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A long-term hydrometeorological observations from the Lammin-Suo peatland station
<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>The Lammin-Suo peatland station is located near Ilichevo settlement in Vyborgskiy district, Leningrad region, Russia (60.243541 N, 29.815533 E) in a hilly area with numerous sandy hills up to 150 m high, followed by deep pans. The Lammin-Suo peatland are classified as raised bog, the most common type of bog in Eastern Fennoscandia. The research at the Lammin-Suo peatland station focuses on hydrology, meteorology, soil processes and the landscape evolution of the peatland. This dataset presents hydrological, hydrogeological, and meteorological data collected at the Lammin-Suo peatland station over the period from 1 January 1952 to 31 December 2020. Monitored parameters include air temperature, air humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, cloudiness, precipitation, evaporation, snow depth, peat temperature, swamp water level, groundwater level and temperature.</p> <p><strong>File naming conventions</strong></p> <p><strong>observation-type_periodicity_start-end_[meteostation_number].csv</strong></p> <p><em>observation-type</em>: meteo / precipitation / peat-temp / swamp-freezing / evapotranspiration / water-discharge / swamp-water-level / surface-elevation / groundwater-level / groundwater-temp</p> <p><em>periodicity</em>: hourly / daily / 10d (<em>ten days</em>) / annual / 5y (<em>five years</em>)</p> <p><em>start-end</em>: time coverage of the dataset</p> <p><em>[meteostation_number]</em>: optional, encountered only in <em>meteo_….csv</em></p> <p>Observation types and file contents</p> <p><strong>1. Meteo</strong></p> <p><strong>1.1 Methods</strong></p> <p>Meteorological observations have been carried out daily since 1952 at two meteorological stations. Observed parameters include air temperature, wind speed, air humidity, cloudiness, snow depth (in winter). Daily data are measured once per day (snow thickness) or calculated from hourly data (air temperature). Hourly data are measured at 01:00, 07:00, 13:00, and 19:00.</p> <p>Measuring equipment:</p> <p>air temperature (hourly, mean) – thermometer TM-4;</p> <p>maximum air temperature – maximum thermometer TM-1;</p> <p>minimum air temperature – minimum thermometer TM-2;</p> <p>wind speed - meteorological mast М-82-I, weathervane FVT / FVL;</p> <p>partial water vapour pressure in the air – meteorological hair hygrometer M-19;</p> <p>atmospheric pressure - aneroid barometer MD-49-2;</p> <p>cloud cover is observed visually.</p> <p><strong>1.2 Measurement site description</strong></p> <p>Meteorological Station WS1. Coordinates: 60,243361 N 29,815583 E; Data period: 1952-2020 (active); Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (genetic center of the swamp).</p> <p>Meteorological Station WS2. Coordinates: 60,246979 N 29,810368 E; Data period: 1952-1965 (closed); Located near the building of the swamp station, on a forest plot.</p> <p><strong>1.3 File contents</strong></p> <p><strong>meteo_hourly_1952-2020_WS1.csv</strong></p> <p>DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S</p> <p>AIR_TEMP is the air temperature observed at a moment of time DATE_TIME (degree Celsius)</p> <p>WIND_SPEED is the wind speed observed at a moment of time DATE_TIME (m per s)</p> <p>AIR_HUMIDITY is the partial water vapour pressure in the air observed at a moment of time DATE_TIME (mb)</p> <p>CLOUDINESS_TOTAL is the cloud cover (ranged between 0 and 10)</p> <p>CLOUDINESS_LOWER is the cloud cover of low-level clouds (ranged between 0 and 10)</p> <p>ATMO_PRESSURE is the atmospheric pressure observed at a moment of time DATE_TIME (mb)</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>meteo_hourly_1952-1965_WS2.csv</strong></p> <p>DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S</p> <p>AIR_TEMP is the air temperature observed at a moment of time DATE_TIME (degree Celsius)</p> <p>AIR_HUMIDITY is the partial water vapour pressure in the air observed at a moment of time DATE_TIME (mb)</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>meteo_daily_1952-2020_WS1.csv</strong></p> <p>DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%d</p> <p>MEAN_AIR_TEMP is the mean daily air temperature (degree Celsius)</p> <p>MAX_AIR_TEMP is the maximum observed daily air temperature (degree Celsius)</p> <p>MIN_AIR_TEMP is the minimum observed daily air temperature (degree Celsius)</p> <p>SNOW_THICKNESS (cm)</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>meteo_daily_1952-1965_WS2.csv</strong></p> <p>DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%d</p> <p>MEAN_AIR_TEMP is the mean daily air temperature (degree Celsius)</p> <p>MAX_AIR_TEMP is the maximum observed daily air temperature (degree Celsius)</p> <p>MIN_AIR_TEMP is the minimum observed daily air temperature (degree Celsius)</p> <p><strong>2. Precipitation</strong></p> <p><strong>2.1 Methods</strong></p> <p>Precipitation is measured once per day in winter (15:00) and twice per day in summer (9:00, 15:00). The precipitation data are given as a total daily amount. Precipitation type (solid or liquid) has been observed since 1964.</p> <p>Precipitation is measured with a Tretyakov non-recording precipitation gauge. Corrections of wetting have been introduced into the measured daily precipitation values . No wind corrections were made. Studies have shown that pine growing in a swamp around the meteorological site acts as a wind protection [Novikov S., Batyev V. Hydrometeorological regime and water balance of raised bogs of North-West Russia, 2019].</p> <p>The measurements were carried out on 7 rain gauges, 6 of them were installed in different parts of the swamp, P7 rain gauge - on a forest site near the swamp. For gauges P2-P6 precipitation measurements were carried out during the growing season only (from April/May to October).</p> <p><strong>2.2 Measurement site description</strong></p> <p>Gauge P1. Coordinates: 60,243373 N 29,815466 E; Data period: 1952-2020 (active); Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (genetic center of the swamp).</p> <p>Gauge P2. Coordinates: 60.240412 N 29.808487 E; Data period: 1963-1976 (closed); Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood (southwest edge of the swamp).</p> <p>Gauge P3. Coordinates: 60.245829 N 29.82098 E; Data period: 1963-1976 (closed); Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine (northwest edge of the swamp).</p> <p>Gauge P4. Coordinates: 60.235467 N 29.821103 E; Data period: 1963-1976 (closed); Vegetation: Sphagnum, sedge, inclusions of birch and pine (south edge of the swamp).</p> <p>Gauge P5. Coordinates: 60.24037 N 29.832438 E; Data period: 1963-1976 (closed); Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine (southeastern edge of the swamp).</p> <p>Gauge P6. Coordinates: 60.234514 N 29.831253 E; Data period: 1963-1975 (closed); Vegetation: Sphagnum, pine, dwarf shrub (southern edge of the swamp).</p> <p>Gauge P7. Coordinates: 60,246979 N 29,810368 E; Data period: 1952-2020 (active); Location: the kame hill, near the building of the swamp station.</p> <p><strong>2.3 File contents</strong></p> <p><strong>precipitation_daily_1952-2020.csv</strong></p> <p>DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%d</p> <p>PRECIPITATION is the daily precipitation amount (mm)</p> <p>SOLID marks whether precipitation is in the solid form (1 - solid, 0 - liquid, empty - not observed)</p> <p><strong>3. Peat temperature</strong></p> <p><strong>3.1 Methods</strong></p> <p>Peat temperature monitoring has been carried out daily since 1953 at the two sites. Peat temperature measurements include measurements at the swamp surface (average, minimum, maximum) and at depths of 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, 60, 80, 120, 160, 240, 290, 320 cm (different depth sets were used throughout the observation period).</p> <p>The swamp surface temperature was measured with thermometer TM-3, maximum thermometer TM-1, minimum thermometer TM-2 and low-degree thermometer TM-9-1. The temperature at the horizons of 5-15 cm was measured with Savinov thermometers. The temperature at the horizons of 20-320 cm was measured with soil-depth thermometers TM-10.</p> <p><strong>3.2 Measurement site description</strong></p> <p>Site PT1. Coordinates: 60.243334 N 29.815287 E; Data period: 1956-2020 (active); Located next to the meteorological site No. 1; Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (central part of the swamp).</p> <p>Site PT2. Coordinates: 60.240477 N 29.808621 E; Data period: 1963-1995 (closed); Located next to the swamp water well 210; Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood (edge of the swamp).</p> <p><strong>3.3 File contents</strong></p> <p><strong>peat-temp_hourly_1976-2020.csv - </strong>The file contains temperature data by observation time at 09:00, 15:00, 21:00.</p> <p>DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S</p> <p>DEPTH is the measurement depth under the peat surface (cm)</p> <p>PEAT_TEMP is the peat temperature (degree Celsuis)</p> <p>SITE is the observation site</p> <p>QC is the quality control: 1 - ready-to-use value; 0 - unreliable value</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>peat-temp_daily_1953-1958.csv - </strong>The file contains average daily values, temperature was measured by electro thermometers. </p> <p>DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%d</p> <p>DEPTH is the measurement depth under the peat surface (cm)</p> <p>PEAT_TEMP is the peat temperature (degree Celsuis)</p> <p>OBS_TYPE is the daily average</p> <p>SITE is the observation site</p> <p>QC is the quality control: 1 - ready-to-use value; 0 - unreliable value</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>peat-temp_daily_1954-2020.csv - </strong>The file contains average daily values, maximum and minimum temperature values per day, measurements were carried out with mercury thermometers. The maximum and minimum temperatures have been measured since June 1954, average daily values have been measured since January 1960.