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303 results for “hyperspectral”
Sample of HYPERNETS Hyperspectral Surface Reflectance Measurements for Satellite Validation from the Gobabeb Site in Namibia
<p>The HYPERNETS project (www.hypernets.eu; Ruddick et al. 2024) has the overall aim to ensure that high quality in situ measurements are available to support the (VNIR/SWIR) optical satellite products. Therefore, it established a new autonomous hyperspectral spectroradiometer (HYPSTAR® - www.hypstar.eu; Kuusk et al. 2024) dedicated to land and water surface reflectance validation with instrument pointing capabilities. This instrument has been deployed over various sites covering a range of water and land types and a range of climatic and logistic conditions. Here, we provide the first fully quality-checked data for the Gobabeb HYPERNETS site in Namibia (GHNA). The HYPERNETS data products were processed using the HYPERNETS_processor (De Vis et al. 2024b).</p> <p>The provided NetCDF files are the L2B hypernets products with surface reflectances, their associated uncertainties and error-correlation information. The reflectance in these products is the Hemispherical-conical Reflectance Factor (HCRF) defined as: HCRF = π L / E where L is the conical upwelling radiance (with field of view of 5 degrees) and E is the (hemispherical) downwelling irradiance (i.e. including both direct solar and diffuse sky irradiance). These reflectances have dimensions of wavelength and series, where each series is a set of measurements for a given geometry (combination of viewing zenith and azimuth angle). In addition to variables for wavelength and bandwidth, the files also contain variables that provide for each series the acquisition time, viewing and solar angles, number of valid scans used, and quality flags (typically no flags are set in the data provided in this dataset). These NetCDF files also contain further relevant metadata as attributes. See https://hypernets-processor.readthedocs.io/ for further info.</p> <p>The GHNA site has minimal daily variation in surface cover and weather conditions and is an ideal location for sustained, homogeneous measurements. The site is well characterised as it is very close to an instrument already recognised as a radiometric calibration site (GONA) as part of the RadCalNet network (Bialek et al. 2016). The HYPERNETS site itself (23.60153 degrees S, 15.12589 degrees E) is 650 m from the RadCalNet site, and is located on a gravel plain near a dry riverbed which separates it from the neighbouring dune sea. The HYPSTAR®-XR sensor was installed May 2022 at the top of a 9m mast on an extended 1 m horizontal boom to minimise interruption of the field of view. Data are collected every 30 minutes between 9am and 6pm local time (UTC+02) between viewing zenith angles of 0 and 60 degrees. No measurements are taken at 2pm and 2:30pm local time to avoid the hottest part of the day.</p> <p>The HYPSTAR®-XR (eXtended Range) instruments deployed at each land HYPERNETS site consist of a VNIR and a SWIR sensor and autonomously collect data between 380-1700 nm at various viewing geometries and send it to a central server for quality control and processing. The VNIR sensor spans 1330 channels between 380 and 1000 nm with a FWHM of 3 nm and the SWIR sensor has 220 channels between 1000 and 1700 nm with a FWHM of 10 nm. The hypernets_processor (De Vis et al. 2024b) automatically processes all this data into various products, including the L2A surface reflectance product provided here. All of the products have associated uncertainties (divided into random and systematic uncertainties, including error-correlation information) which were propagated using the CoMet toolkit (www.comet-toolkit.org). For an example using these data for satellite vicarious calibration, see De Vis et al. 2024a).</p> <p>To obtain this dataset, we start from the full GHNA data record and omit data that does not pass the relevant quality checks (QC). Some QC are performed during the near-real time processing done by the hypernets_processor (see https://hypernets-processor.readthedocs.io/en/latest/content/atbd/processing/quality_checks.html) to produce the L2A files. Then, a number of site-specific QC are performed as post-processing to produce the L2B files. These site-specific QC cover things such as removing flags in the L2A data, avoiding periods with bad deployment conditions, removing unsuitable viewing and solar angles, as well as poorly performing wavelength ranges and individual sequences. Any potential misalignment of the sensor is also corrected, affecting L1D irradiances, and L2B reflectances. These corrected data are then used in a more stringent clear sky check, and in a check that verifies the reflectances are within realistic ranges for a given angle and time of year for the given site. </p> <p>There was a rain event in Gobabeb in March 2025, resulting in the growth of grass at the site. We expect the site will be back to its normal surface cover in the near future. Since the rain event, less data passed the site-specific QC. A dedicated QC will be developed for this period, as the data with grass surface cover will still be useful for satellite validation. These updated data will be made available in the future. </p>
Urban material ground truth data for the 2007 HyMap hyperspectral image of Munich
<p><span>This dataset entails a spectral library file (.sli file with matching .hdr text file) with 12028 labeled spectra derived from the 4m resolution airborne hyperspectral HyMap image of Munich (Germany) that was acquired during the summer of 2007 (June 17 and 25 2007). The labeled image spectra are retrieved from pixels of the HyMap dataset that has been processed to level 2A surface reflectance in 119 bands ranging between the wavelengths of 455 nm and 2496 nm. The preprocessing performed on this image data is explained in Heldens et al. (2008) and Heiden et al. (2012). See the "Related works" section of this data publication.</span></p> <p><span>The ground truth (GT) data have been used in previous research (again, see the "Related works" section) and they were likewise used for the remote sensing-based mapping experiments with a generic urban spectral library performed in the frame of the GENLIB research project. The data set contains reflectance spectra of typical urban surface materials and their spectral variations.</span></p> <p><span>The spectra included in this dataset were sampled from the above mentioned HyMap image by (1) using the methodology described in Jilge et al. (2017) and (2) through the delineation of manually digitized regions of interest. The image spectra are <span> </span>labeled based on the method mentioned above and using ancillary reference data, already published urban spectral libraries, terrain knowledge and some field work. The header of the spectral library contains the various labels that were added to the image spectra. These labels cover:</span></p> <ul> <li><span>EAGLE Land Cover Component (LCC) from the EAGLE matrix version 3.1. Visit the </span><span><a href="https://land.copernicus.eu/en/eagle" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>website of the EAGLE framework</span></a></span><span> for more information.</span></li> <li><span>Material Groups (MG).</span></li> <li><span>Artificial Material Types (AMT).</span></li> </ul> <p><span>The value domains of these spectrum attributes are described in the look-up table included as a CSV-file in this data publication.</span></p> <p><span>While considerable efforts have been made to safeguard the accuracy of these data, they are published as is, without any warranty or support. Use at your own discretion.</span></p>
Initial Sample of HYPERNETS Hyperspectral Surface Reflectance Measurements for Satellite Validation from the Bare soil at Marquardt, Germany
<p>The HYPERNETS project (www.hypernets.eu) aims to ensure that high-quality in situ measurements are available to support the (VNIR/SWIR) optical Copernicus products. Therefore, it established a new autonomous hyperspectral spectroradiometer (HYPSTAR® - www.hypstar.eu) dedicated to land and water surface reflectance validation with instrument-pointing capabilities. In the prototype phase, the instrument is being deployed at 24 sites covering a range of water and land types and a range of climatic and logistic conditions. This dataset provides the first published data for the ATB HYPERNETS site in Marquardt, Germany [52°27'59.40"N, 12°57'35.16"E] (ATGE). It is a subset of the complete data record, consisting of the measurements which could be used for satellite validation. </p> <p>The provided NetCDF files are the L2A hypernets products with surface reflectances, their associated uncertainties and error-correlation information. The reflectance in the L2A products is the Hemispherical-directional Reflectance Factor (HDRF) defined as HDRF = π L / E where L is the directional upwelling radiance (with the field o, view of 5 dgrees), and E is the (hemispherical) downwelling irradiance (i.e. including both direct solar and diffuse sky irradiance). These reflectances have dimensions of wavelength and series, where each series is a set of measurements for a given geometry (combination of viewing zenith and azimuth angle). In addition to variables for wavelength and bandwidth, the files also contain variables that provide for each series the acquisition time, viewing and solar angles, number of valid scans used, and quality flags (typically, no flags are set in the data provided in this dataset). These NetCDF files also contain further relevant metadata as attributes. See https://hypernets-processor.readthedocs.io/ for further info.