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250 results for “hurricanes”
Ecological Impacts of Hurricanes Across the Yucatan Peninsula 1851-2000
This study used computer modeling to study the impacts of hurricanes across the Yucatan Peninsula since 1851. For details on methods and results please see the published paper (Boose, E. R., D. R. Foster, A. Barker Plotkin and B. Hall. 2003. Geographical and historical variation in hurricanes across the Yucatan Peninsula. In Lowland Maya Area: Three Millennia at the Human-Wildland Interface. A. Gomez-Pompa, M. F. Allen, S. Fedick and J. J. Jimenez-Osornio, eds. Haworth Press, New York, NY. In press). The Abstract from the paper is reproduced below. "The ecological impacts of hurricanes across the Yucatan Peninsula over the last 150 years were investigated using a simple meteorological model (HURRECON) developed at Harvard Forest as well as a database of historical hurricane data (HURDAT) maintained by the U. S. National Hurricane Center. All hurricanes over the period 1851-2000 with sustained winds of hurricane force (33 meters/sec) within 300 kilometers of the study region were analyzed (n = 105). Each storm was reconstructed to produce estimates of wind damage on the Fujita scale across the region. Individual reconstructions were then compiled to study cumulative impacts of all 105 storms. "Results showed considerable variation in hurricane activity from year to year, and from decade to decade, while at the half-century scale there was an increase in hurricane intensity since the mid-nineteenth century. Ninety percent of the hurricanes causing F1 damage or higher (on the Fujita scale) occurred in the months of August, September, and October. A strong spatial gradient in hurricane frequency and intensity extended across the region from northeast to southwest, resulting from (1) the greater number of hurricanes to the north, (2) the east to west movement of most hurricanes across the area, and (3) the tendency for most hurricanes to weaken significantly after landfall. For example, during the study period, northeastern parts of the peninsula experienced a minimum of
Reconstruction of the 1938 Hurricane in New England and Hurricane Hugo in Puerto Rico
This study examined landscape and regional impacts of the 1938 Hurricane in New England and Hurricane Hugo in Puerto Rico, with a focus on the Harvard Forest and the Luquillo Expermental Forest. For details on methods and results, please see the published paper (Boose, E. R., D. R. Foster and M. Fluet. 1994. Hurricane impacts to tropical and temperate forest landscapes. Ecological Monographs 64(4): 369-400). The Abstract from the paper is reproduced below. "Hurricanes represent an important natural disturbance process to tropical and temperate forests in many coastal areas of the world. The complex patterns of damage created in forests by hurricane winds result from the interaction of meteorological, physiographic, and biotic factors on a range of spatial scales. To improve our understanding of these factors and of the role of catastrophic hurricane wind as a disturbance process, we take an integrative approach. A simple meteorological model (HURRECON) utilizes meteorological data to reconstruct wind conditions at specific sites and regional gradients in wind speed and direction during a hurricane. A simple topograhic exposure model (EXPOS) utilizes wind direction predicted by HURRECON and a digital elevation map to estimate landscape-level exposure to the strongest winds. Actual damage to forest stands is assessed through analysis of remotely sensed, historical, and field data. "These techniques were used to evaluate the characteristics and impacts of two important hurricanes: Hurricane Hugo (1989) in Puerto Rico and the 1938 New England Hurricane, storms of comparable magnitude in regions that differ greatly in climate, vegetation, physiography, and disturbance regimes. In both cases patterns of damage on a regional scale were found to agree with the predicted distribution of peak wind gust velocities. On a landscape scale there was also good agreement between patterns of forest damage and predicted exposure in the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico and t
Landscape and Regional Impacts of Hurricanes in New England 1620-1997
This project used a combination of historical research and computer modeling to study the impacts of hurricanes in New England since 1620. For details on methods and results, please see the published paper (Boose, E. R., K. E. Chamberlin and D. R. Foster. 