</p> <p>DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%d</p> <p>DEPTH is the measurement depth under the peat surface (cm)</p> <p>PEAT_TEMP is the peat temperature (degree Celsuis)</p> <p>OBS_TYPE are the daily average/daily min/daily max</p> <p>SITE is the observation site</p> <p>QC is the quality control: 100 - ready-to-use value; 0 - unreliable value</p> <p><strong>4. Freezing and thawing of the swamp</strong></p> <p><strong>4.1 Methods</strong></p> <p>Observations of the freezing and thawing of the swamp are carried out on the fixed sites. The freezing depth is measured twice (on a hummock and in a depression / on a ridge and in a hollow) near each of the four corner points of the site in places where the snow cover has not previously been disturbed. Simultaneously with the observation of freezing, observations of the snow cover on the site are carried out. Snow depth is measured using pre-installed snow gauge battens. The height of the installed battens is 120 cm. The snow gauges are placed on 5 cross-sections at a distance of 5 m from each other, the total number of snow-gauge battens is 50 pieces. Measurements are carried out once every 10 days in winter and until the peat deposits are completely thawed. The data table shows the averaged values of the measured values for the date of measurement. Observations begin in the autumn after a stable transition of average daily air temperatures to negative values.</p> <p><strong>4.2 Measurement site description</strong></p> <p>Site SF1. Coordinates: 60.2443889 N 29.8138889 E; Data period: 1954-2020 (active); Size of the site: 50x50 m; Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine (near the ridge-hollow complex).</p> <p>Site SF2. Coordinates: 60.2423889 N 29.8179167 E; Data period: 1989-2020 (active); Size of the site: 50x50 m; Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (central part of the swamp).</p> <p>Site SF3. Coordinates: 60.240451 N 29.821004 E; Data period: 1954-1991 (closed); Size of the site: 85x30 m; Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine (the ridge-hollow complex).</p> <p>Site SF4. Coordinates: 60.239727 N 29.819625 E; Data period: 1954-1989 (closed); Observations are carried out on a route with a length of 250 m; Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine (forest ring).</p> <p>Site SF5. Coordinates: 60.237594 N 29.82639 E; Data period: 1954-1991 (closed); Size of the site: 50x50 m; Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood.</p> <p><strong>4.3 File contents</strong></p> <p><strong>swamp_freezing_d10_1954-2020.csv</strong> </p> <p>DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%d</p> <p>FROZEN depth of the frozen layer (cm)</p> <p>THAW depth of thawed layer which was formed during thawing of a previously frozen layer (cm)</p> <p>WATER_CONTENT water layer above the surface of the swamp (cm)</p> <p>SNOW_COVER snow depth (cm)</p> <p>TERRAIN type of landscape (0 - depression; 1 - hummock; 2 - hollow; 3 - ridge)</p> <p>SITE is the observation site, valid values 1-5</p> <p><strong>5. Evapotranspiration</strong></p> <p><strong>5.1 Methods</strong></p> <p>Evapotranspiration is measured directly using the swamp evaporimeter (model GGI-B1000). Measurements are performed decadely during the growing season. Evaporimeters were initially installed at 6 sites located in different types of microlandscape (bog microlandscape – a part of a bog that is homogeneous in terms of the nature of the vegetation cover, surface microrelief and physical properties of the upper (active) horizon of a peat deposit). Currently, one evaporimeter is in operation, located in the central part of the swamp.</p> <p>Evapotranspiration is measured by the weighing method. Evapotranspiration between observation periods (10 days) is determined by measuring the mass of a peat monolith with natural marsh vegetation placed in an swamp evaporimeter, taking into account the precipitation that fell during the same period and swamp water level.</p> <p><strong>5.2 Measurement site description</strong></p> <p>Site ET1. Coordinates: 60.243270 N 29.815240 E; Data period: 1956-2020; Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, rare inclusions of pine.</p> <p>Site ET2. Coordinates: 60.240252 N 29.821496; Data period: 1971-1976; Vegetation: Ridge-hollow complex (ridge and hollow).</p> <p>Site ET2.1. Coordinates: 60.240252 N 29.821496; Data period: 1962-1965; 1968-1970; Vegetation: Ridge-hollow complex (ridge).</p> <p>Site ET2.2. Coordinates: 60.240252 N 29.821496; Data period: 1962-1965; 1968-1970; Vegetation: Ridge-hollow complex (hollow).</p> <p>Site ET3. Coordinates: 60.240459 N 29.808622 E; Data period: 1966; 1968; 1970-1976; Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood (edge of the swamp).</p> <p>Site ET4. Coordinates: 60.237556 N 29.825795 E; Data period: 1968; 1970-1971, 1973-1974; Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood (hummocks).</p> <p><strong>5.3 File contents</strong></p> <p><strong>evapotranspiration_10d_1956-2020.csv</strong> - Measured values of evapotranspiration with a ten-day resolution.</p> <p>START_DATE format is %Y-%m-%d</p> <p>END_DATE format is %Y-%m-%d</p> <p>DAYS is amount of days between START_DATE and END_DATE (days)</p> <p>SITE is evapotranspiration measurement site</p> <p>ET is evapotranspiration amount between START_DATE and END_DATE (mm)</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>evapotranspiration_annual_1956-2020.csv</strong> - Evapotranspiration values aggregated by growing seasons.</p> <p>START_DATE format is %Y-%m-%d</p> <p>END_DATE format is %Y-%m-%d</p> <p>SITE is evapotranspiration measurement site</p> <p>ET is evapotranspiration amount between START_DATE and END_DATE (mm)</p> <p><strong>6. Water discharge</strong></p> <p><strong>6.1 Methods</strong></p> <p>There are no open streams directly in the swamp. Runoff from the swamp to the edge is carried out by filtration and then by streams formed at the swamp border. Water flow from the swamp is carried out through 5 streams. One of these streams (Vostochny stream) is temporary; water flows through it mainly only during the spring flood.</p> <p>Each of the streams is equipped with a hydrometric facility: thin-walled triangular weirs (V-notch) with wooden inlet and outlet channels. Year-round observations of the water level are carried out in the gauging chutes. The water level is recorded by the recorder continuously during the warm period of the year, observations are duplicated by manual measurement of the level every 5 days year-round. Water discharge rates are calculated according to the theoretical curve for a triangular weir with a cut angle of 90 degrees.</p> <p>In addition to observing the water runoff from the swamp by streams, the observation of the inflow of water into the swamp is carried out. Water inflow into the swamp with slope runoff is measured at the Runoff Plot. The Runoff Plot is located near the northwestern edge of the bog on the slope of the esker ridge. The catchment area of the plot is 400 sq m (20x20 m), the average longitudinal slope is 0.15. The runoff from the plot goes into a drainage gutter from which water enters the tank. The tank is located in a special pavilion. A level recorder is installed in the tank, recording level changes continuously during the warm period of the year. In parallel with this, manual measurements of the level are carried out once a day.</p> <p>In the column « DISCHARGE» column, an empty cell means no runoff, a value of "0" means that there was a minimum runoff through the tray that could not be measured and was observed visually.</p> <p><strong>6.2 Measurement site description</strong></p> <p>Stream gauge Western-1 (Stream Zapadny-1); Coordinates: 60.2435278 N 29.8013333 E; Data period: 1955-2020 (active); Stream Western-2 flows from the western edge of the swamp. The catchment area in the hydrometric section is 0.32 sq. km. Distance from the swamp edge to the hydrometric section 0.37 km.</p> <p>Stream gauge Western-2 (Stream Zapadny-2); Coordinates: 60.2420000 N 29.8029444 E; Data period: 1955-2020 (active); Stream Western-1 flows from the western edge of the swamp. The catchment area in the hydrometric section is 0.32 sq. km. Distance from the swamp edge to the hydrometric section 0.32 km.</p> <p>Stream gauge Northern (Stream Severny); Coordinates: 60.2458333 N 29.8263056 E; Data period: 1953-2020 (active); Stream Northern flows from the northern edge of the swamp. The catchment area in the hydrometric section is 0.37 sq. km. Distance from the swamp edge to the hydrometric section 0.19 km.</p> <p>Stream gauge Southern (Stream Yuzhny); Coordinates: 60.2316667 N 29.8339167 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active); Stream Southern flows from the southern edge of the swamp. The catchment area in the hydrometric section is 1.45 sq. km. Distance from the swamp edge to the hydrometric section 0.17 km</p> <p>Stream gauge Eastern (Stream Vostochny); Coordinates: 60.241975 N 29.828673 E; Data period: 1971-1988 (closed); Stream Eastern flows from the eastern edge of the swamp. The catchment area in the hydrometric section is 0.16 sq. km.</p> <p>Runoff Plot (Stokovaya ploshadka) Coordinates: 60.2475278 N 29.8140278 E; Data period: 1963-2020 (active); The Runoff Plot is located 200 m east of the station, on the slope of the esker ridge in a pine forest. The catchment area of the site is 400 m2 (20 × 20 m), the average longitudinal slope is 0.15, the slope of the drainage gutter is 0.03.</p> <p><strong>6.3 File contents</strong></p> <p><strong>water-discharge_daily_1950-2020.csv</strong></p> <p>DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%d</p> <p>DISCHARGE is the water discharge (cm3 s-1)</p> <p>SITE is the observation site name</p> <p><strong>7. Swamp water level</strong></p> <p><strong>7.1 Methods</strong></p> <p>The swamp water level is measured manually inside swamp water wells. In addition to the swamp water level, the water level is measured in the Dve Sestry lake. Lake Dve Sestry is located in the swamp. Measurements are carried out once every five days throughout the year. Water level in the well No.104 is measured daily.