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Fig. 7 in Coordinated hunting behaviors of mixed-species groups of piscivores and associated species at Isla del Coco National Park (Eastern Tropical Pacific)
Fig. 7. Cluster analysis of species co-occurrences in groups based on the Ward linkage method and Pearson distance. Abbreviations for each species are defined in Tab. 1. Note two dominant clusters (cluster 1 at left and cluster 2 at right). An asterisk below species codes indicate membership in top 10 species based on mixed-species links.
Fig. 5 in Coordinated hunting behaviors of mixed-species groups of piscivores and associated species at Isla del Coco National Park (Eastern Tropical Pacific)
Fig. 5. Network visualization of the web of associations between species (33 species with 288 pair-wise links). The size of each species node is weighted relative to the frequency of each species in any group (abbreviations for each species are defined in Tab. 1). The lines between species nodes are weighted by the relative frequency of associations between each species pair.
Fig. 3 in Coordinated hunting behaviors of mixed-species groups of piscivores and associated species at Isla del Coco National Park (Eastern Tropical Pacific)
Fig. 3. Examples of mixed-species hunting groups observed to ca. 35 m depth. (A) Caranx melampygus, Dermatolepis dermatolepis and Bodianus diplotenia at a crevice. Note D. dermatolepis and B. diplotaenia are able to maneuver deep into the crevice while C. melampygus follow from above and search for escaping prey. (B) Group composed of C. melampygus, Trianodon obesus, Cephalopholis panamensis and unidentified muraenid eel (hidden within crevices) hunt for prey within crevices amongst coral and coral rubble along reef edge. (C) Lutjanus argentiventris, D. dermatolepis, C. melampygus and B. diplotaenia hunt for prey as group traverses low relief volcanic pavement along a pinnacle. (D) Group composed of D. dermatolepis, C. melampygus and Aulostomus chinensis. Note position of A. chinensis in lead over C. melampygus. (E) C. melampygus follows above a muraenid eel hunting within narrow crevices. (F) As in previous image, D. dermatolepis follows above muraenid eel hunting within narrow crevice. (G) C. melampygus follow B. diplotaenia hunting over sand and volcanic rubble habitat. (H) B. diplotaenia and A. chinensis hunt in tandem along edge of pinnacle.
Figures 7–8. Aporus hirsutus prey transport. 7 in Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)
Figures 7–8. Aporus hirsutus prey transport. 7) Aporus hirsutus female dragging Aptostichus simus juvenile backwards across sand, grasping end of its right foreleg with her mandibles. Sandy coastal back dunes, Santa Barbara County, CA; 17 June 2015; A. Abela. Photograph © Alice Abela. 8) Aporus hirsutus female dragging Aptostichus simus juvenile backwards across sand, grasping tibia of its 2nd left leg with her mandibles. The wasp's wings are folded on her dorsum, sandy coastal back dunes, Santa Barbara County, CA; 17 June 2015; A. Abela. Photograph © Alice Abela.
Figure 10 in Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)
Figure 10. Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) antenna orbit/socket position (Wasbauer and Kimsey 1985, this study).
Figures 1–2. Aporus hirsutus and Aptostichus simus. 1 in Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)
Figures 1–2. Aporus hirsutus and Aptostichus simus. 1) Aporus hirsutus resting on sand, digging in sand, sandy coastal back dunes, Santa Barbara County, CA; 12 June 2014; A. Abela. The species name "hirsutus" refers to the hairiness of the body. Species identification structures include short antennae and forelegs, quasi-triangular flattened head, elongate pronotum, swollen forefemur and foretibia, thick foretarsal rake spines, and only two submarginal cells in forewing. The concave back of the head, not seen to this degree in other Nearctic Aporus species, fits snugly against the front of the convex pronotum, enabling the wasp to tunnel unobstructed through sand. Photograph © Alice Abela. 2) Aptostichus simus female on sand, Montaña de Oro State Park, San Luis Obispo County, CA; 8 June 2014; A. Abela. Females lack obvious distinguishing external morphological features, except for sharply delineated patch of endite cuspules on abdominal venter. All Aptostichus species have psammophilous body coloration (Bond 2012). Photograph © Alice Abela.
Figure 9 in Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)
Figure 9. Aptostichus species California geographic distribution (from Bond 2012) and Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) geographic range (Wasbauer and Kimsey 1985; this study).
Figures 5–6. Aporus hirsutus hunting behavior. 5 in Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)
Figures 5–6. Aporus hirsutus hunting behavior. 5) Aporus hirsutus female digging into sand, using her mandibles and foretarsal digging rake, apparently searching for host Aptostichus simus, sandy coastal back dunes, Santa Barbara County, CA; 12 June 2014; A. Abela. Photograph © Alice Abela. 6) Aptostichus simus trapdoor being propped open by a twig. Note the flimsy silk and sand consistency of the trapdoor and sides of entrance, Montaña de Oro State Park, San Luis Obispo, CA; 5 July 2020; A. Abela. Photograph © Alice Abela.
Figures 3–4. Aporus hirsutus adult feeding. 3 in Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)
Figures 3–4. Aporus hirsutus adult feeding. 3) Aporus hirsutus female taking nectar from flowers of Eriogonum parvifolium, Vandenberg Air Force Base, Santa Barbara County, CA; 6 August 2014; A. Abela. Photograph © Alice Abela. 4) Aporus hirsutus female with immobilized Aptostichus simus, immature, on sand, Surf Beach at Vandenberg Air Force Base, Santa Barbara County, CA; 28 March 2015; A. Abela. The wasp appressed her mouthparts and basal antennal segments to the paralyzed prey and, apparently, used this individual only for adult feeding. Photograph © Alice Abela.