2001. Landscape and regional impacts of hurricanes in New England. Ecological Monographs 71: 27-48). The Abstract from the paper is reproduced below. "Hurricanes are a major factor controlling ecosystem structure, function and dynamics in many coastal forests and yet their ecological role can be understood only by assessing impacts in space and time over a period of centuries. We present a new method for reconstructing hurricane disturbance regimes using a combination of historical research and computer modeling. Historical data on wind damage for each hurricane in the selected region are quantified using the Fujita scale to produce regional maps of actual damage. A simple meteorological model (HURRECON), parameterized and tested for selected recent hurricanes, provides regional estimates of wind speed, direction, and damage for each storm. Individual reconstructions are compiled to analyze spatial and temporal patterns of hurricane impacts. Long-term effects of topography on a landscape scale are then examined with a simple topographic exposure model (EXPOS). "We applied this method to New England, USA, examining hurricanes since European settlement in 1620. Results showed strong regional gradients in hurricane frequency and intensity from southeast to northwest: average return intervals for F0 damage on the Fujita scale (loss of leaves and branches) ranged from 5 to 85 years, average return intervals for F1 damage (scattered blowdowns, small gaps) ranged from 10 to more than 200 years, and average return intervals for F2 damage (extensive blowdowns, large gaps) ranged from 85 to more than 380 years. On a landscape scale, average return intervals for F2 damage in the town of Petersham MA ranged from 125 years acro
Landscape and Regional Impacts of Hurricanes in Puerto Rico 1508-1997
This project used a combination of historical research and computer modeling to study the impacts of hurricanes in Puerto Rico since 1508. For details on methods and results, please see the published paper (Boose, E. R., M. I. Serrano and D. R. Foster. 2004. Landscape and regional impacts of hurricanes in Puerto Rico. Ecological Monographs 74: 335-352). The Abstract from the paper is reproduced below. "Puerto Rico is subject to frequent and severe impacts from hurricanes, whose long-term ecological role must be assessed on a scale of centuries. In this study we applied a method for reconstructing hurricane disturbance regimes developed in an earlier study of hurricanes in New England. Patterns of actual wind damage from historical records were analyzed for 85 hurricanes since European settlement in 1508. A simple meteorological model (HURRECON) was used to reconstruct the impacts of 43 hurricanes since 1851. Long-term effects of topography on a landscape scale in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF) were simulated with a simple topographic exposure model (EXPOS). "Average return intervals across Puerto Rico for F0 damage (loss of leaves and branches) and F1 damage (scattered blowdowns, small gaps) on the Fujita scale were 4 and 6 years, respectively. At higher damage levels a gradient was created by the direction of the storm tracks and the weakening of hurricanes over the interior mountains. Average return intervals for F2 damage (extensive blowdowns) and F3 damage (forests leveled) ranged from 15 to 33 years and 50 to 150 years, respectively, from east to west. In the LEF, the combination of steep topography and constrained peak wind directions created a complex mosaic of topographic exposure and protection, with average return intervals for F3 damage ranging from 50 years to more than 150 years. Actual forest damage was strongly dependent on land-use history and the effects of recent hurricanes. Annual and decadal timing of hurricanes varied widely. There was n
Vegetation Response in Simulated Hurricane Experiment at Harvard Forest since 1990
Wind disturbance profoundly shapes temperate forests but few studies have evaluated patterns and mechanisms of long-term forest dynamics following major windthrows. In 1990, we initiated a large hurricane simulation experiment in a 0.8 ha manipulation (pulldown) and 0.6 ha control area of a maturing Quercus rubra-Acer rubrum forest in New England. We toppled 276 trees in the pulldown, using a winch and cable, in the northwesterly direction of natural treefall from major hurricanes. Eighty percent of canopy trees and two-thirds of all trees greater than 5 cm dbh suffered direct and indirect damage. We used twenty years of measurements to evaluate the trajectory and mechanisms of forest response after intense disturbance. Based on the patch size and disturbance magnitude, we expected pioneer tree and understory species to drive succession. The first decade of analyses emphasized tree seedling establishment and sprouting by damaged trees as the dominant mechanisms of forest recovery in this extensive damaged area. However, despite 80% canopy damage and 8000 m2 patch size, surviving overstory and advance regeneration controlled longer-term forest development. Residual oaks make up 42% of stand basal area after 20 years. The new cohort of trees, dominated by black birch advance regeneration, contributes 30% of stand basal area. There were shifts in understory vegetation composition and cover, but few species were gained or lost after 20 years. Stand productivity rebounded quickly (litterfall recovered to pre-disturbance levels in six years), but we predict that basal area in the pulldown will lag behind the control (which gained 6 m2/ha over 20 years) for decades to come. This controlled experiment showed that although the scale and intensity of damage were great, abundant advance regeneration, understory vegetation, and damaged trees remained, allowing the forest to resist changes in ecosystem processes and invasion by new species.