</p> <p>The swamp water level is given relative to the swamp surface elevation in the area around each well. The swamp surface elevation in the area around each well was measured every 5 years (1965-1995). А в абсолютных отметках?</p> <p><strong>7.2 Measurement site description</strong></p> <p>Well S101. Coordinates: 60.245952 N 29.811333E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine (edge of the swamp, near the lakes).</p> <p>Well S102. Coordinates: 60.245029 N 29.812909 E; Data period: 1950-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine (edge of the swamp, near the lakes).</p> <p>Well S102a. Coordinates: 60.244680 N 29,813525 E; Data period: 1975-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine.</p> <p>Well S103. Coordinates: 60.244362 N 29.814135 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (central part of the swamp).</p> <p>Well S104. Coordinates: 60.2437640 N 29.815820 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (central part of the swamp).</p> <p>Well S105. Coordinates: 60.242622 N 29.816963 E; Data period: 1950-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (central part of the swamp).</p> <p>Well S106. Coordinates: 60.241896 N 29.818209 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine (near the ridge-hollow complex).</p> <p>Well S107. Coordinates: 60.239240 N 29.823000 E; Data period: 1950-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Ridge-hollow complex (ridge and hollow). Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine.</p> <p>Well S107a. Coordinates: 60.242059 N 29.818111 E; Data period: 1970-1975 (closed). Vegetation: Ridge-hollow complex (ridge). Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine.</p> <p>Well S107b. Coordinates: 60.240126 N 29.821439 E; Data period: 1970-2020 (active). Vegetation: Ridge-hollow complex (hollow). Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine.</p> <p>Well S108. Coordinates: 60.237358 N 29.825969 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood (hummocks).</p> <p>Well S109. Coordinates: 60.235011 N 29.830004 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, pine, dwarf shrub (southern edge of the swamp).</p> <p>Well S210. Coordinates: 60.240483 N 29.808689 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood (edge of the swamp).</p> <p>Well S211. Coordinates: 60.240833 N 29.809519 E; Data period: 1950-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Ridge-hollow complex. Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood.</p> <p>Well S212. Coordinates: 60.245206 N 29.819994 E; Data period: 1950-1984 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (edge of the swamp, near the ridge-hollow complex).</p> <p>Well S313. Coordinates: 60.235525 N 29.821599 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, sedge, inclusions of birch and pine.</p> <p>Well S314. Coordinates: 60.236543 N 29.823923 E; Data period: 1950-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood.</p> <p>Well S315. Coordinates: 60.239574 N 29.831197 E; Data period: 1950-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood.</p> <p>Well S316. Coordinates: 60.240437 N 29.833265 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine (southeastern edge of the swamp).</p> <p>Well S317. Coordinates: 60.240762 N 29.833472 E; Data period: 1972-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, pine, dwarf shrub (southeastern edge of the swamp).</p> <p>Well S318. Coordinates: 60.242370 N 29.831554 E; Data period: 1978-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, pine, dwarf shrub (southeastern edge of the swamp).</p> <p>Well S319. Coordinates: 60.242534 N 29.831394 E; Data period: 1978-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub.</p> <p>Dve Sestry Lake. Coordinates: 60.245241 N 29.812483 E; Data period: 1968-2020 (active). Water level in the lake Dve Sestry. Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine (edge of the swamp).</p> <p><strong>7.3 File contents</strong></p> <p><strong>swamp-water-level_daily_1950-2020.csv</strong></p> <p>DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%d</p> <p>SW_WELL is the well (lake) name</p> <p>SW_LEVEL is the swamp water level (cm)</p> <p><strong>8. Swamp-surface elevation</strong></p> <p><strong>8.1 Methods</strong></p> <p>The swamp-surface elevation was determined by the linear taxation method. The principle of the method is to determine the height of the swamp-surface on a line of a certain length (taxation line) by a certain number of points. The taxation line is selected on an area with similar vegetation, conditions and micro-relief. As a result of static processing of the measured values, one absolute surface elevation is obtained for each taxation line. The taxation lines are confined to groundwater and swamp-water wells.Measurements are performed once every 5 years during the growing season. </p> <p><strong>8.2 Measurement site description</strong></p> <p>The Data period of the wells is indicated for water level measurements. Swamp-surface elevation measurements were carried out for swamp-water wells in the period 1965-1995, for groundwater wells 1970-1995.</p> <p>Well S101. Coordinates: 60.245952 N 29.811333E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine (edge of the swamp, near the lakes).</p> <p>Well S102. Coordinates: 60.245029 N 29.812909 E; Data period: 1950-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine (edge of the swamp, near the lakes).</p> <p>Well S102a. Coordinates: 60.244680 N 29,813525 E; Data period: 1975-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine.</p> <p>Well S103. Coordinates: 60.244362 N 29.814135 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (central part of the swamp).</p> <p>Well S104. Coordinates: 60.2437640 N 29.815820 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (central part of the swamp).</p> <p>Well S105. Coordinates: 60.242622 N 29.816963 E; Data period: 1950-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (central part of the swamp).</p> <p>Well S106. Coordinates: 60.241896 N 29.818209 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine (near the ridge-hollow complex).</p> <p>Well S107. Coordinates: 60.239240 N 29.823000 E; Data period: 1950-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Ridge-hollow complex (ridge and hollow). Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine.</p> <p>Well S107a. Coordinates: 60.242059 N 29.818111 E; Data period: 1970-1975 (closed). Vegetation: Ridge-hollow complex (ridge). Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine.</p> <p>Well S107b. Coordinates: 60.240126 N 29.821439 E; Data period: 1970-2020 (active). Vegetation: Ridge-hollow complex (hollow). Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine.</p> <p>Well S108. Coordinates: 60.237358 N 29.825969 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood (hummocks).</p> <p>Well S109. Coordinates: 60.235011 N 29.830004 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, pine, dwarf shrub (southern edge of the swamp).</p> <p>Well S210. Coordinates: 60.240483 N 29.808689 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood (edge of the swamp).</p> <p>Well S211. Coordinates: 60.240833 N 29.809519 E; Data period: 1950-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Ridge-hollow complex. Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood.</p> <p>Well S212. Coordinates: 60.245206 N 29.819994 E; Data period: 1950-1984 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (edge of the swamp, near the ridge-hollow complex).</p> <p>Well S313. Coordinates: 60.235525 N 29.821599 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, sedge, inclusions of birch and pine.</p> <p>Well S314. Coordinates: 60.236543 N 29.823923 E; Data period: 1950-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood.</p> <p>Well S315. Coordinates: 60.239574 N 29.831197 E; Data period: 1950-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood.</p> <p>Well S316. Coordinates: 60.240437 N 29.833265 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine (southeastern edge of the swamp).</p> <p>Well S317. Coordinates: 60.240762 N 29.833472 E; Data period: 1972-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, pine, dwarf shrub (southeastern edge of the swamp).</p> <p>Well S318. Coordinates: 60.242370 N 29.831554 E; Data period: 1978-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, pine, dwarf shrub (southeastern edge of the swamp).</p> <p>Well S319. Coordinates: 60.242534 N 29.831394 E; Data period: 1978-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub.</p> <p>Dve Sestry Lake. Coordinates: 60.245241 N 29.812483 E; Data period: 1968-2020 (active). Water level in the lake Dve Sestry. Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine (edge of the swamp).</p> <p>Well G359. Coordinates: 60.245754 N 29.811594 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active); Well depth: 5.6 m; Location: edge of the swamp, near the lakes.</p> <p>Well G360. Coordinates: 60.246631 N 29.809902 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 6.17 m; Location: the foot of the kame hill.</p> <p>Well G361. Coordinates: 60.247386 N 29.811244 E; Data period: 1964-1980 (closed). Well depth: 15.0 m; Location: the kame hill, near the station.</p> <p>Well G362. Coordinates: 60.246119 N 29.821464 E; Data period: 1964-1983 (closed). Well depth: 10.33 m; Location: on the hillside of esker.</p> <p>Well G363. Coordinates: 60.241874 N 29.836113 E; Data period: 1964-1972 (closed). Well depth: 18.41 m; Location: on the northeastern slope of the kame hill.</p> <p>Well G364. Coordinates: 60.243446 N 29.804700 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 5.06 m; Location: near the stream West-1.</p> <p>Well G365. Coordinates: 60.239495 N 29.805881 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 3.07 m; Location: southwest edge of the swamp, in the forest.