</p> <p>The HYPSTAR®-XR sensor was installed on 11 Oct 2022 at the top of a 5m mast on an extended 5 m horizontal boom to minimise interruption of the field of view. The boom faces South at the right angle towards bare soil. The mast is located at 52.466778°N, 12.959778°E. Data are collected every 30 minutes between 9:00 and 17:00 (UTC) from different zenith and azimuth angle.</p> <p>The HYPSTAR®-XR (eXtended Range) instruments deployed at each land HYPERNETS site consist of a VNIR and a SWIR sensor and autonomously collect data between 380-1700 nm at various viewing geometries and send it to a central server for quality control and processing. The VNIR sensor spans 1330 channels between 380 and 1000 nm with a FWHM of 3 nm, and the SWIR sensor has 220 channels between 1000 and 1700 nm with a FWHM of 10 nm. The hypernets_processor (Goyens et al. 2021; De Vis et al. in prep.) automatically processes all this data into various products, including the L2A surface reflectance product provided here. All products have associated uncertainties (divided into random and systematic uncertainties, including error-correlation information) which were propagated using the CoMet toolkit (www.comet-toolkit.org). </p> <p>To obtain this dataset, we start from the full ATGE data record and omit all the data that do not pass all quality checks performed as part of the hypernets_processor. In addition, an additional screening procedure was also developed to remove outliers and supply the best quality data suitable for satellite validation. To remove the outliers, a sigma-clipping method is used. First, reflectances are extracted in separate 2-hour windows throughout the day (to account for BRDF differences due to different solar positions) for four different wavelengths (500, 900, 1100 and 1600 nm). Outliers in these reflectances are then identified by iteratively calculating the mean reflectance trend with time (by binning the data per maximum of 30 data points), calculating the standard deviation from this trend, and masking any data that is more than three standard deviations away from the trend. This process is repeated on the unmasked data until the standard deviation does not vary by more than 5% between two iterations. The masks for the four different wavelengths are then combined (keeping only measurements for which none of the four wavelengths is an outlier). The reflectances and associated uncertainties for any masked series (i.e. a geometry that is masked either by the sigma-clipping procedure or from the masks of the hypernets_processor) are replaced by NaNs. Any sequence that has more than half of its series masked is removed entirely. </p>
Hyperspectral Imaging Dataset for Laser Thermal Ablation Monitoring in Vital Organs
<p><strong>Objectives:</strong> The objective of the research was to use hyperspectral imaging (HSI) to detect thermal damage induced in vital organs (such as the liver, pancreas, and stomach) during laser thermal therapy. The experimental study was conducted during thermal ablation procedures on live pigs.</p> <p><strong>Ethical Approval:</strong> The experiments were performed at the Institute for Image Guided Surgery in Strasbourg, France. This experimental study was approved by the local Ethical Committee on Animal Experimentation (ICOMETH No. 38.2015.01.069) and by the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research (protocol №APAFiS-19543-2019030112087889, approved on March 14, 2019). All animals were treated in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines, the French legislation on the use and care of animals, and the guidelines of the Council of the European Union (2010/63/EU).</p> <p><strong>Description:</strong> During our experimental study, we used a TIVITA hyperspectral camera to acquire hypercubes of size 640x480x100 voxels, indicating 640x480 pixels for 100 bands, and regular RGB images at each acquisition step. These bands were acquired directly from the hyperspectral camera without additional pre-processing. The hypercube was acquired in approximately 6 seconds and synchronized with the absence of breathing motion using a protocol implemented for animal anesthesia. Polyurethane markers were placed around the target area to serve as references for superimposing the hyperspectral images, which were acquired using target areas selected according to the hyperspectral camera manufacturer's guidelines.</p> <p>As part of our investigation, we included hyperspectral cubes from 20 experiments conducted under identical conditions in our study. The hyperspectral cubes were collected in three distinct stages. In the first stage, the cubes were gathered before laparotomy at a temperature of 37°C. In the second stage, we obtained the cubes as the temperature gradually increased from 60°C to 110°C at 10°C intervals. Finally, in the last stage, the cubes were collected after turning off the laser during the post-ablation phase. Thus, we obtained a total of 233 hyperspectral cubes, each consisting of 100 wavelengths, resulting in a dataset of 23,300 two-dimensional images. The temperature changes were recorded, and the “<em>Temperature profile during laser ablation</em>” image illustrates the corresponding profile, highlighting the specific time intervals during which the hyperspectral camera and laser were activated and deactivated. To provide a visual representation of the collected data, we have included several examples of images captured from different organs in the “<em>Examples of ablation areas</em>” figure.</p> <p>The raw dataset, comprising 233 hyperspectral cubes of 100 wavelengths each, was transformed into 699 single-channel images using PCA and t-SNE decompositions. These images were then divided into training and test subsets and prepared in the COCO object detection format. This COCO dataset can be used for training and testing different neural networks.</p> <p><strong>Access to the Study:</strong> Further information about this study, including curated source code, dataset details, and trained models, can be accessed through the following repositories:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Source code:</strong> <a href="https://github.com/ViacheslavDanilov/hsi_analysis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/ViacheslavDanilov/hsi_analysis</a></li> <li><strong>Dataset:</strong> <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10444212" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10444212</a></li> <li><strong>Models:</strong> <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10444269" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10444269</a></li> </ul>
Hyperspectral X-ray CT datasets of an aluminium phantom containing three metal-based powders
<p><strong>General Data description:</strong></p> <p>This is a set of two hyperspectral (energy-resolved) X-ray CT projection datasets of a multi-phase phantom. It was acquired in a custom-built, laboratory micro-CT scanner with an energy-sensitive HEXITEC detector in the Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility at The University of Manchester.</p> <p>The following data contains all the files necessary for reconstruction, following two hyperspectral scans of a metal, multi-phase phantom. The phantom consists of an external aluminium cylinder, with three holes, each filled with a different metal-based powder (CeO<sub>2</sub>, ZnO, Fe). Each powder provides a unique attenuation signal, with CeO<sub>2</sub> in particular producing a distinct spectral marker which can be measured by an energy-sensitive detector. Two identical scans were acquired, with only the exposure time per projection changed.</p> <p>Note: Zenodo Version 2 of this dataset contains the incorrect version of the 180s, 180 projection phantom dataset, if wishing to analyse the dataset used in the associated hyperspectral paper. This version (Version 3) contains the correct dataset from the paper.</p> <p><strong>File descriptions:</strong></p> <p>Contained is an image (.jpg) of the sample, along with five MATLAB (.mat) data files, as well as a single text (.txt) file. Where necessary, the files have been named to match the dataset they belong to, based on the different exposure times used for each dataset.</p> <p>Phantom_design_measurements.jpg contains a photograph of the physical phantom, combined with a diagram showing full sample measurements.</p> <p>Powder_phantom_scan_geometry.txt gives a breakdown of the full sample and detector geometry used when acquiring the raw projections for both scans.</p> <p>Powder_phantom_30s_30Proj_sinogram.mat contains the 4D sinogram constructed following flatfield normalisation of the raw projection data, where an exposure time of 30 s was used for each projection. The 4D array contains the total number of energy channels acquired during scanning, followed by vertical and horizontal pixel number, and finally total projections angles acquired during scanning. The total number of channels in the file is 200.</p> <p>Powder_phantom_180s_180Proj_sinogram.mat is the 4D sinogram for the dataset, when exposure times of 180 s were used for each projection, following flatfield normalisation. A discontinuity occurs at projection 137 due to an interruption in the scan procedure. The total number of channels in the file is 200.</p> <p>Energy_axis.mat provides a direct conversion between the energy channels, and the energies (in keV) that they correspond to, following a calibration procedure prior to scanning. This is the same for both datasets.</p> <p>FF_30s.mat contains the 4D flatfield data acquired when no sample was present, in the case of 30 s exposure times. This data was used to normalise the projection datasets, as the sinogram was constructed. The first 200 channels are included.</p> <p>FF_180s.mat contains the 4D flatfield data for the dataset where 180 s exposure times were used. The first 200 channels are included.</p>
