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55 results for “ice ages”
Influence of Little Ice Age on New England Vegetation from 2000 BP to Present
This multi-proxy study uses paleoecological, paleolimnological, and historical approaches to reconstruct climate, vegetation, and cultural dynamics over the past 1500 years at sites arrayed across the climatic and forest gradients of New England and to place these results in a regional framework through analysis of pollen records from the North American Pollen Database. High resolution records were obtained using pollen to interpret vegetation history; chironomids, stable isotopes, geochemistry, and diatoms, supplemented by historical reconstructions, to interpret climate history; charcoal and land-use data to document the human impacts; and Pb-210 and C-14 for chronological control. Results will provide: (1) an objective characterization of the Little Ice Age and climate history in New England, (2) comparison of pre- and post-European forest dynamics in relationship to independent environmental and land-use histories, (3) a reexamination of historical vegetation dynamics in light of prior climate an vegetation change, and (4) widespread availability of data and results through publications, symposium presentation, and the Harvard Forest Archives and web pages.
Early EASE-GRID Sea Ice Age, 1978-1983
<p>Early spin-up period Arctic sea ice age data for 1978 through 1983. This product augments the NSIDC sea ice age product: "EASE-Grid Sea Ice Age, Version 4.1" (Tschudi et al., 2019a), which begins in January 1984. See the main product website for complete documentation. The age is estimated via Lagrangrian tracking based on the NSIDC sea ice motion product (Tschudi et al., 2019b), whose source data is primarily passive microwave brightness temperatures and drifting buoys. Age is estimated weekly as annual age categories. Values are: 1 for "first-year ice", ice that is 0-1 years old, and so on for older ice. The ice is "aged" once each year during the week of the annual sea ice minimum extent, generally sometime in September. </p> <p>In this product, the initialization of the field begins with the first available data in late-October 1978. For the existing ice at that time, age is initialized at the start of the product with age=1. The first week of the data, because it is after the minimum, the age of existing ice is augmented to age=2 and new ice is given age=1. So, the first field in 1978 has only two age categories of 1 (0-1 years old) or 2 (1-2 years old) and this continues through 1978. This means that the age of the ice that formed between the minimum in September and the beginning of the data in late-October 1978 is overestimated by one year. In subsequent years, the oldest ice category will continue to overestimate some of the ice pack until that initial ice either: (1) melts, (2) is transported out of the Arctic, or (3) reaches the maximum age in the product (16 years).<br> <br> Much of the the existing ice in 1978 may be older than 1-2 years old as ice may stay in the Arctic for 5 or more years, but the data availability and the Lagrangian methodology cannot give a specific until the product is fully "spun up". For each subsequent year, a one-year older age category is added in the week of each year's extent minimum. Note that due to the assumption made at the beginning of the product in 1978, the oldest ice category may overestimate the true age of some parcels by one year. </p> <p>Tschudi, M., W. N. Meier, J. S. Stewart, C. Fowler, and J. Maslanik. (2019a). EASE-Grid Sea Ice Age, Version 4 [Data Set]. Boulder, Colorado USA. NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center. https://doi.org/10.5067/UTAV7490FEPB. Date Accessed 02-20-2023.</p> <p>Tschudi, M., W. N. Meier, J. S. Stewart, C. Fowler, and J. Maslanik. (2019b). Polar Pathfinder Daily 25 km EASE-Grid Sea Ice Motion Vectors, Version 4 [Data Set]. Boulder, Colorado USA. NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center. https://doi.org/10.5067/INAWUWO7QH7B.</p>
Harmonized data and code for "Plankton response to global warming is characterized by non-uniform shifts in assemblage composition since the last ice age"