</p> <p>Well G366. Coordinates: 60.239645 N 29.805699 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 5.63 m; Location: southwest edge of the swamp, in the forest.</p> <p>Well G367. Coordinates: 60.239796 N 29.805541 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 1.99 m; Location: southwest edge of the swamp, in the forest.</p> <p>Well G369. Coordinates: 60.231555 N 29.834127 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 4.69 m; Location: in the forest, 150 m from the swamp edge, 50 m from the stream Southern.</p> <p>Well G374. Coordinates: 60.245117 N 29.812595 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 5.72 m; Location: the swamp, near the Dve Sestry Lake.</p> <p>Well G375. Coordinates: 60.237512 N 29.826382 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 6.68 m; Location: southeast of the swamp.</p> <p>Well G376. Coordinates: 60.240623 N 29.833485 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 6.09 m; Location: southeast of the swamp, 50 m from the swamp edge.</p> <p>Well G377. Coordinates: 60.243325 N 29.815822 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 9.44 m; Location: central part of the swamp.</p> <p>Well G378. Coordinates: 60.234610 N 29.819447 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 4.26 m; Location: a swampy forest, 80 m from the swamp edge.</p> <p>Well G379. Coordinates: 60.234373 N 29.818323 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 4.35 m; Location: a swampy forest, 100 m from the swamp edge.</p> <p>Well G386. Coordinates: 60.246681 N 29.822289 E; Data period: 1965-1986 (closed). Well depth: 10.00 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp, 19 m from the Bolotny stream.</p> <p>Well G387. Coordinates: 60.247045 N 29.823210 E; Data period: 1965-1986 (closed). Well depth: 5.13 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp, on the esker, 115 m from well 386.</p> <p>Well G388. Coordinates: 60.247988 N 29.820518 E; Data period: 1965-1986 (closed). Well depth: 4.96 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp, at the head of the Bolotny stream.</p> <p>Well G389. Coordinates: 60.247668 N 29.819822 E; Data period: 1965-1986 (closed). Well depth: 9.0 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp, on the esker.</p> <p>Well G390. Coordinates: 60.247418 N 29.822103 E; Data period: 1965-1986 (closed). Well depth: 12.6 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp</p> <p><strong>8.3 File contents</strong></p> <p><strong>surface-elevation_5y_1965-1995.csv</strong></p> <p>DATE_TIME format is %Y</p> <p>WELL_NO is the well number</p> <p>WELL_TYPE is the well type (SW - swamp water, GW - groundwater)</p> <p>SURF_ELEV is the surface elevation above sea level (m)</p> <p><strong>9. Groundwater level</strong></p> <p><strong>9.1 Methods</strong></p> <p>The groundwater level is measured manually inside groundwater wells. Measurements are carried out daily or once every five days during the year. The groundwater level is given relative to the surface elevation in the area around each well. Surface elevation in the area around each well was measured every 5 years (1970-1995). Что за уровень болота? Это мне непонятно, почему не БС?</p> <p><strong>9.2 Measurement site description</strong></p> <p>Well G359. Coordinates: 60.245754 N 29.811594 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active); Well depth: 5.6 m; Location: edge of the swamp, near the lakes.</p> <p>Well G360. Coordinates: 60.246631 N 29.809902 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 6.17 m; Location: the foot of the kame hill.</p> <p>Well G361. Coordinates: 60.247386 N 29.811244 E; Data period: 1964-1980 (closed). Well depth: 15.0 m; Location: the kame hill, near the station.</p> <p>Well G362. Coordinates: 60.246119 N 29.821464 E; Data period: 1964-1983 (closed). Well depth: 10.33 m; Location: on the hillside of esker.</p> <p>Well G363. Coordinates: 60.241874 N 29.836113 E; Data period: 1964-1972 (closed). Well depth: 18.41 m; Location: on the northeastern slope of the kame hill.</p> <p>Well G364. Coordinates: 60.243446 N 29.804700 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 5.06 m; Location: near the stream West-1.</p> <p>Well G365. Coordinates: 60.239495 N 29.805881 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 3.07 m; Location: southwest edge of the swamp, in the forest.</p> <p>Well G366. Coordinates: 60.239645 N 29.805699 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 5.63 m; Location: southwest edge of the swamp, in the forest.</p> <p>Well G367. Coordinates: 60.239796 N 29.805541 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 1.99 m; Location: southwest edge of the swamp, in the forest.</p> <p>Well G369. Coordinates: 60.231555 N 29.834127 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 4.69 m; Location: in the forest, 150 m from the swamp edge, 50 m from the stream Southern.</p> <p>Well G374. Coordinates: 60.245117 N 29.812595 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 5.72 m; Location: the swamp, near the Dve Sestry Lake.</p> <p>Well G375. Coordinates: 60.237512 N 29.826382 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 6.68 m; Location: southeast of the swamp.</p> <p>Well G376. Coordinates: 60.240623 N 29.833485 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 6.09 m; Location: southeast of the swamp, 50 m from the swamp edge.</p> <p>Well G377. Coordinates: 60.243325 N 29.815822 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 9.44 m; Location: central part of the swamp.</p> <p>Well G378. Coordinates: 60.234610 N 29.819447 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 4.26 m; Location: a swampy forest, 80 m from the swamp edge.</p> <p>Well G379. Coordinates: 60.234373 N 29.818323 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 4.35 m; Location: a swampy forest, 100 m from the swamp edge.</p> <p>Well G386. Coordinates: 60.246681 N 29.822289 E; Data period: 1965-1986 (closed). Well depth: 10.00 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp, 19 m from the Bolotny stream.</p> <p>Well G387. Coordinates: 60.247045 N 29.823210 E; Data period: 1965-1986 (closed). Well depth: 5.13 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp, on the esker, 115 m from well 386.</p> <p>Well G388. Coordinates: 60.247988 N 29.820518 E; Data period: 1965-1986 (closed). Well depth: 4.96 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp, at the head of the Bolotny stream.</p> <p>Well G389. Coordinates: 60.247668 N 29.819822 E; Data period: 1965-1986 (closed). Well depth: 9.0 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp, on the esker.</p> <p>Well G390. Coordinates: 60.247418 N 29.822103 E; Data period: 1965-1986 (closed). Well depth: 12.6 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp.</p> <p><strong>9.3 File contents</strong></p> <p><strong>groundwater-level_daily_1964-1986.csv</strong></p> <p>DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%d</p> <p>GW_WELL is the well name</p> <p>GW_LEVEL is the groundwater level (cm)</p> <p><strong>10. Groundwater temperature</strong></p> <p><strong>10.1 Methods</strong></p> <p>Water temperature in groundwater wells is measured manually with a mercury thermometer (model TM-10). Measurements were taken on the 10th, 20th and the last day of the month during the year.</p> <p><strong>10.2 Measurement site description</strong></p> <p>The Data period of the wells is indicated for groundwater temperature measurements.</p> <p>Well G359. Coordinates: 60.245754 N 29.811594 E; Data period: 1974-2020 (active); Well depth: 5.6 m; Location: edge of the swamp, near the lakes.</p> <p>Well G360. Coordinates: 60.246631 N 29.809902 E; Data period: 1974-2020 (active). Well depth: 6.17 m; Location: the foot of the kame hill.</p> <p>Well G362. Coordinates: 60.246119 N 29.821464 E; Data period: 1974-1983 (closed). Well depth: 10.33 m; Location: on the hillside of esker.</p> <p>Well G364. Coordinates: 60.243446 N 29.804700 E; Data period: 1974-2020 (active). Well depth: 5.06 m; Location: near the stream West-1.</p> <p>Well G365. Coordinates: 60.239495 N 29.805881 E; Data period: 1974-2020 (active). Well depth: 3.07 m; Location: southwest edge of the swamp, in the forest.</p> <p>Well G366. Coordinates: 60.239645 N 29.805699 E; Data period: 1974-2020 (active). Well depth: 5.63 m; Location: southwest edge of the swamp, in the forest.</p> <p>Well G367. Coordinates: 60.239796 N 29.805541 E; Data period: 1974-2020 (active). Well depth: 1.99 m; Location: southwest edge of the swamp, in the forest.</p> <p>Well G369. Coordinates: 60.231555 N 29.834127 E; Data period: 1974-2020 (active). Well depth: 4.69 m; Location: in the forest, 150 m from the swamp edge, 50 m from the stream Southern.</p> <p>Well G374. Coordinates: 60.245117 N 29.812595 E; Data period: 1975-2020 (active). Well depth: 5.72 m; Location: the swamp, near the Dve Sestry Lake.</p> <p>Well G375. Coordinates: 60.237512 N 29.826382 E; Data period: 1974-2020 (active). Well depth: 6.68 m; Location: southeast of the swamp.</p> <p>Well G376. Coordinates: 60.240623 N 29.833485 E; Data period: 1974-2020 (active). Well depth: 6.09 m; Location: southeast of the swamp, 50 m from the swamp edge.</p> <p>Well G377. Coordinates: 60.243325 N 29.815822 E; Data period: 1974-2020 (active). Well depth: 9.44 m; Location: central part of the swamp.</p> <p>Well G378. Coordinates: 60.234610 N 29.819447 E; Data period: 1974-2020 (active). Well depth: 4.26 m; Location: a swampy forest, 80 m from the swamp edge.</p> <p>Well G379. Coordinates: 60.234373 N 29.818323 E; Data period: 1974-2020 (active). Well depth: 4.35 m; Location: a swampy forest, 100 m from the swamp edge.</p> <p>Well G386. Coordinates: 60.246681 N 29.822289 E; Data period: 1974-1986 (closed). Well depth: 10.00 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp, 19 m from the Bolotny stream.</p> <p>Well G387. Coordinates: 60.247045 N 29.823210 E; Data period: 1974-1986 (closed). Well depth: 5.13 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp, on the esker, 115 m from well 386.</p> <p>Well G388. Coordinates: 60.247988 N 29.820518 E; Data period: 1974-1986 (closed). Well depth: 4.96 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp, at the head of the Bolotny stream.</p> <p>Well G389. Coordinates: 60.247668 N 29.819822 E; Data period: 1974-1986 (closed). Well depth: 9.0 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp, on the esker.</p> <p>Well G390. Coordinates: 60.247418 N 29.822103 E; Data period: 1974-1986 (closed). Well depth: 12.6 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp.</p> <p><strong>10.3 File contents</strong></p> <p><strong>groundwater-temp_daily_1974-2020.csv</strong></p> <p>DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%d</p> <p>GW_WELL is the well name</p> <p>GW_TEMP is the groundwater temperature (degree Celsuis)</p> <p>Coordinates of the observation sites</p> <p>Location of the observation sites could be found in the <strong>coords.geojson</strong> file.</p>