Chlorophyll a concentration, particulate organique carbon, and particle mean size index [gamma; 0.2 - 20 µm] measured using an hyperspectral spectrophotometer [ACS, Wetlabs] during the Tara Pacific Expedition 2016-2018
<p>The Tara Pacific expedition (2016-2018) sampled coral ecosystems around 32 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and sampled the surface of oceanic waters at 249 locations, resulting in the collection of nearly 58,000 samples (Gorsky et al. 2019, Planes et al. 2019, Flores et al. 2020). The expedition was designed to systematically study corals, fish, plankton, and seawater, and included the collection of samples for advanced biogeochemical, molecular, and imaging analysis. Here we provide the continuous dataset originating from the hyperspectral and multispectral spectrophotometers [ACS] instruments acquiring continuously during the full course of the campaign. Surface seawater was pumped continuously through a hull inlet located 1.5 m under the waterline using a membrane pump (10 LPM; Shurflo), circulated through a vortex debubbler, a flow meter, and distributed to a number of flow-through instruments. An [ACS] spectrophotometer (WETLabs) measured hyper-spectral (4 nm resolution) attenuation and absorption in the visible and near infrared except between Panama and Tahiti where an AC-9 multispectral spectrophotometer (WETLabs) was used instead. The flow was automatically directed through a 0.2 µm filter for 10 minutes every hour before being circulated through the spectrophotometer to eliminate the impact of biofouling and instrument drift and estimate particulate absorption [ap] and attenuation [cp] (Slade et al. 2010). Chlorophyll a content was estimated from particulate absorption line height at 676 nm (Boss et al. 2001). The particulate organic carbon concentration [poc] was estimated using an empirical relation (Gardner et al. 2006) between measured [poc] and measured [cp]. An indicator for size distribution of particles between 0.2 and ~20 µm [gamma] was calculated from [cp] (Boss et al 2001). The data was processed with custom software for underway optical data (InLineAnalysis software available on GitHub). The detailed information regarding the data processing is given in the processing report attached with the data and in Lombard et al. (In prep.). These results are preliminary: no matchup with in-situ chlorophyll from HPLC or [poc] measurements were performed.</p>
Thermal Bridges on Building Rooftops - Hyperspectral (RGB + Thermal + Height) drone images of Karlsruhe, Germany, with thermal bridge annotations
<p><strong>Overview:</strong></p> <p>The dataset of <strong>Thermal Bridges on Building Rooftops (TBBR dataset)</strong> consists of annotated combined RGB and thermal drone images with a height map. All images were converted to a uniform format of 3000x4000 pixels, aligned, and cropped to <strong>2680x3370</strong> to remove empty borders. See the "Usage" section below for details about the stored formats made available here.</p> <p>The raw images for our dataset were recorded with a normal (RGB) and a FLIR-XT2 (thermal) camera on a DJI M600 drone. They show six large building blocks of around 20 buildings per block recorded in the city centre of the German city Karlsruhe east of the market square. Because of a high overlap rate of the images, the same buildings are on average recorded from different angles in different images about 20 times.</p> <p>All images were recorded during a drone flight on March 19, 2019 from 7 a.m. to 8 a.m. At this time, temperatures were between 3.78 ° C and 4.97 ° C, humidity between 80% and 98%. There was no rain on the day of the flight, but there was 2.3mm/m² 48 hours beforehand. For recording the thermographic images an emissivity of 1.0 was set. The global radiation during this period was between 38.59 W / m² and 120.86 W / m². No direct sunlight can be seen visually on any of the recordings.</p> <p>The dataset contains <strong>926 images</strong> with a total of <strong>6,927 annotations</strong> of thermal bridges on rooftops, split into train and test subsets with 723 (5,614) and 203 (1,313) images (annotations), respectively. The annotations only include thermal bridges that are visually identifiable with the human eye. Because of the aforementioned image overlap, each thermal bridge is annotated multiple times from different angles.</p> <p>For the annotation of the thermal images the image processing program <em>VGG Image Annotator </em>from the Visual Geometry Group, version 2.0.10, was used. The thermal bridge annotations are outlined with polygon shapes. These polygon lines were placed as close as possible but outside the area of significant temperature increase. If a detected thermal bridge was partially covered by another building component located in the foreground, the thermal bridge was also marked across the covering in case of minor coverings. Adjacent thermal bridges, which affect different rooftop components, were annotated separately. For example, a window with poor insulation of the window reveal located in the area of a poorly insulated roof is annotated individually. There is no overlap between annotated areas. While each image contains annotations, they also include thermal bridges present that are not annotated.</p> <p><strong>Usage:</strong></p> <p>Each compressed archive file represents one of the six flight paths. For the related publication the final path (Flug1_105Media) was used as a hold-out test sample. The archives contain Numpy files (one per image) of shape (2680, 3370, 5), where the final dimension is the colour channel in the format [B, G, R, Thermal, Height].</p> <p>Archives were compressed using <a href="https://facebook.github.io/zstd/">ZStandard</a> compression. They can be decompressed in a terminal by running e.g.</p> <pre><code class="language-bash">tar -I zstd -xvf Flug1_105Media.tar.zst</code></pre> <p>these will be decompressed into the file structure:</p> <pre><code>images/ └── Flug1_105Media/ └── DJI_0004_R.npy └── DJI_0006_R.npy └── ...</code></pre> <p>Corresponding annotations are provided in the COCO JSON format. There is one file for training (Flug1_100Media - Flug1_104Media blocks) and one for test (Flug1_105Media block). They contain a single class (thermal bridge) and expect the folder structure shown below.</p> <p>Note: The annotation files contain <em>relative</em> paths to numpy files, in case of problems please convert to <em>absolute</em> paths (i.e. insert the containing directory before each file path in the JSON annotation files).</p> <p>We provide the <a href="https://github.com/Helmholtz-AI-Energy/TBBRDet"><strong>TBBRDet software</strong></a> which includes a dataloader and dataset inspection tools which make use of the <a href="https://github.com/facebookresearch/detectron2">Detectron2</a> and <a href="https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection">MMDetection</a> libraries.</p> <p>We recommend the following folder structure for use:</p> <pre><code>├── train/ │ ├── Flug1_100-104Media_coco.json │ └── images/ │ ├── Flug1_100Media/ │ │ ├── DJI_XXXX_R.npy │ │ └── ... │ ├── ... │ └── Flug1_104Media/ │ ├── DJI_XXXX_R.npy │ └── ... └── test/ ├── Flug1_105Media_coco.json └── images/ └── Flug1_105Media/ ├── DJI_XXXX_R.npy └── ...</code></pre> <p><strong>Metadata:</strong></p> <p>The experimental metadata was structured with the <strong>Spatio Temporal Asset Catalog (STAC)</strong> specification family. This specification provides a standardized way for describing geospatial assets. It defines related JSON object types of Item, Catalog, and Catalog, extending on Collection as the basis.</p> <p>One STAC Collection JSON object provides information about the recorded images and the environmental conditions during recordings. It also contains information about the overall bounding box of the entire area in which images were recorded.</p> <p>This object links to related STAC Item JSON objects containing information about the recorded city blocks and the cameras. The objects for the city blocks contain the GeoJSON geometry of the respective block and the<br> corresponding bounding box. The objects containing the camera information are based on an existing STAC extension for camera related metadata.</p> <p>Metadata of the archived NumPy files for each image was structured using the <strong>Data Package</strong> schema from the <strong>Frictionless Standards</strong>. This standard describes a collection of data files. Therefore, metadata about all containerized NumPy files of the six flight paths (Flug1_100Media - Flug1_104Media blocks and Flug1_105Media block) is provided within a JSON-based file.