Fuel Loading in Simulated Hurricane Experiment at Harvard Forest since 1993
Wind disturbance profoundly shapes temperate forests but few studies have evaluated patterns and mechanisms of long-term forest dynamics following major windthrows. In 1990, we initiated a large hurricane simulation experiment in a 0.8 ha manipulation (pulldown) and 0.6 ha control area of a maturing Quercus rubra-Acer rubrum forest in New England. We toppled 276 trees in the pulldown, using a winch and cable, in the northwesterly direction of natural treefall from major hurricanes. Eighty percent of canopy trees and two-thirds of all trees greater than 5 cm dbh suffered direct and indirect damage. An enormous input of dead wood was one result of the manipulation. Many perceive an increased risk of wildfire after trees are blown down, but this depends on the amount, size, and persistence of the dead wood inputs.
Hurricane Recovery Plots at Harvard Forest 1937-1991
The New England hurricane of 1938, by destroying many acres of mature and semi-mature forests, initiated new forest associations over a large area. Permanent plots were established across the Harvard Forest in severely damaged stands (many of which were logged subsequent to the hurricane) to assess forest succession. Most of the plots involved successions following the blowdown of white pine on glacial till or outwash soils. From 1940 - 1948, and in 1978 and 1991, tree density and presence/absence of herb and shrub species were tallied. Pioneer species regenerating from seed and advance regeneration of longer-lived species quickly established at the sites; hemlock was the only species successfully regenerating after year 10, and most tree species were present within 2-4 years of the hurricane. By 1978, pioneer species such as gray birch and pin cherry declined or disappeared and red maple, white pine, paper birch and red oak dominated the plots. By 1991, most understory species present before the hurricane had returned, although there was a small group of understory species that apparently were more sensitive to disturbance and did not recover.
Trace Gas Fluxes and Soil N Dynamics in Simulated Hurricane Experiment at Harvard Forest 1989-1991
This study examined the fluxes of greenhouse gases between soils and the atmosphere in the Simulated Hurricane Experiment. The abstract from the published paper (see Methods) is reproduced below. "Fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) between soils and the atmosphere were measured monthly for one year in a 77-year-old temperate hardwood forest following a simulated hurricane blowdown. Emissions of CO2 and uptake of CH4 for the control plot were 4.92 MT C ha-1 y-1 and 3.87 kg C ha-1 y-1, respectively, and were not significantly different from the blowdown plot. Annual N2O emissions in the control plot (0.23 kg N ha-1 y-1) were low and were reduced 78% by the blowdown. Net N mineralization was not affected by the blowdown. Net nitrification was greater in the blowdown than in the control, however, the absolute rate of net nitrification, as well as the proportion of mineralized N that was nitrified, remained low. Fluxes of CO2 and CH4 were correlated positively to soil temperature, and CH4 uptake showed a negative relationship to soil moisture. Substantial resprouting and leafing out of downed or damaged trees, and increased growth of understory vegetation following the blowdown, were probably responsible for the relatively small differences in soil temperature, moisture, N availability, and net N mineralization and net nitrification between the control and blowdown plots, thus resulting in no change in CO2 or CH4 fluxes, and no increase in N2O emission."
Mangrove Coast Collaborative Project, Post-hurricane Irma mangrove forest structure data, Rookery Bay NERR, February 2022 - March 2023
The dataset describes the structure, composition, and condition of mangrove forests in Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) assessed Feb 2022 - Mar 2023, approximately 5 years post Hurricane Irma (2017) and concurrent with Hurricane Ian (Sep 2022). The dataset includes information on each stem greater than or equal to 1 cm DBH (diameter at breast height) rooted within 69 100 m2 circular plots. Information collected includes site ID, location, species, DBH, status (live or dead), damage associated with the hurricane, presence/absence of regrowth, presence/absence of adventitious roots, whether or not stem is part of a multi-stemmed individual, and the canopy conditions (whether the tree has a canopy or is only sprouting at the base of the tree or trunk). This dataset is associated with the Mangrove Coast Collaborative project (2020 - 2024).
Mangrove Coast Collaborative Project, Post-hurricane Irma mangrove forest understory data, Rookery Bay NERR, February 2022 - March 2023
This dataset describes the structure and composition of the mangrove forest understory in Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) assessed Feb 2022 - Mar 2023, approximately 5 years post Hurricane Irma (2017) and concurrent with Hurricane Ian (2022). The dataset includes information on the number of seedlings and saplings of each species as sampled in four 1 m2 quadrats in each 100 m2 structural sampling plot. The dataset also includes counts of the five tallest pneumatophores occurring in each quadrat. The height of pneumatophores was used as a proxy for the average maximum high water level in a plot. This dataset is associated with the Mangrove Coast Collaborative project (2020 - 2024).