Observed and WRF-simulated air temperature and wind speed at the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute weather stations Lučina, Lysá hora and Olomouc
<p>The dataset contains two csv files with observed 2-m air temperature and 10-m wind speed data at Lučina, Lysá hora and Olomouc meteorological stations in the Czech Republic and analogical time series produced by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The dataset covers a period of 27 October 2010, 01:00 UTC to 01 November 2010, 00:00 UTC. WRF output is given for three model configurations:</p> <p>1) QNSE boundary layer scheme</p> <p>2) 3DTKE boundary layer scheme with Revised MM5 surface layer scheme</p> <p>3) 3DTKE boundary layer scheme with MYNN surface layer scheme</p>
PatagoniaMet: A multi-source hydrometeorological dataset for Western Patagonia
<p><strong>PatagoniaMet v1.0</strong> (PMET from here on) is a new dataset for Western Patagonia that consists of two datasets: i) PMET-obs, a compilation of quality-controlled ground-based hydrometeorological data, and ii) PMET-sim, a daily gridded product of precipitation, and maximum and minimum temperature. PMET-obs was developed using a 4-step quality control process applied to 523 hydro-meteorological time series (precipitation, air temperature, potential evaporation, streamflow and lake level stations) obtained from eight institutions in Chile and Argentina. Based on this dataset and currently available uncorrected gridded products (in this case ERA5), PMET-sim was developed using statistical bias correction procedures (i.e. quantile mapping), spatial regression models (random forest) and hydrological methods (Budyko framework). Details are given below.</p> <p><strong>- PMET-obs </strong>is a compilation of five hydrometeorological variables obtained from eight institutions in Chile and Argentina. The daily quality controlled data of each variable are stored in separate .csv files with the following naming convention: variable_PMETobs_timeperiod_version/timestep.csv. Each column represents a different gauge with its "gauge_id". Each variable has an additional .csv file containing the metadata for each station (variable_PMETobs_version_metadata.csv). In order to make transparent the possible erroneous data that were discarded from the quality-controlled version, a .zip file with the raw data of all variables is attached. The metadata file (final and raw versions) contains the station name (gauge_name), the institution, the station location (gauge_lat and gauge_lon), the NASADEM elevation (gauge_alt) and the total number of daily records (length). In addition, the precipitation and temperature metadata include the number of monthly outliers (step Nº3 in the methods) and the number of changepoints (step Nº4 in the methods).</p> <p>The streamflow metadata file (Q_PMETobs_version_metadata.csv) contains more than just the location data. Following current guidelines for hydrological datasets, the upstream area corresponding to each stream gauge was delimited (.shp file in Basins_PMETobs_version.zip), and several climatic and geographic attributes were derived. The details of the attributes can be found in the README file. For the basins that were part of the hydrological modelling (and that achieved a Kling-Gupta efficiency greater than 0.5), the file Q_PMETobs_version_water_balance.csv is attached, which contains the water balance for each basin estimated for the period 1985-2019. </p> <p><strong>-</strong> <strong>PMET-sim</strong> is a daily gridded product with a spatial resolution of 0.05° covering the period 1980-2020. The data for each variable (precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature) are stored in separate netcdf files with the following naming convention: variable_PMETsim_1980_2020_v10d.nc.</p> <p><strong>Citation: </strong> Aguayo, R., León-Muñoz, J., Aguayo, M., Baez-Villanueva, O., Fernandez, A. Zambrano-Bigiarini, M., and Jacques-Coper, M. (2023) PatagoniaMet: A multi-source hydrometeorological dataset for Western Patagonia. <em>Sci Data</em> 11, 6 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02828-2</p> <p><strong>Code repository: </strong>https://github.com/rodaguayo/PatagoniaMet</p>
Alouette River temperature, tidal water levels and hydrometeorological data
<p>Data files and R script used in the analysis of stream temperature data for Alouette River, British Columbia, as reported in the following article:</p> <p>West, D.T. and Moore, R.D. Influences of upstream reservoir stratification and downstream tidal fluctuations on the summer thermal regime of a regulated coastal river. <em>Hydrological Processes</em>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13906">https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13906</a></p>
Peak flow identified at selected GRDC stations and the corresponding hydrological and hydrometeorological state variables
Data set contains a list of peak flows at selected GRDC stations as well as the start, peak, and end dates of each selected event. Hydrometeorlogical variables and hydrological state variables simulated by a hydrological model E-HYPE corresponding to each selected event are also listed in the dataset. Further description and content of each data file is available in the included metadata.
CAMELS-DE: hydrometeorological time series and attributes for 1582 catchments in Germany
<h2>Description</h2> <p>CAMELS-DE provides a comprehensive collection of hydro-meteorological timeseries data (e.g. discharge, water level, precipitation, air temperature) and catchment attributes for 1582 streamflow gauges across Germany. The time series data is in daily resolution and spans up to 70 years, from January 1951 to December 2020. The static catchment attributes include information on topography, soils, land cover, hydrogeology and human influences. Additionally, the dataset includes discharge simulations from a regional Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) network and a conceptual hydrological model (HBV), providing benchmark data for future hydrological modelling studies in Germany.</p> <p>The accompanying data description gives information on data sources, the structure of the data set and contains extensive information on time series and catchment attribute variables. In addition, up-to-date benchmark results of the LSTM and HBV are provided.</p> <blockquote> <p><strong><strong>Important: As CAMELS-DE is continuously developed and updated, please ensure that you cite the correct version of the dataset that you are using.<br><br></strong></strong><strong>The CAMELS-DE data description paper is available here: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5625-2024">https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5625-2024</a>.</strong></p> </blockquote> <p>Information about the code and methods for generating CAMELS-DE can be found here: <a title="CAMELS-DE Processing Pipeline" href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12760336" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CAMELS-DE Processing Pipeline</a>.</p> <p>CAMELS-DE is also part of the Caravan project, a global hydrological dataset. Due to the use of data products that are available beyond the Germany national boundaries, Caravan-DE includes 305 additional streamflow gauges, resulting in a total of 1887 streamflow gauges: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13320514">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13320514</a>.</p> <h3>Disclaimer for discharge and water level data provided by the German federal state agencies:</h3> <p>english:<em><br>The state agencies do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of the discharge or water level data provided. In addition, all hydrological data may be subject to future revisions, including adjustments to the rating curves or corrections of errors. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain the most recent discharge time series directly from the federal state authorities for projects that require water law permits. Additionally, the regulations of the respective federal state apply and specific enquiries should be made as needed. It is also important to note that the state agencies explicitly disclaim any warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the data and therefore any liability claims against any of the federal states are also excluded.</em></p> <p>german:<em><br>Die Ländesämter gewährleisten nicht die Genauigkeit oder Vollständigkeit der bereitgestellten Abfluss oder Wasserstandsdaten. Zudem können alle hydrologischen Daten zukünftigen Überarbeitungen unterliegen, einschließlich Anpassungen der Wasserstands-Abflussbeziehung oder der Korrektur von Fehlern. Daher ist es notwendig, die aktuellsten Abflusszeitreihen direkt bei den Landesbehörden zu beziehen, falls Wasserrechtsgenehmigungen erforderlich sind. Zusätzlich gelten die Vorschriften des jeweiligen Bundeslandes, und spezifische Anfragen sollten bei Bedarf gestellt werden. Es ist ebenfalls wichtig zu beachten, dass die staatlichen Behörden ausdrücklich jegliche Gewährleistung hinsichtlich der Genauigkeit oder Vollständigkeit der Daten ausschließen und somit auch jegliche Haftungsansprüche gegenüber einem der Bundesländer ausgeschlossen sind.