Figure 11 in Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)
Figure 11. Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) degree of body hairiness (Wasbauer and Kimsey 1985; this study).
Fig. 1 in Characteristics of the hunting behavior of the Red-footed Falcon (Falco vespertinus) in South-Eastern Bulgaria
Fig. 1. Mean duration of the hovering series of Red-footed Falcons in relation to the sex and period of the lifecycle of the birds.
Figure 8 Relationship between host parasitism rate and mean parasitoid load per host. Each data point represents 1 in Infection behavior, life history, and host parasitism rates of Emblemasoma erro (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), an acoustically hunting parasitoid of the cicada Tibicen dorsatus (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Figure 8 Relationship between host parasitism rate and mean parasitoid load per host. Each data point represents 1 year of host population sampling data for a single study site. The solid line (blue in the color figure) represents the linear regression model for the data.
Figure 5 in Infection behavior, life history, and host parasitism rates of Emblemasoma erro (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), an acoustically hunting parasitoid of the cicada Tibicen dorsatus (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Figure 5 Relationship of effective clutch size and temperature to larval residence time. Each data point represents the mean residence time of the parasitoid larvae inside a single host cicada along with the effective clutch size (number of larvae emerging from the host) and the mean air temperature experienced by the host during parasitoid development. The planar surface represents the multiple linear regression model of the effects of temperature and effective clutch size on larval residence time. Lines connected to the data points indicate the vertical distance of each data point from the regression surface (i.e., the residuals).
Figure 4 in Infection behavior, life history, and host parasitism rates of Emblemasoma erro (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), an acoustically hunting parasitoid of the cicada Tibicen dorsatus (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Figure 4 Larviposition by E. erro. A first-instar larva of E. erro on the right fore wing of a T. dorsatus moments after larviposition (larva indicated by blue arrow). The cicada's head and foreleg are at top center.
Figure 3 in Infection behavior, life history, and host parasitism rates of Emblemasoma erro (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), an acoustically hunting parasitoid of the cicada Tibicen dorsatus (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Figure 3 Locations of study sites. Filled circles indicate the primary sites used for estimating host parasitism rates, and open circles indicate secondary sites used for additional collections of cicadas and flies. Primary sites are referenced in the text by the counties in which they were located: 1) Harvey Co., 2) McPherson Co., 3) Reno Co., 4) Ellsworth Co., 5) Hamilton Co., and 6) Prowers Co. Both T. dorsatus and E. erro were found at all 11 sites. The inset map indicates the location of the main map in the United States.
Figure 6 in Infection behavior, life history, and host parasitism rates of Emblemasoma erro (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), an acoustically hunting parasitoid of the cicada Tibicen dorsatus (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Figure 6 Emergence of E. erro from its host. A mature larva of E. erro emerges from between the left operculum and the abdomen of a deceased male T. dorsatus from Prowers Co., CO.
Figure 3 in Behavior notes and prey spectrum of three species of the bee-hunting wasp Trachypus Klug (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)
Figure 3. Trachypus taschenbergi biology. (A) female carrying a prey (Paratrigona subnuda drone) near the nest entrance. (B) female exiting the nest; (C-E) a female trying to enter an occupied nest and being expelled by a female that was inside the nest.
Figure 1 in Behavior notes and prey spectrum of three species of the bee-hunting wasp Trachypus Klug (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)
Figure 1. Study site. (A) Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, (B) land cover (modified from Pereira et al., 2020), (C) original sampling sites (modified from Michener et al., 1958).
Figure 2 in Behavior notes and prey spectrum of three species of the bee-hunting wasp Trachypus Klug (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)
Figure 2. Rose diagrams for seasonal activities of (A) Trachypus elongatus and (B) Trachypus taschenbergi, considering the number of female observations per day of fieldwork. Months are treated as sectors of 30 degrees each, with January corresponding to 0 and December to 330.
Data from: Hunting behavior and feeding ecology of Mojave Rattlesnakes (Crotalus scutulatus), Prairie Rattlesnakes (C. viridis), and their hybrids in southwestern New Mexico
<p>Predators must contend with numerous challenges to successfully find and subjugate prey. Complex traits related to hunting are partially controlled by a large number of co-evolved genes which may be disrupted in hybrids. Accordingly, research on the feeding ecology of animals in hybrid zones has shown that hybrids sometimes exhibit transgressive or novel behaviors, yet for many taxa empirical studies of predation and diet across hybrid zones is lacking. We undertook the first such field study for a hybrid zone between two snake species, the Mojave Rattlesnake (<em>Crotalus scutulatus</em>) and Prairie Rattlesnake (<em>C. viridis</em>). Specifically, we leveraged established field methods to quantify hunting behaviors of animals, their prey communities, and diet of individuals across the hybrid zone in southwestern New Mexico, USA. We found that, even though hybrids had significantly lower body condition indices than snakes from either parental lineage, hybrids were generally similar to non-hybrids in hunting behavior, prey encounter rates, and predatory attack and success. We also found that, compared to <em>C. scutulatus</em>, <em>C. viridis</em> was significantly more active while hunting at night and abandoned ambush sites earlier in the morning, and hybrids tended to be more <em>viridis</em>-like in this respect. Prey availability was similar across the study sites, including within the hybrid zone, with Kangaroo Rats (<em>Dipodomys</em> spp.) as the most common small mammal both in habitat surveys and frequency of encounters with hunting rattlesnakes. Analysis of prey remains in stomachs and feces also showed broad similarity in diets, with all snakes preying primarily on small mammals and secondarily on lizards. Taken together, our results suggest that the significantly lower body condition of hybrids does not appear to be driven by differences in their hunting behavior or diet, and may instead relate to metabolic efficiency or other physiological traits we have not yet identified.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.