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Cave Hyena Osteometrical Datasets
<p><strong>Background</strong></p> <p>These datasets provide osteometrical measurements for dental and postcranial remains in cave hyenas from european sites.</p> <p><strong>Method</strong></p> <p>All the specimens have been described and measured (in millimeters) by the author. They are stored and curated in various institutions (<em>i.e., Museum, see below</em>).</p> <p><strong>Data description</strong></p> <p><strong><em>File title:</em></strong></p> <p>Each file is named according to the following pattern:</p> <ul> <li><strong>First part:</strong> abreviation of considered species (<em>i.e., Ccs = Crocuta crocuta spelaea</em>);</li> <li><strong>Second part</strong>: anatomical part codification: <ul> <li><em>U: Upper / L: Lower</em></li> <li><em>C: Canine / P: Premolar / M: Molar</em></li> <li><em>1 to 4: tooth rank</em></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p><strong><em>File content:</em></strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>chrono:</strong> Chronology (<em>i.e., Middle or Late Pleistocene</em>);</li> <li><strong>MIS: </strong>Marine Isotopic Stage (<em>if applicable</em>);</li> <li><strong>species:</strong> specific (or sub-specific) identification (<em>i.e., Crocuta crocuta spelaea</em>);</li> <li><strong>country</strong>: Site location (<em>i.e., France</em>);</li> <li><strong>site: </strong>Site name;</li> <li><strong>label: </strong>Specimen label such as archaeological number or museum inventory number;</li> <li><strong>side: </strong>Specimen laterality, it could be left (sin) or right (dext);</li> <li><strong>B: </strong>Breadth (<em>in mm</em>);</li> <li><strong>L: </strong>Breadth (<em>in mm</em>);</li> <li><strong>L_para: </strong>Paraconid (for the lower carnassial m1) or Paracone (for the upper carnassial P4) length (<em>in mm</em>);</li> <li><strong>L_proto: </strong>Protoconid length (<em>in mm</em>), applicable only for the lower carnassial m1;</li> <li><strong>L_trig: </strong>Trigonid length (<em>in mm</em>), applicable only for the lower carnassial m1;</li> <li><strong>B_meta: </strong>Metacone breadth (<em>in mm</em>), applicable only for the upper carnassial P4;</li> <li><strong>L_meta: </strong>Metacone length (<em>in mm</em>), applicable only for the upper carnassial P4;</li> <li><strong>location:</strong> Curation place.</li> </ul>
FIGURE 10 in Unravelling the origin of the brown hyena (Parahyena brunnea) and its evolutionary and paleoecological implications for the Pachycrocuta lineage
FIGURE 10. Evolutionary and paleobiogeographic hypotheses proposed in this work illustrated with the plot of the first principal component for the lower dentition. Double horizontal lines indicate bidirectional migratory flows. Empty rectangles indicate the absence of barriers to dispersal between the last three regions considered, and solid rectangles indicate geographic isolation. See the text for a more detailed explanation.
FIGURE 9 in Unravelling the origin of the brown hyena (Parahyena brunnea) and its evolutionary and paleoecological implications for the Pachycrocuta lineage
FIGURE 9. Illustration of the two criteria used in this study as a practical guide to separate segments within a lineage. Successive values of a lineage with four populations and four fossils per population are shown. At the top, the range of variation observed for the variable considered in a related present-day biospecies. Taking the lowest value of the first population as an arbitrary reference point, the lineage will be divided into two segments for that time value at which the observed range for the biospecies is surpassed, and at the same time, the difference between the means of the two sets (C and C', respectively) becomes significant.
FIGURE 8 in Unravelling the origin of the brown hyena (Parahyena brunnea) and its evolutionary and paleoecological implications for the Pachycrocuta lineage
FIGURE 8. Relative size of the bone-breaking region of P4 versus the size of P4 for some localities of P. brevirostris. The correlation coefficient between both variables is significant (r = 0.844, p = 0.002). The ellipse corresponds to the expected region for the population at 95% confidence. Gi: Gigantopithecus Cave, Ke: Kedung Brubus, Lo: Longdan, LC: Longgu Cave, Re: Renzi Cave, Sa: Sainzelles, Um: Untermasfeld, Va: Val d'Arno, VM: Venta Micena, Yu: Yuanmou, Zo: Loc.1 of Zhoukoudian.