</p> <p>Note that <strong>camera1</strong> corresponds to the <strong>RGB camera</strong> and <strong>camera2</strong> the <strong>thermal</strong>.</p> <p><strong>FAIR Digital Objects:</strong></p> <p>All files are represented in a standardized way as <strong>FAIR Digital Objects<br> (FAIR DOs)</strong> to enable machine actionable decisions on the data in spirit of<br> the FAIR principles.</p> <p><strong>Persistent Identifier (PID):</strong></p> <p>Persistent Identifiers (PIDs) are resolvable with the <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/">Handle.Net Registry (HNR)</a>.</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">File</th> <th scope="col">Persistent Identifier (PID)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Flug1_100-104Media_coco.json</td> <td>21.11152/6ea60288-d895-414e-80c0-26c9fdd662b2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flug1_105Media_coco.json</td> <td>21.11152/58d43ddc-5e29-4980-8675-ae579b50a1e2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flug1_100.tar.zst</td> <td>21.11152/6858a0b5-cc60-40e9-afef-8c2dd8b35e8e</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flug1_101.tar.zst</td> <td>21.11152/e670f510-7e00-4d3a-9b90-3bac7a7c069e</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flug1_102.tar.zst</td> <td>21.11152/3ab9f444-05f6-445e-a691-62fae4021bea</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flug1_103.tar.zst</td> <td>21.11152/365fd8cf-8e86-41b8-9d0e-b816fdd01d29</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flug1_104.tar.zst</td> <td>21.11152/041a6111-644a-4617-afb3-3c421a88e8e3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flug1_105.tar.zst</td> <td>21.11152/f48bf4e7-3879-4216-8f64-45a060b8f658</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flug1_100-105_frictionless_standards.json</td> <td>21.11152/7b58b3b5-75eb-4417-ac4d-abe025e159f6</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flug1_collection_stac_spec.json</td> <td>21.11152/ba370aa3-6422-428c-9ff7-c2ef429df603</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flug1_100_stac_spec.json</td> <td>21.11152/09cb76fc-b8cb-4116-a22a-68c5bdfa77b0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flug1_101_stac_spec.json</td> <td>21.11152/24a55398-b96b-43dd-b0fb-cd8ce302c7ce</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flug1_102_stac_spec.json</td> <td>21.11152/721234ac-4b5a-4d02-9944-82a08ef2db35</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flug1_103_stac_spec.json</td> <td>21.11152/ebaeb5bc-0514-47c9-bcd2-98f0253843d8</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flug1_104_stac_spec.json</td> <td>21.11152/9854677c-77c5-4a0b-916b-57dd9ec20198</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flug1_105_stac_spec.json</td> <td>21.11152/cfd0fc0e-f5ea-464e-a57f-28e882924860</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flug1_camera1_stac-spec.json</td> <td>21.11152/976fcf28-f924-4a21-b53d-5d054ad8198d</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flug1_camera2_stac-spec.json</td> <td>21.11152/37833c54-1d36-42e4-858d-831447122863</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>
Hyperspectral X-ray CT datasets of three chemical phantoms
<p><strong>General Data description:</strong></p> <p>The following are hyperspectral (energy-resolved) X-ray CT datasets for a set of chemical phantom samples, each containing multiple phases of an aqueous contrast agent at different concentrations. All scans were acquired with an energy-sensitive HEXITEC detector in the Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility at The University of Manchester.</p> <p>The following data contains all the files necessary for reconstruction of each dataset. The phantom samples were produced as they each offer a distinct spectral marker which, when measured by an energy-sensitive detector, may be used as a form of calibration for spectral analysis. The phantoms were for the common contrast agents of I<sub>2</sub>KI, BaSO<sub>4</sub> and PTA.</p> <p><strong>File descriptions:</strong></p> <p>Contained are four MATLAB (.mat) data files, as well as three text (.txt) metadata files.</p> <p>Iodine_Phantom_scan_parameters.txt provides the full sample and detector geometry of the scan acquisition for the I<sub>2</sub>KI phantom. The concentrations for the iodine phases were 25, 50, 76 and 101 mg/ml of aqueous I<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> ions respectively.</p> <p>Barium_Phantom_scan_parameters.txt provides the full sample and detector geometry of the scan acquisition for the BaSO<sub>4</sub> phantom. The concentrations for the BaSO<sub>4</sub> phases were 100, 200 and 400 mg/ml of BaSO<sub>4</sub> respectively.</p> <p>Tungsten_Phantom_scan_parameters.txt provides the full sample and detector geometry of the scan acquisition for the PTA phantom. The concentrations for the PTA phases were 50, 100 and 200 mg/ml of PTA respectively.</p> <p>Iodine_phantom_sinogram.mat contains the full 4D sinogram constructed following flatfield normalisation of the raw projection data for the I<sub>2</sub>KI phantom. The 4D array contains the total number of energy channels acquired during scanning, followed by vertical and horizontal pixel number, and finally total projections angles acquired. In addition, a ring artefact reduction filter was applied, as well as a centre-of-rotation correction.</p> <p>Barium_phantom_sinogram.mat contains the full 4D sinogram constructed following flatfield normalisation of the raw projection data for the BaSO<sub>4</sub> phantom. The 4D array contains the total number of energy channels acquired during scanning, followed by vertical and horizontal pixel number, and finally total projections angles acquired. In addition, a ring artefact reduction filter was applied, as well as a centre-of-rotation correction.</p> <p>Tungsten_phantom_sinogram.mat contains the full 4D sinogram constructed following flatfield normalisation of the raw projection data for the PTA phantom. The 4D array contains the total number of energy channels acquired during scanning, followed by vertical and horizontal pixel number, and finally total projections angles acquired. In addition, a ring artefact reduction filter was applied, as well as a centre-of-rotation correction.</p> <p>Energy_axis.mat provides a direct conversion between the energy channels, and the energies (in keV) that they correspond to, following a calibration procedure prior to scanning.</p>
Hyperspectral X-ray CT datasets for a set of multiply-stained mouse limb specimens
<p><strong>General Data description:</strong></p> <p>The following are hyperspectral (energy-resolved) X-ray CT datasets for a set of mouse limb specimens, each stained with multiple contrast agents. All scans were acquired with an energy-sensitive HEXITEC detector in the Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility at The University of Manchester.</p> <p>The following data contains all the files necessary for reconstruction of each dataset. The biological specimens were produced as they each contain multiple contrast agents, with distinct spectral markers. When measured by an energy-sensitive detector, each contrast agent may be identified and segmented individually following spectral analysis. A mouse hindlimb was double-stained with elemental iodine and BaSO<sub>4</sub>. A mouse forelimb was triple-stained with I<sub>2</sub>KI, BaSO<sub>4 </sub>and PTA.</p> <p><strong>File descriptions:</strong></p> <p>Contained are two HDF5 (.h5) data files, as well as two (.txt) metadata files and a MATLAB (.mat) file.</p> <p>Hindlimb_scan_parameters.txt provides the full sample and detector geometry of the scan acquisition for the double-stained hindlimb.</p> <p>Forelimb_scan_parameters.txt provides the full sample and detector geometry of the scan acquisition for the triple-stained forelimb.</p> <p>DS_Mouse_hindlimb_sinogram.h5 contains the full 4D sinogram constructed following flatfield normalisation of the raw projection data for the double-stained hindlimb specimen. The 4D array contains the total number of energy channels acquired during scanning, followed by vertical and horizontal pixel number, and finally total projections angles acquired. In addition, a ring artefact reduction filter was applied.</p> <p>TS_Mouse_forelimb_sinogram.h5 contains the full 4D sinogram constructed following flatfield normalisation of the raw projection data for the triple-stained forelimb specimen. The 4D array contains the total number of energy channels acquired during scanning, followed by vertical and horizontal pixel number, and finally total projections angles acquired. In addition, a ring artefact reduction filter was applied.</p> <p>Energy_axis.mat provides a direct conversion between the energy channels, and the energies (in keV) that they correspond to, following a calibration procedure prior to scanning.</p>
Urban material ground truth data for the 2015 APEX hyperspectral image of Brussels
