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49 results for “hummingbird pollination”
Data from: The evolution of the traplining pollinator role in hummingbirds, specialization is not an evolutionary dead end
<p>Trapliners are pollinators that visit widely dispersed flowers along circuitous foraging routes. Through coevolution with the flowers they pollinate, trapliners are hypothesised to become more morphologically and ecologically specialised than their non-traplining counterparts. We hypothesised that independent transitions to traplining in hummingbirds should entail convergent morphological specialisation, and we tested whether such transitions are irreversible and lead to lower rates of diversification as predicted by the hypothesis that specialisation is an 'evolutionary dead end'. We find that there have been multiple independent transitions to traplining across the hummingbird phylogeny, but reversals have been rare or incomplete at best. Multiple independent lineages of trapliners have become morphologically specialised, convergently evolving relatively large bills for their body size. Traplining is not an evolutionary dead end however, since trapliners continue to give rise to new traplining species at a rate comparable to non-trapliners.</p>
Adaptation to lower latitudes and lower elevations precedes the evolution of hummingbird pollination in western North American Penstemon
<p>Premise: A switch in pollinator can occur when a plant lineage enters a new habitat where the ancestral pollinator is less common and a novel pollinator is more common. Since pollinator communities vary according to environmental tolerances and availability of resources, there may be consistent associations between pollination mode and specific regions and habitats. Such associations can be studied in lineages that have experienced multiple pollinator transitions, representing evolutionary replicates.</p> <p>Methods: Our study focused on a large clade of Penstemon wildflower species in western North America that has repeatedly evolved hummingbird-adapted flowers from ancestral bee-adapted flowers. For each species, we estimated geographic ranges from occurrence data and inferred environmental niches from climate, topographical, and soil data. Using a phylogenetic comparative approach, we investigated whether hummingbird-adapted species occupy distinct geographic regions or habitats relative to beeadapted species.</p> <p>Results: Hummingbird-adapted species occur at lower latitudes and lower elevations than bee-adapted species, resulting in a difference in their environmental niche. Hummingbird-adapted species seem to evolve in lineages that previously adapted to lower latitudes and elevations, since bee-adapted species sister to hummingbird-adapted species also occur in these regions and habitats. Sister species pairs – regardless of whether they differ in pollinator – show relatively little geographic range overlap.</p> <p>Conclusions: Adaptation to a novel pollinator may often occur in geographic and ecological isolation from ancestral populations. The ability of a given lineage to adapt to novel pollinators may critically depend on its ability to colonize regions and habitats associated with novel pollinator communities.</p>
Figure 3 in Pollination and breeding system in two sympatric Fuchsia (Onagraceae) species at the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Brazil): Hummingbirds, insects and facultative self-pollination
Figure 3. Importance Value Index (IVI) for the pollinators of Fuchsia campos-portoi, F. regia, and the overall for both species (Total).
Figure 2. A-D in Pollination and breeding system in two sympatric Fuchsia (Onagraceae) species at the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Brazil): Hummingbirds, insects and facultative self-pollination
Figure 2. A-D. Pollinators of F. regia. A and B. Clytolaema rubricauda (Trochilidae) showing large amounts of pollen of F. regia on the throat (B). C and D. Acroceridae flies. E-H. pollinators of F. campos-portoi. E. and F. Stephanoxis lalandi (Trochilidae). Notice the pollen onto the throat (F). G. and H. Bombus brasiliensis (Apidae). Notice the stigmatic surface touching the bee's ventral region (H).