Mangrove Coast Collaborative Project, Post-hurricane Maria mangrove forest understory data, Jobos Bay NERR, March 2022 - August 2022
This dataset describes the structure and composition of the mangrove forest understory in Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) assessed approximately 5 years after disturbance from Hurricane Maria (2017). The dataset includes information on the number of seedlings and saplings of each species as sampled in four 1 m2 quadrats in each 100 m2 structural sampling plot. The dataset also includes counts of the five tallest pneumatophores occurring in each quadrat. The height of pneumatophores was used as a proxy for the average maximum high water level in a plot. This dataset is associated with the Mangrove Coast Collaborative project (2020 - 2024).
Mangrove Coast Collaborative Project, Post-hurricane Maria mangrove forest structure data, Jobos Bay NERR, March 2022 - August 2022
The dataset describes the structure, composition, and condition of mangrove forests in Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) assessed approximately 5 years after disturbance from Hurricane Maria (2017). The dataset includes information on each stem greater than or equal to 1 cm DBH (diameter at breast height) rooted within 64 100 m2 circular plots. Information collected includes site ID, location, species, DBH, status (live or dead), damage associated with the hurricane, presence/absence of regrowth, presence/absence of adventitious roots, whether or not stem is part of a multi-stemmed individual, and the canopy conditions (whether the stem has a leafed canopy or is only sprouting at the base if live). This dataset is associated with the Mangrove Coast Collaborative project (2020 - 2024).
Mangrove Coast Collaborative Project, Post-hurricane Maria mangrove forest coarse woody debris data, Jobos Bay NERR, March 2022 - August 2022
This dataset describes the quality and size of coarse woody debris (downed woody debris > 7.5 cm in diameter) for each mangrove forest plot in Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) assessed approximately 5 years after disturbance from Hurricane Maria (2017). Data was collected along three 20 m transects beginning at each plot center point and heading toward a randomly-selected azimuth. This dataset is associated with the Mangrove Coast Collaborative project (2020 - 2024).
Mangrove Coast Collaborative Project, Post-hurricane mangrove forest coarse woody debris data, Rookery Bay NERR, February 2022 - March 2023
This dataset describes the quality and size of coarse woody debris (downed woody debris > 7.5 cm in diameter) for each mangrove forest plot in Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) assessed approximately 5 years after disturbance from Hurricane Irma (2017) and concurrent with Hurricane Ian (2022). Data was collected along three 20 m transects beginning at each plot center point and heading toward a randomly-selected azimuth. This dataset is associated with the Mangrove Coast Collaborative project (2020 - 2024).
Mangrove Coast Collaborative Project, Post-hurricane mangrove forest downed woody debris data, Rookery Bay NERR, February 2022 - March 2023
This dataset describes the quantity and size distribution of downed woody debris for each mangrove forest plot in Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) assessed approximately 5 years after disturbance from Hurricane Irma (2017) and concurrent with Hurricane Ian (2022). Data was collected along three 20 m transects beginning at each plot center point and heading toward a randomly-selected azimuth. This dataset is associated with the Mangrove Coast Collaborative project (2020 - 2024).
Mangrove Coast Collaborative Project, Post-hurricane Maria mangrove forest downed woody debris data, Jobos Bay NERR, March 2022 - August 2022
This dataset describes the quantity and size distribution of downed woody debris for each mangrove forest plot in Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) assessed approximately 5 years after disturbance from Hurricane Maria (2017). Data was collected along three 20 m transects beginning at each plot center point and heading toward a randomly-selected azimuth. This dataset is associated with the Mangrove Coast Collaborative project (2020 - 2024).
Litterfall in Simulated Hurricane Experiment at Harvard Forest since 1989
The hurricane site contains two plots - the blowdown (treatment) and the control - TSB and TSC respectively. The control plot contains 12 baskets and the blowdown 13. Litter baskets were placed in both the blowdown and control plots in Sept 1989. TSB-13 was originally part of an AVIRIS overflight study and was not included in the data collections until 1990. The litterfall year begins approximately September 20 each year. Years are designated with the fall date, e.g., Sept 1989-Sept 1990 is the 1989 litter year. Litter was collected 2x/year (Nov and the following Sep) in 1989 and 1990 and 3x/year in all subsequent years (Nov, June and Sep). Baskets were removed from the blowdown plot in fall 1990 while the experimental manipulation was underway. Only control plot baskets were collected for the 1990-1991 litterfall year. Nov. 2005 and June 2006 are combined as early snow in Nov. 2005 precluded collection. Litter was not sorted by species in all years and in most cases only the Nov collections were sorted from 1989 through 1993, 2000 and 2006. In other years, a total unsorted litter weight for each basket was recorded. Unsorted litter is indicated as unsorted species type.