<p>This dataset entails a spectral library file (.sli file with matching .hdr text file) with 1350 georeferenced and labeled spectra derived from the 2m resolution airborne hyperspectral APEX image of Brussels (Belgium) that was acquired during the summer of 2015. The labeled spectra included in this dataset describe level 2A surface reflectance profiles ranging between 450 and 2431 nm. The original APEX image files can be downloaded via the <a href="https://belair.vito.be/en/belair-data" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Belair website</a>, and the preprocessing performed on this image data is explained in Sterckx et al. (2016) and Vreys et al. (2016). See the "Related works" section of this data publication.</p> <p>The main purpose of this dataset is to provide Ground Truth (GT) data for remote sensing-based mapping experiments with a generic urban spectral library, performed in the frame of the GENLIB research project. The content of this dataset hence focuses on the optical reflectance/absorption behaviour of urban surface materials and their variations.</p> <p>The spectra included in this dataset were manually sampled from the above mentioned APEX image and labeled using ancillary reference data (very high-resolution aerial imagery, Google Street View, LiDAR ...), already published urban spectral libraries, terrain knowledge and some field work. The header of the spectral library contains the various labels that were added to these spectra. These labels cover:</p> <ul> <li>EAGLE Land Cover Component (LCC) from the EAGLE matrix version 3.1. Visit the <a href="https://land.copernicus.eu/en/eagle" target="_blank" rel="noopener">website of the EAGLE framework</a> for more information.</li> <li>Material Groups (MG).</li> <li>Artificial Material Types (AMT).</li> <li>Artificial Material Coating or Fabrication (AMCF).</li> <li>Artificial Material Forms (AMF).</li> <li>Latitude (degrees, WGS84).</li> <li>Longitude (degrees, WGS84).</li> </ul> <p>The value domains of these spectrum attributes are described in the look-up table included as a CSV-file in this data publication.</p> <p>While considerable efforts have been made to safeguard the accuracy of these data, they are published as is, without any warranty or support. Use at your own discretion.</p>
Hyperspectral (RGB + Thermal) drone images of Karlsruhe, Germany - Raw images for the Thermal Bridges on Building Rooftops (TBBR) dataset
<p><strong>Overview:</strong></p> <p>This repository contains the <strong>raw images</strong> for the dataset of <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4767771"><strong>Thermal Bridges on Building Rooftops (TBBR) dataset</strong></a>.</p> <p>This dataset contains <strong>5696 drone images</strong> (2848 RGB and 2848 thermal) of building rooftops, recorded with a normal (RGB) and a FLIR-XT2 (thermal) camera on a DJI M600 drone. They show six large building blocks of around 20 buildings per block recorded in the city centre of the German city Karlsruhe east of the market square. Because of a high overlap rate of the images, the same buildings are on average recorded from different angles in different images about 20 times.</p> <p>All images were recorded during a drone flight on March 19, 2019 from 7 a.m. to 8 a.m. At this time, temperatures were between 3.78 ° C and 4.97 ° C, humidity between 80% and 98%. There was no rain on the day of the flight, but there was 2.3mm/m² 48 hours beforehand. For recording the thermographic images an emissivity of 1.0 was set. The global radiation during this period was between 38.59 W / m² and 120.86 W / m². No direct sunlight can be seen visually on any of the recordings.</p> <p><strong>Usage:</strong></p> <p>Each zip archive file represents one of the six drone flight paths. The archives contain JPG files of size 4000x3000 pixels (RGB) and 640x512 (Thermal), separated into individual directories for RGB and Thermal:</p> <pre><code>├── Flug_100/ │ ├── RGB/ │ │ ├── DJI_0004.jpg │ │ ├── DJI_0006.jpg │ │ └── ... │ └── Thermal/ │ ├── DJI_0003_R.JPG │ ├── DJI_0005_R.JPG │ └── ... ├── Flug_101/ │ ├── RGB/ │ │ ├── DJI_0001.jpg │ │ ├── DJI_0003.jpg │ │ └── ... │ └── Thermal/ │ ├── DJI_0000_R.JPG │ ├── DJI_0002_R.JPG │ └── ... └── ...</code></pre> <p><strong>File Numbering/Naming Scheme:</strong></p> <p>The pairs of RGB + Thermal images follow the simple numbering scheme of: <strong>RGB = Thermal + 1</strong>.<br> For example, DJI_0003_R.jpg and DJI_0004.JPG are the matching Thermal and RGB images, respectively, that can be merged to form a single hyperspectral drone image.</p> <p>To perform the merging, we recommend using the <strong>merge_image_layers.py</strong> script provided by the associated <strong><a href="https://github.com/Helmholtz-AI-Energy/TBBRDet">TBBRDet software</a></strong> (see the scripts/alignment/ directory).</p> <p>For convenience, we have provided a CSV listing all annotated images in the <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4767771"><strong>Thermal Bridges on Building Rooftops (TBBR) dataset</strong></a>. The CSV format is as follows:</p> <pre><code>Flight,RGB,Thermal Flug_100,DJI_0048.jpg,DJI_0047_R.JPG Flug_100,DJI_0050.jpg,DJI_0049_R.JPG ...</code></pre> <p> </p>
Hyperspectral Imaging dataset for use in Heritage Science
<p>The following data sets were collected to support the potential uses of opensource data in the context of digital humanities and heritage sciences. </p> <p>This proposed experiment is conducted by the UCL Institute for Sustainable Heritage in collaboration with the Centre for Digital Humanities. Imaging methods including Photography, Multispectral Imaging, Hyperspectral Imaging and Xray Fluorescence Mapping have been collected along with the complete readout metadata of the instrumentation. </p> <p>We hope that you find the data helpful, and we welcome you to use the data in any way you wish, for all and any analysis development purposes. For us to build upon this research, we ask that in return you would be willing to share in some regard your experiences in using open-source data, using our data, successes and issues. </p> <p>If you would be willing to engage with us in this endeavor, please feel free to contact us so that we may be able to follow up with you. </p> <p>Other Data sets available <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/7319696#.Y3NuOXbP2Uk">Here</a></p> <p> </p> <p>E: <a href="mailto:molly.fort.21@ucl.ac.uk">molly.fort.21@ucl.ac.uk</a> </p> <p>Object Paradata; </p> <ul> <li><strong>Postcard – c. Early 1900's </strong></li> <li><strong>Language – Eng. </strong></li> <li><strong>Materials – colour print on card, metallic leafing. </strong></li> <li><strong>Front transcription - </strong></li> <li><strong> ‘Greetings’ </strong></li> <li><strong> ‘May your Birthday bring you Peace & perfect Happiness, Golden hopes & Love of Friends, And every Happiness this world can send.’ </strong></li> <li><strong>Object Dimensions – 138mm X 88mm </strong></li> </ul> <p>The postcard is an item of ephemera donated to the UCLDH Digitisation Suite by Prof Melissa Terras, for teaching and training purposes in 2015.</p> <p>This folder contains:</p> <p>Hyperspectral Image data collected using a <a href="https://www.clydehsi.com/hyperspectral-cameras">ClydeHSI VNIR-HR+ Hyperspectral Imaging System</a>.</p> <p>Images captured : 477x484 pixel, 304 spectral band images, 4*4 pixel binning</p> <ul> <li>*.hdr - Header file read out from the ClydeHSI systems instructions for reading the subsequent .raw spectral database. </li> <li>*.raw - Hyperspectral image data cube information. Combination with hdr file creates a ENVI file format, this can be read into a variety of image analysis software packages. </li> <li>postcardhsi.ini - Metadata collected and read out from ClydeHSI system.</li> <li>Dark/White.corr - Correction files taken from camera for processing and minimalising system noise and illumination variences.</li> <li>*_refl.* - Pre - Corrected hyperspectral image data, using provided ClydeHSI software.</li> <li>Truecolour RGB reference image </li> </ul> <p>Each raw and header file set makes-up a single data set in ENVI file format. </p> <p>ENVI reading support exists in Python, R, Matlab, and other common image analysis packages.</p>
HYPSTAR hyperspectral water reflectance and derived water quality products (suspended particulate matter and chlorophyll-a concentration) at the Blankaart surface water reservoir (BE)
<p><strong>Hyperspectral Water Leaving Reflectance spectra (2988)</strong> measured between 2021-02-03 and 2022-08-03 at the Blankaart Surface Water Reservoir (Belgium, 50.98857N, 2.835213E) with the <strong>HYPSTAR®</strong> (ID: HYPSTAR_12120241). Detailed description of the data collection, processing and analysis can be found in <strong>Goyens et al.- Remote Sens. 2022</strong> - 14(21)- 5607; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215607.</p> <ol> <li>HYPSTAR_W_BSBE_L2A_REFL_20210203_20220803_v1.csv</li> </ol> <p><strong>Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) </strong>were derived from the above dataset of hyperspectral water reflectance and estimated according to different algorithms found in the litterature, i.e.,</p> <ol> <li>HYPSTAR_W_BSBE_CHLA_SIMIS_20210203_20220803_v1.csv<strong>:</strong> <strong>Chlorophyll-a concentration</strong> estimated from the <strong>HYPSTAR®</strong> reflectance measurements and following the algorithm suggested by Simis et al. (2005; https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2005.50.1.0237) with a variable absorption coefficient of phytoplankton per unit of Chl-a concentration as described in Goyens et al. (2022)</li> <li>HYPSTAR_W_BSBE_CHLA_CRAT_20210203_20220803_v1.csv: <strong>Chlorophyll-a concentration</strong> estimated with the <strong>HYPSTAR®</strong> reflectance measurements and following the algorithm suggested by Ruddick et al. (2001; https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.40.003575.) with a variable absorption coefficient of phytoplankton per unit of Chl-a concentration as described in Goyens et al. (2022)</li> <li>HYPSTAR_W_BSBE_SPM_20210203_20220803_v1.csv: <strong>Suspended particulate matter </strong>estimated with the <strong>HYPSTAR®</strong> reflectance measurements and following the algorithm suggested by Nechad et al. (2010) at 700 nm</li> </ol>