</em></p> <h3>Changelog</h3> <ul> <li><strong>v1.1.0</strong> <ul> <li>LSTM benchmark results are now based on a <strong>LSTM with 10 ensemble members</strong>, changing the median NSE in the testing period from 0.83 to 0.85 <div> <ul> <li>The columns <em>discharge_spec_sim_lstm</em> and <em>discharge_vol_sim_lstm</em> in <em>timeseries_simulated</em> are now based on the median values of the 10 ensemble members.</li> <li>The column <em>NSE_lstm</em> in <em>CAMELS_DE_simulation_benchmark.csv</em> is now calculated from the median simulations of the 10 ensemble members</li> <li><em>model_parameters/LSTM/CAMELS_DE_epochs_training_lstm.zip</em> now contains the epochs of the 10 ensemble members</li> </ul> </div> </li> <li>The columns <em>NSE_lstm</em>, <em>NSE_hbv</em> and <em>training_perc_complete</em> in <em>CAMELS_DE_simulation_benchmark.csv</em> were calculated from 2001 - 2020, now corrected to 2000 - 2020</li> <li>Fixed a bug in the calculation of <em>high_prec_dur</em> and <em>low_prec_dur</em> in <em>CAMELS_DE_climatic_attributes.csv</em> calculation (thank you to Bastian Klein from BfG for reporting this issue)</li> <li>Bayern: removed blank space after gauge and water body name and removed water body name from some gauge names, where it was included as "[gauge_name]_[water_body_name]", e.g. "Würzburg_Main" -> "Würzburg", water body name is now only included in the `water_body_name` column in<code> </code><em>CAMELS_DE_topographic_attributes.csv</em></li> <li>Nordrhein-Westfalen: corrected some wrong river names in <em>CAMELS_DE_topographic_attributes.csv</em></li> <li>Sachsen: added `gauge_elevation_metadata` information to <em>CAMELS_DE_topographic_attributes.csv</em></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li><strong>v1.0.0</strong> <ul> <li>CAMELS-DE v1.0.0 is the version of the dataset that is described by the <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-318">CAMELS-DE data description paper</a>.</li> <li>Addition of the federal state of Saarland, resulting in 27 additional catchments and coverage of all federal states except the city states of Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg. This also leads to a change in the title of the dataset from 1555 catchments to 1582 catchments.</li> <li>Addition of HBV model parameters and LSTM model training period epochs.</li> <li>Catchment DE911970: Removal of erroneous zero discharge values at the beginning of the measurement period.</li> <li>Minor fixes such as the elimination of discrepancies between the variable names in the dataset and in the data description.</li> <li>We were able to identify and fix some of these problems based on the feedback from the community, thank you very much!</li> </ul> </li> </ul>
A Synthesis of Global Streamflow characteristics, Hydrometeorology, and catchment Attributes (GSHA) for Large Sample River-Centric Studies V1.1
<p>A Synthesis of Global Streamflow characteristics, Hydrometeorology, and catchment Attributes (GSHA) for Large Sample River-Centric Studies. GSHA covers 21,568 watersheds from 13 agencies for as long as 43 years based on the discharge observations scraped from the web. GSHA includes yearly streamflow characteristics derived from daily discharge observations, daily meteorological variables (including precipitation, 2-m air temperature, long- and shortwave radiation, wind speed, actual and potential evapotranspiration (AET and PET)), daily or weekly water storage terms (4 layers of soil moisture, groundwater, and snow depth water equivalence), daily vegetation index (leaf area index (LAI)), yearly LULC characteristics (urban, cropland, and forest fraction), and yearly reservoir information (degree of regulation (DOR) and reservoir capacity). For each meteorological variable, multiple independent data sources are incorporated to provide uncertainty estimates. Static attributes like land physiography, soils, and geology are not additionally extracted, as similar efforts have been made by other researchers, so we directly matched our gauge locations to the HydroATLAS dataset by providing the river ID match table.</p> <p>For more details of GSHA, please refer to a companion research article submitted to ESSD.</p> <p>Please access the variables in version 1.0. Monthly streamflow indices files do not include Chinese basins.</p> <p>Citation: <strong> </strong>Yin, Z., Lin, P., Riggs, R., Allen, G. H., Lei, X., Zheng, Z., and Cai, S.: A Synthesis of Global Streamflow characteristics, Hydrometeorology, and catchment Attributes (GSHA) for Large Sample River-Centric Studies, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-256, in review, 2023.</p> <p> </p>
CAMELS-AUS v2: updated hydrometeorological timeseries and landscape attributes for an enlarged set of catchments in Australia
<p>Version 2 of the Australian edition of the Catchment Attributes and Meteorology for Large-sample Studies (CAMELS) series of datasets. Since publication in 2021, CAMELS-AUS (Australia) has served as a resource for the study of hydrological change, arid-zone hydrology, and hydrological model improvement. In this update, the dataset has been significantly enhanced both temporally and spatially. The new dataset comprises information for over twice as many catchments (561 compared to 222). The streamflow and climatic information are updated a further eight years (2022 compared to 2014). Lastly, the attribute information is improved, particularly with respect to hydrological statistics (signatures) and uncertainty in streamflow. Together, these updates make CAMELS-AUS Version 2 a more comprehensive and current resource for hydrological research and applications. </p>
CAMELS-IND: hydrometeorological time series and catchment attributes for 472 catchments in Peninsular India
<p>We introduce <strong>CAMELS-IND</strong> (<em><strong>C</strong>atchment <strong>A</strong>ttributes and <strong>ME</strong>teorology for <strong>L</strong>arge-sample <strong>S</strong>tudies – <strong>India</strong></em>), a dataset containing hydrometeorological time series, and catchment attributes for 472 catchments in Peninsular India, of which 242 catchments have observed streamflow data available for over 30% of the period between 1980 to 2020. This dataset aims to foster large-sample hydrological studies within India and encourage the inclusion of Indian catchments in global hydrological research.</p> <p>The data set covers <strong>41 years</strong> of data between <em><strong>1st January 1980</strong></em> and <em><strong>31st December 2020</strong></em> for each catchments: daily time series of available streamflow observations, meteorological data such as precipitation, air temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity, wind speed, potential and actual evapotranspiration, and soil moisture. Additionally, CAMELS-IND includes regionally trained LSTM-model predicted streamflow for all 472 catchments. The static catchment attributes includes location and topography, climate, hydrological signatures, land-use, land cover, soil, geology, and anthropogenic influences.</p> <p>The corresponding manuscript is published in the Journal "Earth System Science Data" (ESSD).<br>Mangukiya, N. K., Kumar, K. B., Dey, P., Sharma, S., Bejagam, V., Mujumdar, P. P., and Sharma, A.: CAMELS-IND: hydrometeorological time series and catchment attributes for 228 catchments in Peninsular India, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 461–491, <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-461-2025" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-461-2025</a>, 2025.</p> <p>The data description file (<strong><em>CAMELS_IND_Data_Description.pdf</em></strong>) contains a comprehensive list of all time series and attribute variables covered by the dataset and references to the original data sources.</p> <p> </p> <h3><strong>### CAMELS-IND attributes/forcings history</strong></h3> <p>--------------------------------------<br><strong>Version 2.2: March 2025</strong><br>--------------------------------------<br><strong>Major changes/additions:</strong><br>- Updated streamflow observations: CAMELS-IND now includes 242 catchments with streamflow observations for more than 30% of the period between 1980 and 2020.<br>- "<em>CAMELS_IND_Catchments_Streamflow_Sufficient.zip</em>" contains a subset of 242 catchments with observed streamflow data available for more than 30% of the duration between 1980 and 2020.</p> <p><strong>Minor changes:</strong><br>- Correction to the forcing column headings for 'evap_canopy (kg/m²/s)' and 'evap_surface (kg/m²/s)': the units have been updated to (mm/day).<br>- Corrections made to the gauge_id mapping for basin codes 12 and 15.</p> <p> </p> <p>--------------------------------------<br><strong>Version 2.1: October 2024</strong><br>--------------------------------------<br>Data described in revised ESSD paper - <br><strong>Major changes/additions:</strong><br>- The dataset name "<em>CAMELS-INDIA</em>" has been changed back to "<em>CAMELS-IND</em>" to align with the naming convention of other CAMELS datasets.<br>- A Python script file “<em>filter_catchment.py</em>” is added to filter out the subset of the dataset based on flow data availability.<br>- <strong>"<em>CAMELS_IND_Catchments_Streamflow_Sufficient.zip</em>" contains a subset of 228 catchments with observed streamflow data available for more than 30% of the duration between 1980 and 2020.</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>-----------------------------------<br><strong>Version 2: August 2024</strong><br>-----------------------------------</p> <p><strong>Major changes/additions:</strong><br>- The dataset name "<em>CAMELS-IND</em>" has beed changed to "<em>CAMELS-INDIA</em>".<br>- All forcing time series have been extended from 01/01/1980 to 31/12/2020.<br>- Two new forcings, "<em>pet_gleam</em>" and "<em>aet_gleam</em>", have been added.<br>- Several attributes have been added, including gauge elevation, mean drainage path slopes, precipitation uniformity, asynchronicity, gini coefficient, base flow index, stream elasticity, slope of FDC, water table depth, and anthropogenic influence.