Data for: The genetic basis of floral mechanical isolation between two hummingbird-pollinated Neotropical understory herbs
<p>Floral divergence can contribute to reproductive isolation among plant lineages, and thus provides an opportunity to study the genetics of speciation, including the number, effect size, mode of action, and interactions of quantitative trait loci (QTL). Moreover, flowers represent suites of functionally interrelated traits, but it is unclear to what extent the phenotypic integration of the flower is underlain by a shared genetic architecture, which could facilitate or constrain correlated evolution of floral traits. Here, we examine the genetic architecture of floral morphological traits involved in an evolutionary switch from bill to forehead pollen placement between two species of hummingbird-pollinated Neotropical understory herbs that are reproductively isolated by these floral differences. For the majority of traits, we find multiple QTL of relatively small effect spread throughout the genome. We also find substantial colocalization and alignment of effects of QTL underlying different floral traits that function together to promote outcrossing and reduce heterospecific pollen transfer. Our results are consistent with adaptive pleiotropy or linkage of many coadapted genes, either of which could have facilitated a response to correlated selection and helped to stabilize divergent phenotypes in the face of low levels of hybridization. Moreover, our results indicate that floral mechanical isolation can be consistent with an infinitesimal model of adaptation.</p>
Data from: A few essential genetic loci distinguish Penstemon species with flowers adapted to pollination by bees or hummingbirds
<p>In the formation of species, adaptation by natural selection generates distinct combinations of traits that function well together. The maintenance of adaptive trait combinations in the face of gene flow depends on the strength and nature of selection acting on the underlying genetic loci. Floral pollination syndromes exemplify the evolution of trait combinations adaptive for particular pollinators. The North American wildflower genus <em>Penstemon</em> displays remarkable floral syndrome convergence, with at least 20 separate lineages that have evolved from ancestral bee pollination syndrome (wide blue-purple flowers that present a landing platform for bees and small amounts of nectar) to hummingbird pollination syndrome (bright red narrowly tubular flowers offering copious nectar). Related taxa that differ in floral syndrome offer an attractive opportunity to examine the genomic basis of complex trait divergence. In this study, we characterized genomic divergence among 229 individuals from a <em>Penstemon </em>species complex that includes both bee and hummingbird floral syndromes. Field plants are easily classified into species based on phenotypic differences and hybrids displaying intermediate floral syndromes are rare. Despite unambiguous phenotypic differences, genomewide differentiation between species is minimal. Hummingbird-adapted populations are more genetically similar to nearby bee-adapted populations than to geographically distant hummingbird-adapted populations, in terms of genomewide <em>d<sub>XY</sub>.</em> However, a small number of genetic loci are strongly differentiated between species. These ~ 20 "species-diagnostic loci", which appear to have nearly fixed differences between pollination syndromes, are sprinkled throughout the genome in high recombination regions. Several map closely to previously established floral trait QTLs. The striking difference between the diagnostic loci and the genome as whole suggests strong selection to maintain distinct combinations of traits, but with sufficient gene flow to homogenize the genomic background. A surprisingly small number of alleles confer phenotypic differences that form the basis of species identity in this species complex.</p>
Data for: The genetic basis of floral mechanical isolation between two hummingbird-pollinated Neotropical understory herbs
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Adaptation to lower latitudes and lower elevations precedes the evolution of hummingbird pollination in western North American Penstemon
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Data from: The evolution of the traplining pollinator role in hummingbirds, specialization is not an evolutionary dead end
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Data from: A few essential genetic loci distinguish Penstemon species with flowers adapted to pollination by bees or hummingbirds
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Evolutionary convergence on hummingbird pollination in Neotropical Costus provide insight into the causes of pollinator shifts
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Data from: Floral isolation and pollination in two hummingbird-pollinated heliconias data
Differences in feeding performance and aggressive abilities between species and sexes of hummingbirds are often associated with the partitioning of their food sources, but whether such partitioning results in floral isolation (reproductive isolation at the stage of pollination) has received little attention. We examined components of floral isolation and pollinator effectiveness of Heliconia caribaea and H. bihai on the island of Dominica, West Indies. The short flowers of H. caribaea match the short bills of male Anthracothorax jugularis, its primary pollinator, whereas the long flowers of H. bihai match the long bills of female A. jugularis, its primary pollinator. In pollination experiments, both sexes of A. jugularis were equally effective at pollinating the short flowers of H. caribaea, which they preferred to H. bihai, whereas females were more effective at pollinating the long flowers of H. bihai. Moreover, an average difference in length of 12 mm between H. caribaea and H. bihai flowers did not prevent heterospecific pollen transfer, and both sexes transported pollen between the two plant species. In field studies using powdered dyes as pollen analogs, however, heterospecific pollen transfer was minimal, with only 2 of 168 flowers receiving dye from the other species. The length of H. bihai flowers acted as an exploitation barrier to male A. jugularis, which were unable to completely remove nectar from 88% of the flowers they visited. In contrast, interference competition combined with high floral fidelity through traplining prevented female A. jugularis from transferring pollen between the two Heliconia species. A combination of exploitation barriers, interference and exploitative competition, and pollinator preferences maintains floral isolation between these heliconias, and may have contributed to the evolution of this hummingbird-plant system.