Initial Sample of HYPERNETS Hyperspectral Water Reflectance Measurements for Satellite Validation at Lake Garda, GAIT site (Italy)
<p>The HYPERNETS project (www.hypernets.eu) has the overall aim to ensure that high quality in situ measurements are available to support the (VNIR/SWIR) optical Copernicus products. Therefore, it established a new autonomous hyperspectral spectroradiometer (HYPSTAR® - www.hypstar.eu) dedicated to land and water surface reflectance validation with instrument pointing capabilities. In the prototype phase, the instrument is being deployed at 24 sites covering a range of water and land types and a range of climatic and logistic conditions. This dataset provides the first published data for the HYPERNETS site in Lake Garda in Italy (GAIT). It is a subset of the complete data record which consists of the best quality GAIT measurements which could be used for satellite validation. </p><p>The provided NetCDF files are the L2A hypernets products with water leaving radiance and reflectances, with and without NIR Similarity Correction (see Ruddick et al., 2006, DOI:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3841124">10.2307/3841124</a>). The reflectance in the L2A products is the Water Reflectance without NIR Similarity Correction (referred to as reflectance_nosc in the file) defined as:</p><p>\(\rho_wnosc=\pi (Lu-\rho_FLd)/E_d\)</p><p>where Lu is the upwelling radiance (at 40° zenith angle, and, 90° or 135° azimuth angle relative to the sun), Ld is the downwelling radiance (at 140° zenith angle, and, 90° or 135° azimuth angle relative to the sun). Ed is the (hemispherical) downwelling irradiance (i.e. including both direct solar and diffuse sky irradiance).</p><p>For the GAIT site, the reflectance corrected for the NIR Similarity correction (epsilon, see Ruddick et al., 2006) is also provided:</p><p>\(\rho_w=\pi (Lu-\rho_FLd)/E_d-\epsilon\)</p><p>These reflectances have dimensions of wavelength and series, where each series is a set of measurements for the computation of a water reflectance measurement. In addition to variables for wavelength and bandwidth, the files also contain variables that provide for each series the acquisition time, viewing and solar angles, and quality flags (typically no flags are set in the data provided in this dataset). These NetCDF files also contain further relevant metadata as attributes. See https://hypernets-processor.readthedocs.io/ for further info.</p><p>The HYPSTAR®-SR (Standard Range) instruments deployed at each land HYPERNETS site consist of a VNIR sensor and autonomously collect data between 380-1000 nm at various viewing geometries and send it to a central server for quality control and processing. The VNIR sensor spans 1330 channels between 380 and 1000 nm with a FWHM of 3 nm. The hypernets_processor (Goyens et al. 2021, DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9553738">10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9553738</a>; De Vis et al. in prep.) automatically processes all this data into various products, including the L2A surface reflectance product provided here. The current dataset is limited to the 400-900 nm range. Uncertainties are not yet included.</p><p>To obtain this dataset, we start from the full GAIT data record and omit all the data that do not pass all the quality checks performed as part of the hypernets_processor. In addition, an additional screening procedure was developed to supply the best quality data suitable for satellite validation:</p><p>1. The coefficient of variation in water reflectance is below 10% in the 580-600 nm range</p><p>2. The water reflectance (after correction for the NIR similarity) at 500 nm is below 0.1</p><p> </p>
Initial Sample of HYPERNETS Hyperspectral Water Reflectance Measurements for Satellite Validation from the LPAR site (Argentina)
<p>The HYPERNETS project (www.hypernets.eu) has the overall aim to ensure that high quality in situ measurements are available to support the (VNIR/SWIR) optical Copernicus products. Therefore, it established a new autonomous hyperspectral spectroradiometer (HYPSTAR® - www.hypstar.eu) dedicated to land and water surface reflectance validation with instrument pointing capabilities. In the prototype phase, the instrument is being deployed at 24 sites covering a range of water and land types and a range of climatic and logistic conditions. This dataset provides the first published data for the HYPERNETS site in Rio de La Plata, LPAR, in Argentina. It is a subset of the complete data record which consists of the best quality LPAR measurements which could be used for satellite validation. </p> <p>The provided NetCDF files are the L2A hypernets products with water leaving radiance and reflectances (without NIR Similarity Correction, see Ruddick et al., 2006, DOI:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3841124">10.2307/3841124</a>). The reflectance in the L2A products is the Water Reflectance (referred to as reflectance_nosc in the file) defined as:</p> <p><span class="math-tex"><em>ρ</em><em>w</em><em>n</em><em>o</em><em>s</em><em>c</em>=<em>π</em>(<em>L</em><em>u</em>−<em>ρ</em><em>F</em><em>L</em><em>d</em>)/<em>E</em><em>d</em></span></p> <p>where Lu is the upwelling radiance (at 40° zenith angle, and, 90° or 135° azimuth angle relative to the sun), Ld is the downwelling radiance (at 140° zenith angle, and, 90° or 135° azimuth angle relative to the sun). Ed is the (hemispherical) downwelling irradiance (i.e. including both direct solar and diffuse sky irradiance).</p> <p>These reflectances have dimensions of wavelength and series, where each series is a set of measurements for the computation of a water reflectance measurement. In addition to variables for wavelength and bandwidth, the files also contain variables that provide for each series the acquisition time, viewing and solar angles, and quality flags (typically no flags are set in the data provided in this dataset). These NetCDF files also contain further relevant metadata as attributes. See https://hypernets-processor.readthedocs.io/ for further info.</p> <p>The HYPSTAR®-SR (Standard Range) instruments deployed at each land HYPERNETS site consist of a VNIR sensor and autonomously collect data between 380-1000 nm at various viewing geometries and send it to a central server for quality control and processing. The VNIR sensor spans 1330 channels between 380 and 1000 nm with a FWHM of 3 nm. The hypernets_processor (Goyens et al. 2021, DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9553738">10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9553738</a>; De Vis et al. in prep.) automatically processes all this data into various products, including the L2A surface reflectance product provided here. The current dataset is limited to the 400-900 nm range. Uncertainties are not yet included.</p> <p>To obtain this dataset, we start from the full LPAR data record and omit all the data that do not pass all of the quality checks performed as part of the hypernets_processor. In addition, an additional screening procedure was developed to supply the best quality data suitable for satellite validation:</p> <p>1. The coefficient of variation in water reflectance is below 10% in the 400-900 nm range</p> <p>2. The water reflectance at 500 nm is below 0.1</p>
Initial Sample of HYPERNETS Hyperspectral Water Reflectance Measurements for Satellite Validation from the VEIT site (Italy)
<p>The HYPERNETS project (www.hypernets.eu) has the overall aim to ensure that high quality in situ measurements are available to support the (VNIR/SWIR) optical Copernicus products. Therefore, it established a new autonomous hyperspectral spectroradiometer (HYPSTAR® - www.hypstar.eu) dedicated to land and water surface reflectance validation with instrument pointing capabilities. In the prototype phase, the instrument is being deployed at 24 sites covering a range of water and land types and a range of climatic and logistic conditions. This dataset provides the first published data for the HYPERNETS site at Aqua Alta, Venice in Italy (VEIT). It is a subset of the complete data record which consists of the best quality VEIT measurements which could be used for satellite validation. </p> <p>The provided NetCDF files are the L2A hypernets products with water leaving radiance and reflectances, with and without NIR Similarity Correction (see Ruddick et al., 2006, DOI:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3841124">10.2307/3841124</a>). The reflectance in the L2A products is the Water Reflectance without NIR Similarity Correction (referred to as reflectance_nosc in the file) defined as:</p> <p><span class="math-tex">\(\rho_wnosc=\pi (Lu-\rho_FLd)/E_d\)</span></p> <p>where Lu is the upwelling radiance (at 40° zenith angle, and, 90° or 135° azimuth angle relative to the sun), Ld is the downwelling radiance (at 140° zenith angle, and, 90° or 135° azimuth angle relative to the sun). Ed is the (hemispherical) downwelling irradiance (i.e. including both direct solar and diffuse sky irradiance).