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opencc-by-4.0Nov 2023View details →

Dataset for publication: Investigation of Hydrostatic Imbalance with Field Observations

Here is the data set for figure 8 of the publication "Investigation of Hydrostatic Imbalance with Field Observations" by Sun et al., 2023Data collected from the Halo Doppler lidars (DL) and Eddy-Covariance station (EC) (EC south, EC-S) of the Land-Atmisphere Feedback Observatory LAFO at University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (lafo.uni-hohenheim.de, Späth et al., 2023, doi: 10.5194/gi-12-25-2023). The data cover the temporal period of 23 August 2022 as presented in figure 8 in Sun et al., 2023, doi: ***.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

Dataset for Bate (2022): Dust coagulation during the early stages of star formation: molecular cloud collapse and first hydrostatic core evolution

This data set contains 12 smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) dump files that were used to produce some of the figures in the journal paper: Bate, Matthew. R., 2022, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, accepted 13 May 2022 Each of the SPH dump files is from a different calculation of the early stages of star formation: the gravitational collapse of a molecular cloud core, including dust coagulation.  Each SPH dump file gives the state of the SPH calculation when the maximum temperature reached 1500 K, except for the beta=0.05 cases which give the state when the maximum hydrogen number density reaches 10^{14} cm^{-3}.  The calculations were each performed using 3 million SPH particles and differed by their initial rotation rate, which was parameterised by beta=0, 0.0025, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.05 (the magnitude of the ratio of the rotational and gravitational potential energies).  Dump files from calculations that include and exclude envelope turbulence are provided (both are used for Figure B1).  The dump files associated with each calculation are: beta=0:      B1M0123 (does not include envelope turbulence) beta=0.0025: B1M2123 (does not include envelope turbulence) beta=0.005:  B1M5123 (does not include envelope turbulence) beta=0.01:   B1M1128 (does not include envelope turbulence) beta=0.02:   B1M2126 (does not include envelope turbulence) beta=0.05:   B1M5109_b05_NoEnvTurb (does not include envelope turbulence) beta=0.0:    B1M0123_b0_EnvTurb beta=0.0025: B1M2177_b0025_EnvTurb beta=0.005:  B1M5209_b005_EnvTurb beta=0.01:   B1M1219_b01_EnvTurb beta=0.02:   B1M2221_b02_EnvTurb beta=0.05:   B1M5321_b05_EnvTurb The SPH dump files are Fortran binary files written in big endian format and generated by the sphNG code (Benz 1990; Bate 1995; Bate & Keto 2015). They can be read, visualised, and manipulated using the free, publicly available SPLASH visualisation code (which reads sphNG dump files), written by Daniel J. Price, that can be downloaded from:  http://users.monash.edu.au/~dprice/splash/  The SPLASH configuration files used to produce Figs. 10,11,12,and B1 in Bate (2022) are included with this dataset in a gzipped tar file.

Fig. 10 in Virtual 3D modeling of the ammonoid conch to study its hydrostatic properties

Fig. 10. Model showing the shell orientation (φ) attained during neutral buoyancy for Maorites seymourianus models. White circle, center of buoyancy; asterisk, center of mass.

Fig. 9. A in Virtual 3D modeling of the ammonoid conch to study its hydrostatic properties

Fig. 9. A. Comparison of the model geometry for Maorites seymourianus defined by the Equation 3, and the closest logarithmic spiral (dotted line) found for these data (radius r = 88.97e-0.12Θ, determination coefficient R2 = 0.988). B. Close up of the initial whorls showing the slow increase in growth rate at the beginning of the ontogeny. The arrows indicate the differences in growth between the polynomial curve (solid arrows) and the logarithmic curve (dashed arrows).

Fig. 7 in Virtual 3D modeling of the ammonoid conch to study its hydrostatic properties

Fig. 7. The final simplified model of the conch of Maorites seymourianus. A. External elements of the conch in lateral view, the smooth areas emulate rectiradiate constrictions; the phragmocone in dark gray, the body chamber in grey. B. Internal elements within the phragmocone; the siphuncle in black, the septa in grey.

Fig. 3 in Virtual 3D modeling of the ammonoid conch to study its hydrostatic properties

Fig. 3. Example of the alignment process using only two specimens. Here it is graphed the radius against the angle showing the curves that describe the geometry of two specimens of Maorites seymourianus. A. The geometry of CPBA 16847 (reference) is defined by a function r = h(Θ) and its domain is [0 rad; 19.90 rad] in black (solid line), the geometry of CPBA 16838 is defined by a function r = i(Θ) and its domain is [0 rad; 20.42 rad] in grey. The normalization process consists of finding the results for an appropriate radius, in this case r = 20 mm (dotted line). Following, the difference in angle must be calculated (ΔΘ = 1.38 rad) and then the domain of the functions is adjusted accordingly. B. Curves after normalization, the difference in angle was applied to the domain of CPBA 16838, the new domain of the function is [1.38 rad; 21.80 rad]. Abbreviations: Θ, angle; r, radius.