<br>- Available observed streamflow time series has been added for all 472 catchments for the period 01/01/1980 to 31/12/2020.<br>- Regionally trained LSTM model-predicted streamflow has been added for all 472 catchments for the period 01/01/1980 to 31/12/2020.</p> <p><strong>Minor changes:</strong><br>- Attribute files have been renamed to "<em>camels_India_XXXX</em>"</p> <p>A short descriptions of all attributes and time series is provided in "<em>camels_India_data_description.pdf"</em>.</p> <p><strong>The following attributes are included in CAMELS-INDIA v2:</strong><br>07 attributes : camels_India_name<br>16 attributes : camels_India_topo (topography and location)<br>42 attributes : camels_India_clim (climate indices)<br>73 attributes : camels_India_hydro (hydrological signatures)<br>13 attributes : camels_India_land (land cover characteristics)<br>28 attributes : camels_India_soil (soil characteristics)<br>07 attributes : camels_India_geol (geological characteristics)<br>25 attributes : camels_India_anth (anthropogenic influences)<br>---------------<br><strong>Total:</strong> 211 attributes, 19 catchment mean forcings, and available observed and LSTM-based predicted streamflow time series.</p> <p> </p> <p>--------------------------------<br><strong>Version 1 : April 2024</strong><br>--------------------------------<br>A short descriptions of all attributes and forcings are described in "<em>camels_ind_attributes.xlsx</em>" and "<em>camels_ind_forcings.xlsx</em>"<br><em>Following attributes were included in CAMELS-IND 1.0:</em><br>06 attributes : camels_ind_name<br>14 attributes : camels_ind_topo (topography and location)<br>36 attributes : camels_ind_clim (climate indices)<br>64 attributes : camels_ind_hydro (hydrological signatures)<br>13 attributes : camels_ind_land (land cover characteristics)<br>27 attributes : camels_ind_soil (soil characteristics)<br>07 attributes : camels_ind_geol (geological characteristics)<br>13 attributes : camels_ind_anth (anthropogenic influences)<br>-------------<br><strong>Total:</strong> 180 attributes & 17 catchment mean forcings. </p> <p> </p> <p>-----------------------------------------------------<br><strong>### CONTRIBUTE TO CAMELS-IND</strong><br>-----------------------------------------------------</p> <p>If you are working with a data set covering Indian catchments and would like to contribute catchment averages to <em>CAMELS-IND</em>, please get in touch.</p> <p>We are committed to identifying and correcting errors. If you encounter any unrealistic or suspicious values, please notify us as soon as possible. Thank you for your assistance.</p> <p><strong>Contacts:</strong><br>- Nikunj K. Mangukiya (<em>nikk.mangukiya@gmail.com</em>)<br>- Ashutosh Sharma (<em>ashutosh.sharma@hy.iitr.ac.in</em>)</p> <p> </p> <p>--------------------------------<br><strong>### Acknowledgments</strong><br>--------------------------------</p> <p>The authors gratefully acknowledge the Central Water Commission (CWC), the National Water Informatics Centre (NWIC), and the Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS) for providing the streamflow dataset through the online portal, India – Water Resources Information System (India-WRIS; <a href="https://indiawris.gov.in/wris/#/">https://indiawris.gov.in/wris/#/</a>). The authors also extend their gratitude to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, for providing the gridded rainfall and temperature datasets through their respective websites. Additionally, the authors gratefully acknowledge the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, for the Indian Monsoon Data Assimilation and Analysis (IMDAA) reanalysis. The IMDAA reanalysis was produced under the collaboration between UK Met Office, NCMRWF, and IMD, with financial support from the Ministry of Earth Sciences under the National Monsoon Mission programme. The authors utilized numerous publicly available datasets for compiling catchment attributes and meteorological forcing time series, duly acknowledging and citing them where applicable. The authors extend their gratitude to all the researchers and contributing authors of these open-source datasets.</p> <p> </p> <p>--------------------------------<br><strong>### Disclaimer</strong><br>--------------------------------</p> <p>The CAMELS-IND dataset provided on this webpage is openly accessible for academic and research purposes. While efforts have been made to ensure data accuracy, the authors do not take any responsibility for errors, omissions, or misuse of the data. Users must cite the following paper when utilizing the dataset and acknowledge that all interpretations and conclusions drawn from the data are their own. We encourage users to cite/acknowledge the original data sources wherever required based on the source data usage policies. The dataset is provided "as is" without any warranties, and users are advised to check for updates. It is strongly recommended that users exercise caution and verify the data before using it for any purpose. The authors assume no responsibility for any consequences arising from the use or misuse of this dataset.</p> <p><strong>How to cite:</strong> Mangukiya, N. K., Kumar, K. B., Dey, P., Sharma, S., Bejagam, V., Mujumdar, P. P., and Sharma, A.: CAMELS-IND: hydrometeorological time series and catchment attributes for 228 catchments in Peninsular India, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 461–491, <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-461-2025" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-461-2025</a>, 2025.</p>
CAMELS-BR: Hydrometeorological time series and landscape attributes for 897 catchments in Brazil - link to files.
<blockquote> <h3><strong>Version 1.2 (March 2025): </strong>Now with longer time series, expanded stream gauge coverage, meteorological data from additional sources, soil moisture time series, and observed rainfall time series from 11,853 rain gauges.</h3> </blockquote> <p> </p> <p>This is the CAMELS-BR dataset (Catchment Attributes and MEteorology for Large-sample Studies – Brazil) accompanying the paper: Chagas, V. B. P., Chaffe, P. L. B., Addor, N., Fan, F. M., Fleischmann, A. S., Paiva, R. C. D., and Siqueira, V. A.: CAMELS-BR: hydrometeorological time series and landscape attributes for 897 catchments in Brazil, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2075–2096, <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2075-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2075-2020</a>, 2020.</p> <p>CAMELS-BR provides daily observed streamflow time series for 4,025 stream gauges, daily observed rainfall for 11,853 rain gauges, daily meteorological time series and 65 attributes for 897 catchments in Brazil.</p> <p>The daily hydrometeorological time series include (i) observed streamflow accompanied by quality control information, (ii) precipitation extracted from five products, (iii) actual evapotranspiration extracted from three products, (iv) potential evapotranspiration extracted from two products, (v) reference evapotranspiration extracted from one product, (vi) minimum, mean, and maximum temperature extracted from three products, and (vii) soil moisture extracted from two products.</p> <p>The 65 catchment attributes cover properties such as (i) topography, (ii) climate, (iii) hydrology, (iv) land cover, (v) geology, (vi) soil, and (vii) human intervention.</p> <p>The data follow the same standards as other CAMELS datasets such as for the United States (https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5293-2017), Chile (https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5817-2018), and Great Britain (https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-49).</p> <p><strong>How to cite:</strong> Chagas, V. B. P., Chaffe, P. L. B., Addor, N., Fan, F. M., Fleischmann, A. S., Paiva, R. C. D., and Siqueira, V. A.: CAMELS-BR: hydrometeorological time series and landscape attributes for 897 catchments in Brazil, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2075–2096, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2075-2020, 2020.</p> <p> </p> <h3><strong>Changes in CAMELS-BR version 1.2:</strong></h3> <p><strong>Major changes</strong></p> <ul> <li>Updated streamflow time series up to February 2025 (where available), as obtained from ANA's website on 27 February 2025 (ANA – Brazilian National Water and Sanitation Agency – http://www.snirh.gov.br/hidroweb/). Some historical records have changed slightly due to ANA's quality control procedures. For eight gauges (see the readme.txt file), data are merged from 2025 and 2019 records (i.e. from CAMELS-BR version 1.1).</li> <li>Increased the stream gauge coverage to 4025 stream gauges (including both quality-controlled and non-quality-controlled series), up from 3679 in version 1.1.</li> <li>Added daily observed rainfall time series for 11853 rain gauges (not catchment averages), as obtained from ANA's website on 27 February 2025 (ANA – Brazilian National Water and Sanitation Agency – http://www.snirh.gov.br/hidroweb/). Data include quality flags but are mostly not quality-controlled.</li> <li>Added a GeoPackage file with coordinates for 11853 rain gauges.</li> <li>Updated precipitation time series (catchment averages) up to October 2024 (where available). Now derived from: CHIRPS v2.0; CPC; ERA5-Land; MSWEP v2.8; and BR-DWGD v3.2.3 (when at least 95% of the catchment area lies within Brazil – 864 catchments).</li> <li>Updated actual evapotranspiration time series (catchment averages) up to October 2024 (where available). Now derived from: GLEAM v4.2a; ERA5-Land; and MGB-SA.</li> <li>Updated potential evapotranspiration time series (catchment averages) up to October 2024 (where available). Now derived from GLEAM v4.2a and ERA5-Land.</li> <li>Added reference evapotranspiration time series (catchment averages). Derived from BR-DWGD v3.2.3 (when at least 95% of the catchment area lies within Brazil).