speciation and extinction shape island biotas in space–time. On oceanic islands, area and isolation affect these processes and resulting biodiversity patterns. In the Anthropocene, a new human-mediated colonization dynamic is altering insular ecosystems world-wide. Here, we test predictions about the roles of archipelago area and isolation in structuring ant diversity patterns through effects on both natural and anthropogenic biogeographical processes. Location: Tropical Pacific islands. Methods: We compiled a comprehensive data set of ant faunal compositions across tropical Pacific archipelagos. Using regression analysis we evaluated the bivariate and interactive effects of area and isolation on the number of colonizing lineages, native species, endemic species, exotic species and total richness in the archipelago. Results: There is a strong species–area effect and a much more modest isolation effect on total ant species richness across the Pacific archipelagos. The number of colonizing lineages of each archipelago is strongly driven by the isolation of the archipelago. Endemic species are present in large archipelagos of low and intermediate isolation. The most remote archipelagos are nearly devoid of endemic lineages and their ant faunas are largely composed of Pacific Tramp species and exotics brought from outside the Pacific region. Main conclusions: The prominent species–area curve in Pacific ants emerged over time through multiple processes. The colonization of lineages is determined primarily by isolation, with few or no lineages reaching remote archipelagos. Cladogenesis mediates the isolation effect and increases the area effect through the differential radiation of lineages in large archipelagos. In the Anthropocene, the assembly of the species–area relationship has accelerated dramatically through human-mediated colonization. Overall, our results support a view that species–area curves reflect regulating limits on species richness that scale with area, but that multiple biogeographical processes can occur to achieve these limits.
FIGURE 7. Pseudingolfiella possessionis n in Description of Pseudingolfiella possessionis n. sp. (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from sub-Antarctic Île de La Possession, Crozet archipelago: the second freshwater amphipod known from the Antarctic biome, a human introduction of Gondwanan ancestry?
FIGURE 7. Pseudingolfiella possessionis n. sp. SEM photographs. A. Aesthetascs on antenna 1. B. Accessory antenna on antenna 1, male. C. Detail of gnathopod 2, showing denticulate lamella and spine on posterior margin of dactylus. D. Pleopods 2, male. E. Pleopods 3, male. F. Uropods 1 and 2, male, lateral view showing undulate posterolateral margin of outer ramus. G. Uropods 1 and 2, male, oblique ventral view showing smoothly curved posteromedial margin of outer ramus. Scale bars: A: 0.025 mm; B: 0.05 mm; C: 10 µm; D−G: 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 4. Pseudingolfiella possessionis n in Description of Pseudingolfiella possessionis n. sp. (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from sub-Antarctic Île de La Possession, Crozet archipelago: the second freshwater amphipod known from the Antarctic biome, a human introduction of Gondwanan ancestry?
FIGURE 4. Pseudingolfiella possessionis n. sp. A–G. Coxal plates 1−7, C showing coxal gill. H−J. Pleopods 1−3, female. K−M. Pleopods 1−3, male. N. Urosome, lateral view. O. Telson, male, dorsal view. P. Telson, female, dorsal view. Q. Mediodorsal projection of telson. Scale bars: A−Q: 50 µm.
FIGURE 2. Pseudingolfiella possessionis n in Description of Pseudingolfiella possessionis n. sp. (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from sub-Antarctic Île de La Possession, Crozet archipelago: the second freshwater amphipod known from the Antarctic biome, a human introduction of Gondwanan ancestry?
FIGURE 2. Pseudingolfiella possessionis n. sp. A. Female, habitus. B. Sternal gills. C. Antenna 1, female. D. Antenna 2, male. E. Accessory antenna, female. F. Accessory antenna, male. G. Labrum. H. Labium. I. Right mandible. J. Incisor and lacinia mobilis of left mandible. K. Incisor and lacinia mobilis of right mandible. Scale bars: A: 0.5 mm; C, D: 100 µm; B, E−K: 50 µm.
FIGURE 6. Pseudingolfiella possessionis n in Description of Pseudingolfiella possessionis n. sp. (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from sub-Antarctic Île de La Possession, Crozet archipelago: the second freshwater amphipod known from the Antarctic biome, a human introduction of Gondwanan ancestry?
FIGURE 6. Pseudingolfiella possessionis n. sp. SEM photographs. A. Habitus, male. B. Head and first thoracic segment, detail, male. C. Ventral view, showing sternal and coxal gills. D. Ibidem Fig. C, detail. E. Calceolus on antenna 2, medial view, male. F. Calceolus on antenna 2, posterior view, male. Scale bars: A: 0.25 mm; B−D: 0.1 mm; E, F: 10 µm.
FIGURE 1 in Description of Pseudingolfiella possessionis n. sp. (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from sub-Antarctic Île de La Possession, Crozet archipelago: the second freshwater amphipod known from the Antarctic biome, a human introduction of Gondwanan ancestry?
