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6 results for “hydraulic conduits”
Influence of rotation speed on flow field and hydraulic noise in the conduit of a vertical axial-flow pump under low flow rate condition
<p>The complex flow inside the axial-flow pump device will cause the problem of hydraulic noise, in order to explore the influence law of rotation speed on the internal flow characteristics and hydraulic noise of the axial-flow pump conduit, the combination of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Computational Acoustics (CA) is used to numerically solve the flow field and internal sound field in the pump device. The results show that the flow in the elbow inlet conduit is smooth at different rotation speeds, and there is no obvious unstable flow. The higher the rotation speed, the more disordered the flow pattern in the left half of the elbow, which intensifies the unstable flow in the straight outlet conduit. The impeller is the main sound source of the internal hydrodynamic noise of the vertical axial-flow pump device, when the sound source propagates upstream and downstream along the conduit, the Total Sound Source Intensity (TSSI) will gradually decay with the increase of distance, the greater the rotation speed is, the faster the Total Sound Source Intensity (TSSI) will decay. When the rotation speed is increased from 1450 r/min to 2200 r/min, the TSSI in the straight outlet conduit is attenuated by 8.9 dB, 13.9 dB and 16.0 dB respectively, and the TSSI in the elbow inlet conduit is attenuated by 11.0 dB, 13.5 dB and 25.9 dB respectively. The vortex structure in the conduit will induce flow noise and delay the attenuation of TSSI in the propagation process, with the increase of rotation speed, this delay will be more obvious.</p>
Supporting Information: Mapping conduits in two-dimensional heterogeneous karst aquifers using hydraulic tomography
<p>This file contains the supplementary data for a article submitted to Journal of Hydrology.</p>
Data from: Axial conduit widening, tree height and height growth rate set the hydraulic transition of sapwood into heartwood
<p><span>The size-related xylem adjustments required to maintain</span><span> a constant leaf-specific sapwood conductance (<em>K<sub>LEAF</sub></em>) with increasing height (<em>H</em>) are still under discussion. Alternative hypotheses are that: (i) the conduit hydraulic diameter (<em>Dh</em>) at any position in the stem and/or (ii) the number of sapwood rings at stem base (<em>NSWr</em>) increase with <em>H.</em> In addition, (iii) lower stem elongation (</span><em>Δ<span>H</span></em><span>) increases the tip-to-base conductance through inner xylem rings, thus possibly the <em>NSWr</em> contributing to <em>K<sub>LEAF</sub></em>.</span></p> <p><span>A detailed stem analysis showed that </span><em><span>Dh</span></em><span><em> </em>increased with the distance from the apex (<em>DCA</em>) in all rings of a <em>P. abies</em> and a <em>F. sylvatica</em> tree. Net of <em>DCA</em> effect, <em>Dh</em> did not increase with <em>H</em>. Using sapwood traits from a global dataset, <em>NSWr</em> increased with <em>H</em> and decreased with </span><em>Δ<span>H</span></em><span>, and the mean sapwood ring width (<em>SWrw</em>) increased with </span><em>Δ<span>H</span></em><span>. A numerical model based on anatomical patterns predicted the effects of <em>H</em> and </span><em>Δ<span>H</span></em><span> on the conductance of inner xylem rings.</span></p> <p><span>Results suggested the sapwood/heartwood transition depends on both <em>H</em> and </span><em>Δ<span>H</span></em><span>, and is set when the C allocation to maintenance respiration of living cells in inner sapwood rings produces a lower gain in total conductance than investing the same C in new vascular conduits.</span></p>
Data from: Axial conduit widening, tree height and height growth rate set the hydraulic transition of sapwood into heartwood
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Water potential gradient, root conduit size and root xylem hydraulic conductivity determine the extent of hydraulic redistribution in temperate trees
1. Hydraulic redistribution (HR) of soil water through plant roots is widely described, however its extent, especially in temperate trees, remains unclear. Here, we quantified redistributed water of five temperate tree species. We hypothesized that both, HR within a plant and into the soil increases with higher water-potential gradients, larger root conduit diameters and root-xylem hydraulic conductivities. 2. Saplings of conifer (<i>Picea abies</i>, <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>), diffuse-porous (<i>Acer pseudoplatanus</i>) and ring-porous species (<i>Castanea sativa</i>, <i>Quercus robur</i>) were planted in split-root systems, where one plant had its roots split between two pots with different water-potential gradients (0.23 to 4.20 MPa). Hydraulic redistribution was quantified via deuterium labeling. 3. On average, species redistributed 0.39 ± 0.14 ml water overnight (0.08 ± 0.01 ml g<sup>-1</sup> root mass). Higher pre-dawn water-potential gradients, xylem hydraulic conductivities and larger conduit diameters significantly increased HR. Hydraulic conductivity had the greatest influence on HR, within the plants (0.03 ± 0.01 ml g<sup>-1</sup>) and into the soil (0.06 ± 0.01 ml g<sup>-1</sup>). 4. Additional factors as soil-root contact should be considered, especially when calculating water transfer into the soil. Nevertheless, trees maintaining high xylem hydraulic conductivity showed higher HR amounts, potentially making them valuable 'silvicultural tools' to improve plant water-status.
Water potential gradient, root conduit size and root xylem hydraulic conductivity determine the extent of hydraulic redistribution in temperate trees
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