</p> <p>For the VEIT site, the reflectance corrected for the NIR Similarity correction (epsilon, see Ruddick et al., 2006) is also provided:</p> <p><span class="math-tex">\(\rho_w=\pi (Lu-\rho_FLd)/E_d-\epsilon\)</span></p> <p>These reflectances have dimensions of wavelength and series, where each series is a set of measurements for the computation of a water reflectance measurement. In addition to variables for wavelength and bandwidth, the files also contain variables that provide for each series the acquisition time, viewing and solar angles, and quality flags (typically no flags are set in the data provided in this dataset). These NetCDF files also contain further relevant metadata as attributes. See https://hypernets-processor.readthedocs.io/ for further info.</p> <p>The HYPSTAR®-SR (Standard Range) instruments deployed at each land HYPERNETS site consist of a VNIR sensor and autonomously collect data between 380-1000 nm at various viewing geometries and send it to a central server for quality control and processing. The VNIR sensor spans 1330 channels between 380 and 1000 nm with a FWHM of 3 nm. The hypernets_processor (Goyens et al. 2021, DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9553738">10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9553738</a>; De Vis et al. in prep.) automatically processes all this data into various products, including the L2A surface reflectance product provided here. The current dataset is limited to the 400-900 nm range. Uncertainties are not yet included.</p> <p>To obtain this dataset, we start from the full VEIT data record and omit all the data that do not pass all of the quality checks performed as part of the hypernets_processor. In addition, an additional screening procedure was developed to supply the best quality data suitable for satellite validation:</p> <p>1. The coefficient of variation in water reflectance is below 10% in the 580-600 nm range</p> <p>2. The water reflectance (after correction for the NIR similarity) above 800 nm is below 0.01</p> <p> </p>
Initial Sample of HYPERNETS Hyperspectral Water Reflectance Measurements for Satellite Validation at Berre coastal lagoon, BEFR site (France)
<p>The HYPERNETS project (www.hypernets.eu) has the overall aim to ensure that high quality in situ measurements are available to support the (VNIR/SWIR) optical Copernicus products. Therefore, it established a new autonomous hyperspectral spectroradiometer (HYPSTAR® - www.hypstar.eu) dedicated to land and water surface reflectance validation with instrument pointing capabilities. In the prototype phase, the instrument is being deployed at 24 sites covering a range of water and land types and a range of climatic and logistic conditions. This dataset provides the first published data for the HYPERNETS site at Etang de Berre in France (BEFR). It is a subset of the complete data record which consists of the best quality BEFR measurements which could be used for satellite validation. </p> <p>The provided NetCDF files are the L2A hypernets products with water leaving radiance and reflectances, with and without NIR Similarity Correction (see Ruddick et al., 2006, DOI:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3841124">10.2307/3841124</a>). The reflectance in the L2A products is the Water Reflectance without NIR Similarity Correction (referred to as reflectance_nosc in the file) defined as:</p> <p><span class="math-tex"><em>ρ</em><em>w</em><em>n</em><em>o</em><em>s</em><em>c</em>=<em>π</em>(<em>L</em><em>u</em>−<em>ρ</em><em>F</em><em>L</em><em>d</em>)/<em>E</em><em>d</em></span></p> <p> </p> <p>where Lu is the upwelling radiance (at 40° zenith angle, and, 90° or 135° azimuth angle relative to the sun), Ld is the downwelling radiance (at 140° zenith angle, and, 90° or 135° azimuth angle relative to the sun). Ed is the (hemispherical) downwelling irradiance (i.e. including both direct solar and diffuse sky irradiance).</p> <p>For the BEFR site, the reflectance corrected for the NIR Similarity correction (epsilon, see Ruddick et al., 2006) is also provided:</p> <p><span class="math-tex"><em>ρ</em><em>w</em>=<em>π</em>(<em>L</em><em>u</em>−<em>ρ</em><em>F</em><em>L</em><em>d</em>)/<em>E</em><em>d</em>−<em>ϵ</em></span></p> <p> </p> <p>These reflectances have dimensions of wavelength and series, where each series is a set of measurements for the computation of a water reflectance measurement. In addition to variables for wavelength and bandwidth, the files also contain variables that provide for each series the acquisition time, viewing and solar angles, and quality flags (typically no flags are set in the data provided in this dataset). These NetCDF files also contain further relevant metadata as attributes. See https://hypernets-processor.readthedocs.io/ for further info.</p> <p>The HYPSTAR®-SR (Standard Range) instruments deployed at each land HYPERNETS site consist of a VNIR sensor and autonomously collect data between 380-1000 nm at various viewing geometries and send it to a central server for quality control and processing. The VNIR sensor spans 1330 channels between 380 and 1000 nm with a FWHM of 3 nm. The hypernets_processor (Goyens et al. 2021, DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9553738">10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9553738</a>; De Vis et al. in prep.) automatically processes all this data into various products, including the L2A surface reflectance product provided here. The current dataset is limited to the 400-900 nm range. Uncertainties are not yet included.</p> <p>To obtain this dataset, we start from the full BEFR data record and omit all the data that do not pass all of the quality checks performed as part of the hypernets_processor. In addition, an additional screening procedure was developed to supply the best quality data suitable for satellite validation:</p> <p>1. The coefficient of variation in water reflectance is below 10% in the 500-600 nm range</p> <p>2. The water reflectance (after correction for the NIR similarity) between 700-900 nm is below 0.01</p>
Initial Sample of HYPERNETS Hyperspectral Water Reflectance Measurements for Satellite Validation at the mouth of the Gironde Estuary, MAFR site (France)
<p>The HYPERNETS project (www.hypernets.eu) has the overall aim to ensure that high quality in situ measurements are available to support the (VNIR/SWIR) optical Copernicus products. Therefore, it established a new autonomous hyperspectral spectroradiometer (HYPSTAR® - www.hypstar.eu) dedicated to land and water surface reflectance validation with instrument pointing capabilities. In the prototype phase, the instrument is being deployed at 24 sites covering a range of water and land types and a range of climatic and logistic conditions. This dataset provides the first published data for the HYPERNETS site at the Gironde Estuary, MAGEST Network, in France (MAFR). It is a subset of the complete data record which consists of the best quality MAFR measurements which could be used for satellite validation. </p> <p>The provided NetCDF files are the L2A hypernets products with water leaving radiance and reflectances without NIR Similarity Correction (see Ruddick et al., 2006, DOI:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3841124">10.2307/3841124</a>). The reflectance in the L2A products is the Water Reflectance without NIR Similarity Correction (referred to as reflectance_nosc in the file) defined as:</p> <p><span class="math-tex"><em>ρ</em><em>w</em><em>n</em><em>o</em><em>s</em><em>c</em>=<em>π</em>(<em>L</em><em>u</em>−<em>ρ</em><em>F</em><em>L</em><em>d</em>)/<em>E</em><em>d</em></span></p> <p>where Lu is the upwelling radiance (at 40° zenith angle, and, 90° or 135° azimuth angle relative to the sun), Ld is the downwelling radiance (at 140° zenith angle, and, 90° or 135° azimuth angle relative to the sun). Ed is the (hemispherical) downwelling irradiance (i.e. including both direct solar and diffuse sky irradiance).</p> <p>These reflectances have dimensions of wavelength and series, where each series is a set of measurements for the computation of a water reflectance measurement. In addition to variables for wavelength and bandwidth, the files also contain variables that provide for each series the acquisition time, viewing and solar angles, and quality flags (typically no flags are set in the data provided in this dataset). These NetCDF files also contain further relevant metadata as attributes. See https://hypernets-processor.readthedocs.io/ for further info.</p> <p>The HYPSTAR®-SR (Standard Range) instruments deployed at each land HYPERNETS site consist of a VNIR sensor and autonomously collect data between 380-1000 nm at various viewing geometries and send it to a central server for quality control and processing. The VNIR sensor spans 1330 channels between 380 and 1000 nm with a FWHM of 3 nm. The hypernets_processor (Goyens et al. 2021, DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9553738">10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9553738</a>; De Vis et al. in prep.) automatically processes all this data into various products, including the L2A surface reflectance product provided here. The current dataset is limited to the 400-900 nm range. Uncertainties are not yet included.</p> <p>To obtain this dataset, we start from the full MAFR data record and omit all the data that do not pass all of the quality checks performed as part of the hypernets_processor. In addition, an additional screening procedure was developed to supply the best quality data suitable for satellite validation:</p> <p>1. The coefficient of variation in water reflectance is below 10% in the 600-700 nm range</p>