FIGURE 1. Post-Gondwanan distribution of Pseudingolfiella species. c. P. chilensis. m. P. morimotoi. s. P. soyeri. p. P. possessionis n. sp. (Map of the Southern Hemisphere showing the subdivision of the Antarctic biome, modified after Ochyra (1998)).
FIGURE 3. Pseudingolfiella possessionis n in Description of Pseudingolfiella possessionis n. sp. (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from sub-Antarctic Île de La Possession, Crozet archipelago: the second freshwater amphipod known from the Antarctic biome, a human introduction of Gondwanan ancestry?
FIGURE 3. Pseudingolfiella possessionis n. sp. A. Maxilla 1. B. Maxilla 2. C. Maxilliped, female. D. Maxilliped, male. E. Gnathopod 1, female. F. Gnathopod 2, female. Scale bars: A−D: 50 µm; E, F: 100 µm.
FIGURE 5. Pseudingolfiella possessionis n in Description of Pseudingolfiella possessionis n. sp. (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from sub-Antarctic Île de La Possession, Crozet archipelago: the second freshwater amphipod known from the Antarctic biome, a human introduction of Gondwanan ancestry?
FIGURE 5. Pseudingolfiella possessionis n. sp. A−E. Pereiopods 3−7. F. Dactylus of pereiopod 7. G. Uropod 1, female. H. Uropod 2, female. I. Uropod 1, male. J. Uropod 2, male. K. Uropod 3. Scale bars: A−E: 100 µm; F−K: 50 µm.
FIGURE 8. Pseudingolfiella possessionis n in Description of Pseudingolfiella possessionis n. sp. (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from sub-Antarctic Île de La Possession, Crozet archipelago: the second freshwater amphipod known from the Antarctic biome, a human introduction of Gondwanan ancestry?
FIGURE 8. Pseudingolfiella possessionis n. sp. SEM photographs. A. Urosome with uropods 1−3, female, ventral view. B. Telson, detail of spinulate mediodorsal projection. C. Telson, lateral view. D. Uropod 3. E. Knobbed micropores on ventrolateral body surface. F. Spiniferous field ventromedially at distal end of peduncle of uropods 3. Scale bars: A: 0.1 mm; B, F: 10 µm; C: 0.025 mm; D: 0.05 mm; E: 5 µm.
Subspecies and Distribution. P.o.orientalisPallas,1766—W&NNewGuineafromtheBird'sHead(=Vogelkop)PeninsulatotheLaearea,andadjacentislands(Waigeo,Batanta,Salawati,Misool,Yapen,Biak,Supiori,Numfor,SuMios,Karkar,Bagabag,[.ong,andVokeo),alsointheC&SMoluccasandELesserSundas(Seram,Ambon,Buru,Saparua,Gorong,Banda,Kai,andBabarIs),mostlikelyintroducedbyhumansinseveralotherislands(Timor,Wetar,andLet). P. o. breviceps Thomas, 1888 — likely native to New Britain I in the Bismarck Archipelago, but distributed throughout the Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Is, apparently mostly by human-mediated introduction (Umboi, Duke of York, New Ireland, Lihir, Tabar, Boang, Manus, Nissan, Buka, Bougainville, Alu, Fauro, Mono, Vella Lavella, New Georgia, Ganongga, Gatukai, Rendova, Molakobi, Komachu, Choiseul, Ysabel, Russell, Guadalcanal, Malaita, and Makira Is). in Phalangeridae
Subspecies and Distribution. P.o.orientalisPallas,1766—W&NNewGuineafromtheBird'sHead(=Vogelkop)PeninsulatotheLaearea,andadjacentislands(Waigeo,Batanta,Salawati,Misool,Yapen,Biak,Supiori,Numfor,SuMios,Karkar,Bagabag,[.ong,andVokeo),alsointheC&SMoluccasandELesserSundas(Seram,Ambon,Buru,Saparua,Gorong,Banda,Kai,andBabarIs),mostlikelyintroducedbyhumansinseveralotherislands(Timor,Wetar,andLet). P. o. breviceps Thomas, 1888 — likely native to New Britain I in the Bismarck Archipelago, but distributed throughout the Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Is, apparently mostly by human-mediated introduction (Umboi, Duke of York, New Ireland, Lihir, Tabar, Boang, Manus, Nissan, Buka, Bougainville, Alu, Fauro, Mono, Vella Lavella, New Georgia, Ganongga, Gatukai, Rendova, Molakobi, Komachu, Choiseul, Ysabel, Russell, Guadalcanal, Malaita, and Makira Is).
Introduction of an Oral Live Human Rotavirus (Rotarix) Vaccine in Matlab
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00737503. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Data from: Assembling a species–area curve through colonization, speciation and human-mediated introduction
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Data from: Widespread primary, but geographically restricted secondary, human introductions of wall lizards, Podarcis muralis
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Allen Brain Atlas
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