HURRECON Model for Estimating Hurricane Wind Speed, Direction and Damage
HURRECON is a simple meteorological model that estimates hurricane surface wind speed and direction based on the track, size, and intensity of a hurricane and the surface type (land or water). The model also estimates Fujita-scale wind damage as a function of peak 1/4 mile wind speed and wind gust factor. Estimates can be generated for a single site or a rectangular region. The model is based on published empirical studies of many hurricanes. HURRECON can be used to study the impacts of individual hurricanes or to reconstruct the hurricane disturbance regime for a particular region. For more information on the most recent version of the model please see the published paper (Boose, E. R., K. E. Chamberlin and D. R. Foster. 2001. Landscape and regional impacts of hurricanes in New England. Ecological Monographs 71: 27-48). Additional information is contained in the documentation that accompanies the program. For an updated version of the HURRECON model in R and Python, please see HF446.
Modeling Impacts of Hurricanes on Current Aboveground Forest Carbon in New England 2020-2120
Nature-based climate solutions are championed as a primary tool to mitigate climate change, especially in forested regions capable of storing and sequestering vast amounts of carbon. New England is one of the most heavily forested regions in the United States (over 75% forested by land area), and forest carbon is a significant component of regional climate mitigation strategies. Large infrequent disturbances, such as hurricanes, are a major source of uncertainty and risk for policies that rely on forest carbon for climate mitigation, especially as climate change is projected to alter the intensity and geographic extent of hurricanes. To date, most research into disturbance impacts on forest carbon stocks has focused on fire. Here we show that a single hurricane in the region can down between 121-250 MMTCO2e or 4.6-9.4% of the total aboveground forest carbon, much greater than the carbon sequestered annually by New England’s forests (16 MMTCO2e yr-1). However, the emissions from the storms are not instantaneous; it takes approximately 19 years for the downed carbon to become a net emission, and 100 years for 90% of the downed carbon to be emitted. Using the HURRECON and EXPOS models to reconstruct hurricanes across a range of historical and projected wind speeds, we find that an 8% and 16% increase in hurricane wind speeds leads to a 10.7 and 24.8 fold increase in the extent of high-severity damaged areas (widespread tree mortality). Increased wind speed also leads to unprecedented geographical shifts in damage; both inland and northward into heavily forested regions traditionally unaffected by hurricanes. Given that a single hurricane can emit the equivalent of 10+ years of carbon sequestered by forests in New England, the status of these forests as a durable carbon sink is uncertain. Understanding the risks to forest carbon stocks from large infrequent disturbances is necessary for decision-makers relying on forests as a nature-based climate solution. This data set
Forest Damage Patterns at Harvard Forest in the 1938 Hurricane
This study examined landscape-level patterns of forest damage at the Harvard Forest caused by the 1938 New England Hurricane. For details on methods and results, please see the published paper (Foster, D. R. and E. R. Boose. 1992. Patterns of forest damage resulting from catastrophic wind in central New England, USA. Journal of Ecology 80: 79-98). The Abstract from the paper is reproduced below. "1. The effect of catastrophic winds on a forested landscape in central Massachusetts was examined to investigate the factors controlling the geographic pattern of damage. The study area, Tom Swamp Tract, Harvard Forest, comprises a valley and adjoining hillslopes supporting second growth hardwood and confer stands. Much of the study used records and maps that were analyzed cartographically with a geographic information system (GIS). "2. Areally, forest damage was distributed fairly evenly among different damage classes ranging from no damage to more than 75% of stems broken or uprooted. However, there was a negative exponential size distribution of contiguous areas of the same damage intensity, with a preponderance less than 2 ha; these areas ranged from less than 0.04 ha to more than 35 ha; hurricane damage exhibited a continuum ranging from minor damage of individual trees to extensive blow-down of broad areas of forest. "3. The spatial pattern of wind damage was controlled by vegetation height and composition and by site exposure, which is predominantly determined by slope orientation and angle. Approximately 3% of the stands in the study site occupied protected sites, 31% intermediate sites, and 66% exposed sites. "4. Forest type susceptibility followed the ranking (from highest to lowest): Pinus strobes, conifer plantations, Pinus strobus-hardwood = Tsuga canadensis-hardwood-Pinus strobes, hardwood-Pinus strobes, hardwood. Damage increased with increasing site exposure to wind and increased approximately linearly with stand height. "5. An empirical GIS model of landsca
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