FIGURE 7 in Unravelling the origin of the brown hyena (Parahyena brunnea) and its evolutionary and paleoecological implications for the Pachycrocuta lineage
FIGURE 7. In A is shown a lateral view of an articulated skull and jaw of a H. hyaena specimen (EBD 33079M, Doñana Biological Station, Seville) and its corresponding schematic drawing in B, showing different functional regions of the dentition during the mandibular occlusion process. The main regions involved in cutting meat are the trigonid (Trig) of m1 in the lower dentition and the metastyle (Me) and the distal part of Paracone (P) of the upper fourth premolar (P4). The main elements involved in bone breaking are the two lower premolars (p4 and p3) that occlude with the upper third premolar (P3) and the mesial part of the paracone and the parastyle of the upper P4.
FIGURE 5 in Unravelling the origin of the brown hyena (Parahyena brunnea) and its evolutionary and paleoecological implications for the Pachycrocuta lineage
FIGURE 5. Bivariate plots of geological age on the scores for the lower dentition two first principal components. A-B, PC I for fossil individuals and paleontological localities, respectively. C-D, PC II for fossil individuals and paleontological localities, respectively. E: Elandsfontein. At the base of each figure are shown the ranges for the extant species and C. spelaea in each principal component.
FIGURE 4 in Unravelling the origin of the brown hyena (Parahyena brunnea) and its evolutionary and paleoecological implications for the Pachycrocuta lineage
FIGURE 4. Bivariate plots of the scores on the upper dentition two first principal components and their corresponding component loading plots for (A) analysis for fossil individuals and (B) analysis for paleontological localities. E: Elandsfontein. G: Gladysvale Cave. K: Kromdraai A. L: Longdan. S: Ségriès-le Réservoir.
FIGURE 2 in Unravelling the origin of the brown hyena (Parahyena brunnea) and its evolutionary and paleoecological implications for the Pachycrocuta lineage
FIGURE 2. Several examples of worn lower first molars. A, V 7296 from Baihaicum (from Qiu, 1987). B, Pliocrocuta perrieri (Se 312, Senèze, France). C, Crocuta crocuta (no id. Naturkundemuseum Berlin). D, plot of m1 trigonid length on m1 width for the species analyzed in this study. Note that there is a clear separation between Crocuta and Non Crocuta species. Additional explanations have been provided in the text.
FIGURE 1 in Unravelling the origin of the brown hyena (Parahyena brunnea) and its evolutionary and paleoecological implications for the Pachycrocuta lineage
FIGURE 1. Stratigraphic range of the species belonging to the analyzed lineages, their paleogeographic distribution (squares with gray background), and some examples of lower mandibles in labial view. IVPP V20801: Pliocrocuta perrieri from Zanclean (Zanda Basin, China), drawn from Tseng et al. (2016). KK 82-58: Parahyaena howelli (Laetoli, Tanzania), drawn from Werdelin and Dehghani (2011). MNHN 834: Pliocrocuta perrieri post-Zanclean (holotype from Mont Perrier, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris. C/C. 806: Pachycrocuta brevirostris (Zhoukoudian, China) drawn from Pei (1934). KA 55: Pachycrocuta bellax (Kromdraai A, South Africa) drawn from Ewer (1954a). 'Hyaena' prisca (holotype from Lunel-Viel, France) drawn from Brugal et al. (2021). NHM 35.9.1.286: Parahyaena brunnea (Karroo Valley, South Africa, housed at the Natural History Museum, London).
Fig. 2. Geometric mean ratio and 95 in Associations between Toxoplasma gondii infection and steroid hormone levels in spotted hyenas
Fig. 2. Geometric mean ratio and 95% CI estimates from separate sex stratified models of the relationship between T. gondii infection and plasma cortisol. The red dashed line represents the null, and estimates are based on percentile bootstrapping (2000 simulations).
Fig. 1. Geometric mean ratio and 95 in Associations between Toxoplasma gondii infection and steroid hormone levels in spotted hyenas
Fig. 1. Geometric mean ratio and 95% CI estimates from separate sex and age stratified models of the relationship between T. gondii infection and plasma testosterone. The red dashed line represents the null, and estimates are based on percentile bootstrapping (2000 simulations).
FIGURE 18 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza
FIGURE 18. Reconstruction of Crocuta spelaea in the vicinity of Los Aprendices Cave, feeding on the carcass of a specimen of Capra pyrenaica (illustration by Gianfranco Mensi).
FIGURE 13. 1 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza
FIGURE 13. 1, Analysis of the breakage of the long bones from the skeleton of Crocuta spelaea from Los Aprendices, showing the abundance of each type of fracture according to the criteria analysed: angle, delineation and edge of the breaks. 2, Analysis of the breakage of the diaphyses in terms of circumference (C1, C2, C3) and length (L1, L2, L3, L4) for the skeleton of Crocuta spelaea from Los Aprendices.