Fig. 4 in Virtual 3D modeling of the ammonoid conch to study its hydrostatic properties

Fig. 4. Overview of the segment employed in this modeling method. A. Adoral view of the segment, the contour and measurements for this side were obtained from the CT-scan data. B. Lateral view of the segment showing the segment thickness (sgt = 10 mm). C. Adapical view of the segment. To model this side, the adoral contour was duplicated and then escalated according to the results from the equations in Table 1. Abbreviations: a, result for the angle in the adoral side for Equation (2); ah, aperture height; ad, adpical; ao, adoral; b, result for the angle in the adapical side for Equation (2); r, radius; sgt, segment thickness; wh, whorl height; ww, whorl width.

Fig. 6 in Virtual 3D modeling of the ammonoid conch to study its hydrostatic properties

Fig. 6. Illustrations showing the function of the relative offset and object offset. In this case, the object offset is a cube rotated in the y-axis. Segments are labeled in order of appearance. Note how each segment follows the transformation of the object offset. A. The relative offset has been modified to show each segment as a separate object. B. The relative offset with the correct value forming a unified structure.

Fig. 2 in Virtual 3D modeling of the ammonoid conch to study its hydrostatic properties

Fig. 2. Semi-landmarks in π/6 rad steps (30°) and the model curve of the geometry for Maorites seymourianus (CPBA 16847). The first landmark is expressed in polar coordinates (r; Θ). Abbreviations: Θ, angle; r, radius.

Fig. 5 in Virtual 3D modeling of the ammonoid conch to study its hydrostatic properties

Fig. 5. Final segment in two views showing the rectiradiate ribs and the two surfaces emulating the limits of the shell wall. The external layer in black and the internal layer in grey.

Fig. 1 in Virtual 3D modeling of the ammonoid conch to study its hydrostatic properties

Fig. 1. Kossmaticeratid ammonoid Maorites seymourianus (Kilian and Reboul, 1909) from the López de Bertodano Formation, Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica. A. CPBA 16819 (microconch), lateral (A1), ventral (A2) views, scheme of apertural view (A3). B. CPBA 16841 (macroconch) showing different preservation states between the flanks, left (B1), right (B2) views. The arrowheads indicate the beginning of the body chamber.

Fig. 10 in Mode of life and hydrostatic stability of orthoconic ectocochleate cephalopods: Hydrodynamic analyses of restoring moments from 3D printed, neutrally buoyant models

Fig. 10. Hydrodynamic restoration of the Baculites compressus 3D printed model following overdamped harmonic motion. Apertural angle (θa) measured in degrees as a function of time after rotating approximately 38° from the equilibrium orientation. An angle of -90° represents a condition where the aperture is directed downwards. The function of decay in θa with time is represented by the grey dashed curve. Note that this model restores more quickly and does not oscillate about the equilibrium orientation.

Fig. 7 in Mode of life and hydrostatic stability of orthoconic ectocochleate cephalopods: Hydrodynamic analyses of restoring moments from 3D printed, neutrally buoyant models

Fig. 7. Virtual and physical hydrostatic models of Nautilus pompilius with computed percentage of the phragmocone emptied for neutral buoyancy (Φ) and hydrostatic stability (St). The tip of the up-side-down pyramid = center of buoyancy. The tip of the right-side-up pyramid = total center of mass. A. External view of the virtual model. B. Medial section of the virtual model with each component of unique density (green, soft body; red, cameral gas; blue, cameral liquid; grey, shell). C. Modified virtual model with simplified internal geometry and bismuth counterweight (yellow, PLA plastic; red, air; blue, liquid; purple, bismuth counterweight). D. Neutrally-buoyant, 3D printed model. The differences in Φ and the apertural angle (θa) are a result of the mass discrepancy (Table 5) and irregular geometry of the balloon. The error in St was computed assuming that the total mass discrepancy was distributed in the positive or negative z-directions.

Fig. 9 in Mode of life and hydrostatic stability of orthoconic ectocochleate cephalopods: Hydrodynamic analyses of restoring moments from 3D printed, neutrally buoyant models

Fig. 9. Virtual and physical hydrostatic models of Baculites compressus with computed percentage of the phragmocone emptied for neutral buoyancy (Φ) and hydrostatic stability (St). Green, soft body; grey, shell; red, gas; blue, liquid; yellow, PLA plastic; purple, bismuth counterweight; B, center of buoyancy; M, center of mass. A. Virtual model with an even distribution of cameral liquid and gas in the phragmocone (center of mass of cameral liquid and gas = center of volume of the phragmocone; cameral liquid and gas not shown). B. Modified virtual model with simplified internal geometry ("Modified 1" in Table 3). C. Neutrally-buoyant, 3D printed model. D. Modified virtual model with simplified internal geometry and axel hole through pivot point of rotation ("Modified 2" in Table 3). E. Neutrally-buoyant, 3D printed model fixed to an axel and silicone tubing used to supply thrust in the ventral direction. For this model, the mass discrepancy (Table 5) resulted in a slightly lower of 97.3%, but was held constant at 100%. All computed errors in St were computed assuming that the total mass discrepancy was distributed in the positive or negative z-directions.