</li> <li>Updated daily maximum, mean, and minimum temperature time series (catchment averages) up to October 2024 (where available). Now derived from: CPC; ERA5-Land; and BR-DWGD v3.2.3 (when at least 95% of the catchment area lies within Brazil).</li> <li>Added daily soil moisture time series (catchment averages) up to December 2024 (where available). Computed from GLEAM v4.2a and ERA5-Land.</li> <li>Improved meteorological data processing. Catchment averages now account for pixel fraction coverage.</li> <li>Reformatted meteorological time series files. Files now includes data from different products, with columns renamed for clarity.</li> <li>Hydrological and climatic indices were not updated, despite the new streamflow and meteorological data.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Minor changes</strong></p> <ul> <li>Updated stream gauge coordinates based on ANA's website on 27 February 2025. Coordinates were updated for 73 gauges in the 897 selected catchments and for 298 gauges across all catchments.</li> <li>Streamflow time series now include quality flag values from 0 to 7 (see the readme.txt file), previously from 0 to 4 in CAMELS-BR version 1.1. Flags from 5 to 7 may be present only in the last few years of data.</li> <li>Streamflow time series files for the 897 selected gauges now include values in both millimeters per day and cubic meters per second.</li> <li>Removed streamflow time series with fewer than 180 days of measurement.</li> <li>Converted gauge and catchment spatial data from Shapefile (.shp) to GeoPackage (.gpkg).</li> <li>Catchment areas computed by GSIM (in files "camels_br_location.txt" and "location_gauges_streamflow.gpkg") flagged as "caution" for quality were set to "nan" due to low reliability.</li> <li>Updated catchment areas computed by ANA (in files "camels_br_location.txt" and "location_gauges_streamflow.gpkg") to reflect the newest ANA's data from 27 February 2025. Streamflow values in millimeters per day remain unchanged because unit conversions rely on GSIM areas.</li> <li>Set catchment areas with zero squared kilometers, as computed by ANA, to "nan".</li> <li>Removed CPC daily mean temperature time series (catchment averages) because they were a simple average of minimum and maximum temperatures. For daily mean temperatures, refer to ERA5-Land data (now included) as they are computed from hourly data.</li> </ul> <p> </p>
Technology pathways could help drive the U.S. West Coast grid's exposure to hydrometeorological uncertainty (Figure Data)
<p>Data used to create figures for:</p> <p>Wessel, J., Kern, J.D., Voisin, N., Oikonomou, K., Haas, J. (2021). “Technology pathways could drive the U.S. West Coast grid's exposure to hydrometeorological uncertainty”.</p> <p>California and West Coast Power System (CAPOW) model is Python based. The model was built to simulate the operations of the major markets comprising the West Coast bulk electric power system: the Mid-Columbia (Mid-C) market, and the California Independent System Operator (CAISO). This version adds future technology pathways, EV adoption, and battery storage.</p> <p>See https://github.com/jawessel/CAPOW_pathways (v1.0 release) for version of CAPOW model used.</p>
Extreme hydrometeorological events, a challenge for gravimetric and seismology networks
<p>“Data supporting the paper published by Earth's Future: "Extreme hydrometeorological events, a challenge for gravimetry and seismological networks" by Van Camp, de Viron, Dassargues, Delobbe, Chanard, and Gobron, doi: 10.1029/2022EF002737, 2022.</p> <p>The data contains:</p> <p>1) A NETCDF mvc_data_EF.nc file, and the Python mvc_data_EF.py code for reading it. The nc file contains the time series from and around the Membach station, Belgium, as recorded during the July 2021 flood of the Vesdre River. Time in second since 2021-01-01 00:00:</p> <p>-Gravity [nm/s²]: from the superconducting gravimeter (after correcting for tidal and atmospheric pressure effects),</p> <p>To convert it into mm water: use factor -1/0.39 [mm/nm/s²]</p> <p>-Seismology [counts]: from the broadband Guralp CMG-3ESP seismometer.</p> <p>Calibration factor: 838.86 [count/µm/s]</p> <p>-Rain [mm water]: data inferred from the weather radar</p> <p>-Flow [m³/s]: water entering the Eupen reservoir</p> <p>2) An ASCII file SG_C021.TSF contains the complete recording of the superconducting gravimeter GWR#C021, since 1995-10-01. The data are corrected for polar motion, tidal, and atmospheric pressure effects (local admittance of -3.3 nm/s²/hPa), and instrumental drift. This drift is determined by using 323 absolute gravity measurements performed at the Membach station by the FG5#202 gravimeter since January 1996.</p> <p>3) PDF Document "<em>Supplement 1 Other seismic spectra during high flow events</em>" providing moving window spectra of seismic recordings during other significant floods in the Vesdre Valley</p> <p>4) PDF document "<em>Supplement 2_GRACE_GLDAS_GNSS</em>" providing the observations from GNSS and GRACE, and the predictions of the GLDAS hydrological model during the July 2021 event.</p>
Sub-hourly water temperature data collected by UNBC's northern hydrometeorology group (NHG) across the Nechako Watershed, 2019-2021
<p>This is a dataset of water temperature time series collected at 15 minute intervals at 24 sites across the Nechako Watershed. Data are provided in comma-delimited format with one file for each site. Each file name identifies the site location. The first column contains the date/time (UTC) in the format MM/DD/YEAR HH:MM. The second column contains the corresponding water temperature in degrees Celsius to two decimals. The third column contains a recommended flag for data quality, with "P" representing a "pass", "F" denoting a "fail", and "B" denoting "backwater conditions" with the likely presence of ice and below freezing temperatures. Additional issues encountered at specific sites are identified in the attached "read me" file along with basic metadata (site coordinates, elevation and period of record). A map of the sites is also attached to depict their locations across the Nechako Watershed. </p>
Hydrometeorological dataset and SWAT simulated outputs of Jaguari basin in the Cantareira reservoirs system
<p>Dataset used in the accepted paper "Hydrologic Impact of Climate Change in the Jaguari River in the Cantareira Reservoir System" (Domingues et al., 2022), from Water. A README.txt file is available within each folder with details of the dataset.</p>
Рис. 11. Гидрометеоролого-технологическая блок-схема хоЗяйственных решений (di) и гидрометеорологических долгосрочных прогноЗов (Pi), необходимых для их принятия. Fig. 11. Hydrometeorological-technological block diagram of economic decisions (di) and hydrometeorological long-term forecasts (Pi) necessary for their adoption. in Review of methods for the forecast of mollusk's spat productivity in sea-farms of Primorye and probable ways of their enhancement
Рис. 11. Гидрометеоролого-технологическая блок-схема хоЗяйственных решений (di) и гидрометеорологических долгосрочных прогноЗов (Pi), необходимых для их принятия. Fig. 11. Hydrometeorological-technological block diagram of economic decisions (di) and hydrometeorological long-term forecasts (Pi) necessary for their adoption.
The North American Monsoon GPS Hydrometeorological Network 2017: Flux and Precipitation Data
<p>Water, energy and carbon fluxes and ancillary meteorological measurements and precipitation data taken during The North American Monsoon GPS-Hydrometeorological Network 2017. The experiment was carried out during the summer of 2017 in the state of Sonora in northwestern Mexico.</p>
Long-term daily hydrometeorological drought indices, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration for ICOS ecosystem sites
<p>Standardized drought indices to support research at ICOS ecosystem sites. Dataset to Nature Scientific Data submission.</p> <p>"The dataset comprises four files for each of the 101 sites: "[site_name]_input" contains the observational data extracted from E-OBS, PET estimates as well as the simulated soil water storage and actual evapotranspiration from mHM; and threemore files for each of the standardized drought indices ("SSMI_[site_name]", "SPI_[site_name]", "SPEI_[site_name]"). Details on the variables, their units and their origin are given in Tab. 1. For the SPI and SPEI, the file of each site contains the estimates for various aggregation times, ranging from 5 to 730 days in steps of 5 days from 5 to 365 and steps of 10 days from 370 to 730. Each data file has a daily temporal resolution and covers the time span from 1950 to 2021."</p>
WRF 6-km simulation of western US 1981-2010 daily hydrometeorological dataset - part 1
<p>This repo includes the raw input data and scripts (of plots in the main text) for the following manuscript:</p> <p>Chen et al., Antecedent Hydrometeorological Conditions of Wildfire Occurrence in the Western U.S. in a Changing Climate</p> <p>Details and companion scripts will be uploaded after the manuscript is accepted.</p>
Data for "Association of western US compound hydrometeorological extremes with Madden-Julian oscillation and ENSO interaction"
<p>The files in this dataset are used to reproduce the figures in a paper entitled "Association of western US compound hydrometeorological extremes with Madden-Julian oscillation and ENSO interaction", submitted to <em>Communications Earth & Environment</em>.</p> <p>The data are in the NetCDF format including the climatological frequency of compound precipitation and temperature extremes over the western US and their changes associated with Madden-Julian oscillation and ENSO. Reanalysis ERA5 data contain the geopotential height, integrated vapor transport, and temperature advections. </p>
Dataset for the study "Foundation Models as Assistive Tools in Hydrometeorology: Opportunities, Challenges, and Perspectives"
<p>This dataset contains the materials, files, and codes used in the study "Foundation Models as Assistive Tools in Hydrometeorology: Opportunities, Challenges, and Perspectives". </p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.