Initial Sample of HYPERNETS Hyperspectral Surface Reflectance Measurements for Satellite Validation from the IFEVA site in Argentina
<p>The HYPERNETS project (www.hypernets.eu) has the overall aim to ensure that high quality in situ measurements are available to support the (VNIR/SWIR) optical Copernicus products. Therefore, it established a new autonomous hyperspectral spectroradiometer (HYPSTAR® - www.hypstar.eu) dedicated to land and water surface reflectance validation with instrument pointing capabilities. In the prototype phase, the instrument is being deployed at 24 sites covering a range of water and land types and a range of climatic and logistic conditions. This dataset provides the first published data for the HYPERNETS site at IFEVA in Buenos Aires Argentina (IFAR). It is a subset of the complete data record which consists of the best quality IFAR measurements which could be used for satellite validation. </p> <p>The provided NetCDF files are the L2A hypernets products with surface reflectances, their associated uncertainties and error-correlation information. The reflectance in the L2A products is the Hemispherical-directional Reflectance Factor (HDRF) defined as: HDRF = π L / E where L is the directional upwelling radiance (with field of view of 5 degrees) and E is the (hemispherical) downwelling irradiance (i.e. including both direct solar and diffuse sky irradiance). These reflectances have dimensions of wavelength and series, where each series is a set of measurements for a given geometry (combination of viewing zenith and azimuth angle). In addition to variables for wavelength and bandwidth, the files also contain variables that provide for each series the acquisition time, viewing and solar angles, number of valid scans used, and quality flags (typically no flags are set in the data provided in this dataset). These NetCDF files also contain further relevant metadata as attributes. See https://hypernets-processor.readthedocs.io/ for further info.</p> <p>The IFAR site is a temporary test site located in the Agronomy Faculty campus in Buenos Aires city, Argentina (34.592322°S, 58.479017°W). The venue is managed by the IFEVA (Agricultural Physiology and Ecology Research Institute) and characterized by natural pastures with different treatments distributed in 16 patches of 7mx7m. The HYPSTAR®-XR sensor has been deployed in June 2021 at the top of a 2.4 m high tripod that is pointing to one of the patches where the vegetation has no specific treatment (natural) and is cut regularly every year in February. Data is collected every 30 min between 14:00 and 18:00 hs UTC (11:00 to 15:00 local time).</p> <p>The HYPSTAR®-XR (eXtended Range) instruments deployed at each land HYPERNETS site consist of a VNIR and a SWIR sensor and autonomously collect data between 380-1700 nm at various viewing geometries and send it to a central server for quality control and processing. The VNIR sensor spans 1330 channels between 380 and 1000 nm with a FWHM of 3 nm and the SWIR sensor has 220 channels between 1000 and 1700 nm with a FWHM of 10 nm. The hypernets_processor (Goyens et al. 2021; De Vis et al. in prep.) automatically processes all this data into various products, including the L2A surface reflectance product provided here. All of the products have associated uncertainties (divided into random and systematic uncertainties, including error-correlation information) which were propagated using the CoMet toolkit (www.comet-toolkit.org). </p> <p>To obtain this dataset, we start from the full IFAR data record and omit all the data that do not pass all of the quality checks performed as part of the hypernets_processor. In addition, an additional screening procedure was developed to remove outliers and only supply the best quality data suitable for satellite validation. To remove the outliers, a sigma-clipping method is used. First reflectances are extracted in separate 2 hour windows throughout the day (to account for BRDF differences due to different solar position) for 4 different wavelengths (500, 900, 1100 and 1600 nm). Outliers in these reflectances are then identified by iteratively calculating the mean reflectance trend with time (by binning the data per maximum 30 data points), calculating the standard deviation from this trend, and masking any data that is more than 3 standard deviations away from the trend. This process is repeated on the unmasked data until the standard deviation does not vary by more than 5% between two iterations. The masks for the 4 different wavelengths are then combined (keeping only measurements for which none of the 4 wavelengths is an outlier). The reflectances and associated uncertainties for any masked series (i.e. a geometry that is masked either by the sigma-clipping procedure or from the masks of the hypernets_processor) are replaced by NaNs. Any sequence that has more than half of its series masked is removed entirely. </p>
Initial Sample of HYPERNETS Hyperspectral Water Reflectance Measurements for Satellite Validation at the measurement tower MOW1, M1BE site (Belgium)
<p>The HYPERNETS project (www.hypernets.eu) has the overall aim to ensure that high quality in situ measurements are available to support the (VNIR/SWIR) optical Copernicus products. Therefore, it established a new autonomous hyperspectral spectroradiometer (HYPSTAR® - www.hypstar.eu) dedicated to land and water surface reflectance validation with instrument pointing capabilities. In the prototype phase, the instrument is being deployed at 24 sites covering a range of water and land types and a range of climatic and logistic conditions. This dataset provides the first published data for the HYPERNETS site at the measurement pole near the <em>Zeebrugge</em> harbour 3.65km from land, often called MOW1, in Belgium (M1BE). It is a subset of the complete data record which consists of the best quality M1BE measurements which could be used for satellite validation. </p> <p>The provided NetCDF files are the L2A hypernets products with water leaving radiance and reflectances, with and without NIR Similarity Correction (see Ruddick et al., 2006, DOI:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3841124">10.2307/3841124</a>). The reflectance in the L2A products is the Water Reflectance without NIR Similarity Correction (referred to as reflectance_nosc in the file) defined as:</p> <p><span class="math-tex">\(\rho_wnosc=\pi (Lu-\rho_FLd)/E_d\)</span></p> <p>where Lu is the upwelling radiance (at 40° zenith angle, and, 90° or 135° azimuth angle relative to the sun), Ld is the downwelling radiance (at 140° zenith angle, and, 90° or 135° azimuth angle relative to the sun). Ed is the (hemispherical) downwelling irradiance (i.e. including both direct solar and diffuse sky irradiance).</p> <p>For the M1BE site, the reflectance corrected for the NIR Similarity correction (epsilon, see Ruddick et al., 2006) is also provided:</p> <p><span class="math-tex">\(\rho_w=\pi (Lu-\rho_FLd)/E_d-\epsilon\)</span></p> <p>These reflectances have dimensions of wavelength and series, where each series is a set of measurements for the computation of a water reflectance measurement. In addition to variables for wavelength and bandwidth, the files also contain variables that provide for each series the acquisition time, viewing and solar angles, and quality flags (typically no flags are set in the data provided in this dataset). These NetCDF files also contain further relevant metadata as attributes. See https://hypernets-processor.readthedocs.io/ for further info.</p> <p>The HYPSTAR®-SR (Standard Range) instruments deployed at each land HYPERNETS site consist of a VNIR sensor and autonomously collect data between 380-1000 nm at various viewing geometries and send it to a central server for quality control and processing. The VNIR sensor spans 1330 channels between 380 and 1000 nm with a FWHM of 3 nm. The hypernets_processor (Goyens et al. 2021, DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9553738">10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9553738</a>; De Vis et al. in prep.) automatically processes all this data into various products, including the L2A surface reflectance product provided here. The current dataset is limited to the 400-900 nm range. Uncertainties are not yet included.</p> <p>To obtain this dataset, we start from the full M1BE data record and omit all the data that do not pass all of the quality checks performed as part of the hypernets_processor. In addition, an additional screening procedure was developed to supply the best quality data suitable for satellite validation:</p> <p>1. The coefficient of variation in water reflectance is below 10% in the 500-600 nm range</p> <p>2. The water reflectance at 500 nm is below 0.1</p> <p>The data consists of 73 spectra ranging from 20230226T1431 till 20230429T1502.</p> <p>Coordinates of the site are the following:</p> <p>site_latitude = 51.360548<br> site_longitude = 3.118246</p> <p>The site is owned by Afdeling Kust (https://www.agentschapmdk.be/nl).</p> <p> </p>
ScienceDex guides
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OpenNeuro
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