Data from: Adaptation to hummingbird pollination is associated with reduced diversification in Penstemon
A striking characteristic of the Western North American flora is the repeated evolution of hummingbird pollination from insect-pollinated ancestors. This pattern has received extensive attention as an opportunity to study repeated trait evolution as well as potential constraints on evolutionary reversibility, with little attention focused on the impact of these transitions on species diversification rates. Yet traits conferring adaptation to divergent pollinators potentially impact speciation and extinction rates, since pollinators facilitate plant reproduction and specify mating patterns between flowering plants. Here we examine macroevolutionary processes affecting floral pollination syndrome diversity in the largest North American genus of flowering plants, Penstemon. Within Penstemon, transitions from ancestral bee-adapted flowers to hummingbird-adapted flowers have frequently occurred, although hummingbird-adapted species are rare overall within the genus. We inferred macroevolutionary transition and state-dependent diversification rates and found that transitions from ancestral bee-adapted flowers to hummingbird-adapted flowers are associated with reduced net diversification rate, a finding based on an estimated 17 origins of hummingbird pollination in our sample. While this finding is congruent with hypotheses that hummingbird adaptation in North American Flora is associated with reduced species diversification rates, it contrasts with studies of neotropical plant families where hummingbird pollination has been associated with increased species diversification. We further used the estimated macroevolutionary rates to predict the expected pattern of floral diversity within Penstemon over time, assuming stable diversification and transition rates. Under these assumptions, we find that hummingbird-adapted species are expected to remain rare, due to their reduced diversification rates. In fact, current floral diversity in the sampled Penstemon lineage, where less than one-fifth of species are hummingbird-adapted, is consistent with predicted levels of diversity under stable macroevolutionary rates.
Data from: Floral antagonists counteract pollinator-mediated selection on attractiveness traits in the hummingbird-pollinated Collaea cipoensis (Fabaceae)
Pollinator-mediated selection towards larger and abundant flowers is common in naturally pollen-limited populations. However, floral antagonists may counteract this effect, maintaining smaller- and few-flowered individuals within populations. We quantified pollinator and antagonist visit rates and determined a multiplicative female fitness component from attacked and non-attacked flowers of the Brazilian hummingbird-pollinated shrub Collaea cipoensis to determine the selective effects of pollinators and floral antagonists on flower size and number. We predicted that floral antagonists reduce the female fitness component and thus exert negative selective pressures on flower size and number, counteracting the positive effects of pollinators. Pollinators, mainly hummingbirds, comprised 4% of total floral visitation, whereas antagonist ants and bees accounted for 90% of visitation. Nectar-robbers involved about 99% of floral antagonist visit rates, whereas florivores comprised the remaining 1%. Larger and abundant flowers increased both pollinator and antagonist visit rates and the female fitness component significantly decreased in flowers attacked by nectar-robbers and florivores in comparison to non-attacked flowers. We detected that pollinators favored larger- and many-flowered individuals, whereas floral antagonists exerted negative selection on flower size and number. This study confirms that floral antagonists reduce female plant fitness and this pattern directly exerts negative selective pressures on flower size and number, counteracting pollinator-mediated selection on floral attractiveness traits.
Data associated with: A phylogenetic perspective on ecological specialisation reveals hummingbird and insect pollinators have generalist diets
<p>Specialisation in food resource use is a crucial process that fosters species coexistence in plant-animal networks, contributing to the maintenance of biodiversity, ecological complexity, and community stability. Notably, although there is a vast literature on ecological specialisation in pollination systems, the evolutionary similarity among the plant species visited by particular pollinators has been largely ignored. Here, we apply a robust phylogenetic approach to analyse whether the evolutionary relatedness of plant species is a significant factor in mediating pollinator visits and how it relates to the morphology of interacting species. We quantified ecological and clade specialisation of hummingbird and insect species in three mutualistic networks from the Costa Rican highlands and associated these metrics with species traits. We found that hummingbirds were overall ecologically more specialised than insects (i.e. visited a less diverse set of plant species). However, when evaluating the phylogenetic relatedness among the visited plant species, all hummingbird species and most insects had overdispersed diets, which indicates they visited phylogenetically distant plant species in the community. Moreover, a great proportion of these clade generalists visited plant species with a great variation in corolla length, showing a lack of preference for this morphological trait. Altogether, our results demonstrate that by incorporating plant phylogeny to network analysis, pollinator species were generalists and that corolla length weakly influences plant-pollinator interactions in the three studied networks. A phylogenetic perspective should occupy a central role in the study of specialisation since it contributes to understanding the interplay between ecological and evolutionary processes in mutualistic networks. Future research should focus on evaluating whether the phylogenetic structure of animal diets mediates patterns of interactions in different types of mutualisms and environmental contexts, linking these patterns to other floral traits. This knowledge may be valuable for deepening our comprehension of the underlying mechanisms shaping ecological networks.</p>