FIGURE 15 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza
FIGURE 15. Palaeogeographic and diachronic distribution of the Crocuta in the Iberian Peninsula. The numbers refer to the sites listed in Appendix 7.
FIGURE 11. 1 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza
FIGURE 11. 1, Graph representing total length of radius versus distal width of extant and cave hyaena from several sites. The comparative measurements (in mm) have been extracted from Ehrenberg, 1940; Cardoso, 1993; García, 2003; Diedrich, 2011e; and J.M.-M personal commun., 2015. 2, Total length of third metacarpus versus smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) of extant and cave hyaena from several sites. The comparative measurements (in mm) have been extracted from Ehrenberg, 1940; Cardoso, 1993; García, 2003; Fourvel, 2012, and J.M.-M personal commun., 2015. Confidence ellipses with confidence interval (0.95) are figured.
FIGURE 14 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza
FIGURE 14. Photographs of the various types of marks (indicated by white arrows) present on the skeleton of Crocuta spelaea from Los Aprendices. 1, detailed image of the proximal epiphysis of the right humerus (MPZ 2014/672). 2, humerus in cranial view (MPZ 2014/672). 3, humerus in lateral view (MPZ 2014/672). 4, right ulna (MPZ 2014/676) showing "furrowing" on the proximal epiphysis, as well as a "puncture". 5, left ulna (MPZ 2014/610) showing "furrowing" on the proximal epiphysis. 6, right tibia (MPZ 2014/681) showing "furrowing" on the proximal epiphysis. 7-8, lateral and dorsal views of a left calcaneus (MPZ 2014/677) showing "furrowing" and grooves on the calcaneal tuberosity. 9, rib (MPZ 2014/591) showing a "puncture". 10, lumbar vertebra (MPZ 2014/582) in caudal view showing "furrowing" on the vertebral body. 11, lumbar vertebra (MPZ 2014/582) in ventral view showing three pits, corresponding to the incisors of a medium-sized carnivore. 12-13, lateral and caudal views of a dorsal vertebra (MPZ 2014/674) showing how the vertebral body has been torn off by a bite.
FIGURE 17 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza
FIGURE 17. Means (square) and standard deviations (DS) of the values for the width (1) and the length (2) of pits on the epiphyses of long bones for various modern-day carnivores, together with the data from Los Aprendices (arrows). Key to the data: "Selvaggio and Wilder, 2001; ' Domínguez-Rodrigo and Piqueras, 2003; ^ Delaney-Rivera et al., 2009; * Saladié, 2009.
FIGURE 1. 1 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza
FIGURE 1. 1, Metapodials of Crocuta spelaea in anatomical semi-connection. 2, Cranium of Crocuta spelaea. 3, Filtering the excavation grid. 4, Excavation of various Crocuta spelaea remains from the hyena level.
FIGURE 5 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza
FIGURE 5. Photograph of the cranium (1-4, MPZ 2014/657) and hemi-mandible (5-7, MPZ 2014/593) of Crocuta spelaea: 1-2, lateral view; 3, dorsal view; 4, occlusal view; 5, buccal view; 6, lingual view; 7, occlusal view.
FIGURE 6. Crocuta spelaea forelimb remains from Los Aprendices. 1 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza
FIGURE 6. Crocuta spelaea forelimb remains from Los Aprendices. 1, left scapula in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/584). 2, left humerus in cranial view (MPZ 2014/672). 3, right radius in palmar view (MPZ 2014/611). 4, left ulna in medial view (MPZ 2014/610). 5, right ulna in medial view (MPZ 2014/676). 6, right Mtc V in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/618). 7, right Mtc IV in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/617). 8, right Mtc III in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/616), 9, right Mtc II in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/615). 9, left Mtc II in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/685). 10, left Mtc III in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/684). 11, left Mtc IV in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/ 581). 12, left Mtc V in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/575). 13, right scapholunate in proximal view (MPZ 2014/613). 14, right pisiform in proximal view (MPZ 2014/614). 15, trapezoid (MPZ 2014/619). 16, right cuneiform in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/659). 17, unciform (MPZ 2014/678) 18-26, first phalanx in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/576, 577, 578, 583, 621, 622, 626, 631). 27-34, second phalanx in lateral view (MPZ 2014/594, 599, 600, 601, 627, 639, 654, 655). 35-37, third phalanx in dorsal vier (MPZ 2014/590, 603, 680).
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