Fig. 6 in Mode of life and hydrostatic stability of orthoconic ectocochleate cephalopods: Hydrodynamic analyses of restoring moments from 3D printed, neutrally buoyant models

Fig. 6. Hydrostatic models of Baculites compressus with computed percentage of the phragmocone emptied for neutral buoyancy (Φ) and hydrostatic stability (St). All models are oriented dorsum-left. The centers of buoyancy are marked by the tip of the higher pyramid. The total centers of mass are marked by the tip of the lower pyramid. Each material of unique density is designated a color (green, soft body; red, cameral gas; blue, cameral liquid; transparent grey, shell). A. Virtual model with 40% body chamber length to total length (BCL/L). B. Virtual model with 33% BCL/L and adorally distributed cameral liquid. C. Virtual model with 33% BCL/L and adapically distributed cameral liquid. D, E. B. compressus model modified with a concave dorsum similar to B. grandis and 33% BCL/L. Adorally (D) and adapically (E) distributed cameral liquid.

Fig. 3. Full 3D in Mode of life and hydrostatic stability of orthoconic ectocochleate cephalopods: Hydrodynamic analyses of restoring moments from 3D printed, neutrally buoyant models

Fig. 3. Full 3D model of Baculites compressus with model components. A. Complete, digitally-reconstructed shell rendered in X-ray view to show internal structure. B. Three-dimensional model the soft body. C. Three-dimensional model of the cameral volumes within the phragmocone.

Fig. 4 in Mode of life and hydrostatic stability of orthoconic ectocochleate cephalopods: Hydrodynamic analyses of restoring moments from 3D printed, neutrally buoyant models

Fig. 4. Generation of a 3D printed model of Nautilus pompilius with theoretically equal physical properties to the virtual counterparts. A. Original virtual model from Peterman et al. (2019: fig. 2.5). B. Modified virtual model with simplified internal geometry. The center of buoyancy remains the same because external geometry does not change. The total center of mass, however, is corrected by a bismuth counterweight of known volume, density, and mass. C. 3D printed posterior half of the physical model with bismuth counterweight in the computed position. D. Anterior half of the physical model showing the one-way valve for liquid to exit upon displacement by an air-filled balloon. E. Neutrally buoyant physical model with the required volume to liquid ratio for neutral buoyancy. This computed volume of air is inserted through a one-way entrance valve into the internal balloon. Tracking points are placed parallel to the aperture in order to analyze movement in a hydrodynamic setting.

Fig. 5 in Mode of life and hydrostatic stability of orthoconic ectocochleate cephalopods: Hydrodynamic analyses of restoring moments from 3D printed, neutrally buoyant models

Fig. 5. Position of the ventral tracking point (V) and umbilical tracking point (U) as a function of time measured with the physics modeling software (Tracker 4.11.0; Brown 2017). Note that the rotation of the aperture is coupled with translational motion, resulting in complex movement.

Fig. 11 in Mode of life and hydrostatic stability of orthoconic ectocochleate cephalopods: Hydrodynamic analyses of restoring moments from 3D printed, neutrally buoyant models

Fig. 11. Thrust required to change the Baculites compressus model orientation (θa). A. Thrust Scenario 1: A continuous thrust supplied to the venter with a similar thrust ratio to Nautilus (Table 1). The average change from a vertical resting orientation (Δ θpeak) is 22.7°. B. Thrust Scenario 2: Periodic pulses from a pump with a simulated mantle cavity of 20% soft body volume of B. compressus (Table 1). The average change from a vertical resting orientation ( Δ θpeak) is 25.6°. C. Thrust Scenario 3: Periodic pulses from a pump with a thrust ratio between Sepia officinalis and Loligo vulgaris (Table 1). The average change from a vertical resting orientation (Δ θpeak) is 72.2°. Average peak thrust (Fpeak) error bars represent one standard deviation calibrated from 30 second intervals of pumping.

Fig. 8 in Mode of life and hydrostatic stability of orthoconic ectocochleate cephalopods: Hydrodynamic analyses of restoring moments from 3D printed, neutrally buoyant models

Fig. 8. Hydrodynamic restoration of the Nautilus pompilius 3D printed model following underdamped harmonic oscillation. Apertural angle (θa) measured in degrees as a function of time after rotating approximately 38° from the equilibrium orientation. An angle of zero represents a condition where the aperture is horizontally oriented. Open dots represent the peaks used to calculate decay in amplitude with time (grey dashed curves).