Data from: Convergent changes in gene expression associated with repeated transitions between hummingbird and bee pollinated flowers
<p>Transcriptomic data for 6 Gesneriaceae species (<strong><em>Nemathanthus albus </em>-NA-,<em> N. fritchii </em>-NF-<em>, Sinningia eumorpha </em>-SE-<em>, S. magnifica </em>-SM-<em>, Vanhouttea calcarata </em>-VC-<em>, Paliavana tenuiflora </em>-PV-</strong>), presented in "Convergent changes in gene expression associated with repeated transitions between hummingbird and bee pollinated flowers". For each species, transcriptomes were obtained from RNA collected from flowers at three different developmental stages.</p> <p>The following files are availables:</p> <p><strong>Trimmed_Species_Trinity.fasta:</strong> Transcriptome assembly of the species in fasta format. The transcriptomes were obtained from RNA-Seq (Illumina paired-end reads) of three different floral developmental stages. For more information, please refer to the publication.</p> <p><strong>ORF_AllSpecies_Pep.fasta</strong>: Predicted protein sequences for each transcript of each species.</p> <p><strong>ORF_AllSpecies_CDS.fasta</strong>: Predicted coding sequences (CDS) for each transcript of each species.</p> <p><strong>BLASTP_allgenes6species.FINAL.txt</strong>: Blastp annotation for each transcript of each species.</p> <p><strong>BLASTX_allgenes6species.FINAL.txt: </strong>Blastx annotation for each transcript of each species.</p> <p><strong>groups.txt </strong>: Orthologous groups (OG) between the six species obtained with OrthoMCL. For more information, please refer to the publication.</p> <p><strong>1to1_OG.txt</strong>: Obtained single-copy orthologs (1-to-1 orthologous groups) between the six species</p> <p><strong>OG_and_genes.txt : </strong>link between orthologous groups and genes ID for each species.</p> <p>For more information, please refer to the publication.</p>
Heterospecific pollen deposition is positively associated with reproductive success in a diverse hummingbird-pollinated plant community
<p>Heterospecific pollen deposition (HPD) is ubiquitous across plant communities, especially for generalized species which use a diversity of pollinators, and may have negative effects on plant reproduction. However, it is unclear whether temporal changes in the co-flowering community result in changes in HPD patterns. Moreover, community-level studies are required to understand which factors influence HPD and how the reproduction of different species is affected. We investigated the temporal variation of HPD, its relationship with level of specialization on pollinators and floral phenotypic specialization, and its association with reproductive success (pollen limitation and fruit set) in 31 hummingbird-pollinated plant species in a tropical Campo Rupestre. We found seasonality in HPD, with species flowering in the dry season having greater diversity of heterospecific pollen on stigmas and a higher frequency of stigmas containing heterospecific pollen, compared to the rainy season. Stigmas of ecologically generalized species had more heterospecific pollen, while the relationship for ecologically specialized species depended on floral phenotype. Surprisingly, and in contrast to theory, we found a positive relationship between HPD and reproductive success. Our results indicate benefits of generalization and facilitation, in which sharing pollinators brings greater reproductive success via increased conspecific pollen deposition, even if it incurs more HPD. We demonstrated how assessing HPD at a community-level can contribute to understanding the ecological causes and functional consequences of pollinator sharing.</p>
Plant–hummingbird pollination networks exhibit limited rewiring after experimental removal of a locally abundant plant species
<p>In this study, we simulated the local extinction of a hummingbird-pollinated understory plant, <em>Heliconia</em> <em>tortuosa</em>, from tropical forest fragments using a replicated Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) experimental design while quantifying plant-hummingbird interactions through two parallel techniques: pollen collected from individual hummingbirds ('pollen networks', created from >300 pollen samples) and observations of hummingbirds visiting focal plants ('camera networks', created from >19,000 observation hours). Each response variable was measured during each experimental period (pre and post) in sites with and without <em>H. tortuosa</em> removal (treatment and control).</p>
Data from: Floral isolation and pollination in two hummingbird-pollinated heliconias data
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Data from: Adaptation to hummingbird pollination is associated with reduced diversification in Penstemon
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