<p>Harmonized data and R code for "Plankton response to global warming is characterized by non-uniform shifts in assemblage composition since the last ice age" by Tonke Strack, Lukas Jonkers, Marina C. Rillo, Helmut Hillebrand and Michal Kucera (in <em>Nature Ecology & Evolution</em>, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-022-01888-8).</p> <p>Analyse planktonic foraminifera species assemblages from the North Atlantic Ocean over the past 24,000 years.</p> <p>Scripts written by Tonke Strack</p> <p>DATA SOURCES<br>* WOA18: Locarnini, R. A. et al. World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 1: Temperature. A. Mishonov, Technical Editor. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 81, 52 (2019).<br>* LGMR: Osman, M. B. et al. Globally resolved surface temperatures since the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature 599, 239-244, doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03984-4 (2021).<br>* MARGO: Kucera, M., Rosell-Melé, A., Schneider, R., Waelbroeck, C. & Weinelt, M. Multiproxy approach for the reconstruction of the glacial ocean surface (MARGO). Quat. Sci. Rev. 24, 813-819, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.07.017 (2005). Kucera, M. et al. Reconstruction of sea-surface temperatures from assemblages of planktonic foraminifera: multi-technique approach based on geographically constrained calibration data sets and its application to glacial Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Quat. Sci. Rev. 24, 951-998, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.07.014 (2005).<br>* planktonic foraminifera assemblage data: individual citations provided in CoreList_PlanktonicForaminifera.csv</p> <p>DATA<br>1. Harmonized assemblage data*: FullDataTable_PF_harmonized.txt<br>2. Core list with additional information to time series: CoreList_PlanktonicForaminifera.csv<br>3. Reference list for PF names: ReferenceList_PlanktonicForaminifera.csv</p> <p>CODE<br>1. 01_DataAnalysis_PCA.R: principal component analysis on assemblage data of individual time series as well as on whole dissimilarity matrix (results shown in Fig. 1 and 2)<br>2. 02_DataAnalysis_LocalBiodiversityChange.R: local biodiversity change analysis of individual time series (results shown in Fig. 3 and Extended Data Fig. 1); also recalculates resolution of time-series<br>3. 03_DataAnalysis_NoAnalogueAssemblages.R: calculates compositional dissimilarity to the nearest LGM sample to analyse existence of no-analogues (results shown in Fig. 4, as well as Extended Data Fig. 3 and 4)<br>4. 04_DataAnalysis_LDG_LGMresiduals.R: visualises latitudinal diversity gradient through time and the difference between richness and Shannon diversity to their respective LGM mean values (results shown in Fig. 5)</p> <p>*Assemblage data of individual time series were manually downloaded, checked and harmonized following the taxonomy of Siccha and Kucera (2017) and combined into one data file. Species not reported in the time series data were assumed to be absent (i.e., zero abundance). We merged <em>Globigerinoides ruber ruber</em> and <em>Globigerinoides ruber albus</em>, because some studies only reported them together as <em>Globigerinoides ruber</em>. Also, P/D intergrades (an informal category of morphological intermediates between <em>Neogloboquadrina incompta</em> and <em>Neogloboquadrina dutertrei</em>) were merged with <em>Neogloboquadrina incompta</em>. In total, 41 species of planktonic foraminifera were included in this study.</p> <p>Siccha, M. & Kucera, M. ForCenS, a curated database of planktonic foraminifera census counts in marine surface sediment samples. <em>Sci. Data</em> 4, 170109, doi:10.1038/sdata.2017.109 (2017).</p>
An Ice Age JWST inventory of dense molecular cloud ices
<p>This dataset is the first observational data release for the JWST Early Release Science Ice Age program (#1309). More information about this program can be found at our team website (<a href="http://jwst-iceage.org/">http://jwst-iceage.org/</a>) and the STScI website (<a href="https://www.stsci.edu/jwst/science-execution/approved-programs/dd-ers/program-1309">https://www.stsci.edu/jwst/science-execution/approved-programs/dd-ers/program-1309</a>). The data is analyzed in the article by McClure et al. (2023), to be published on January 24th, 2023 by Nature Astronomy.</p> <p>The dataset consists of 5 files, each containing a spectrum of one of two background stars analyzed in that publication. The spectra are given as wavelength in microns (column 1), flux in milli-Janskys (column 2), and uncertainty in the flux (column 3). Some basic information about the JWST pipeline version is given in the header of each text file, but users should refer to the Methods section of McClure et al. (2023) for the full description of how the data were processed and extracted, as it extends beyond the basic pipelines. Information about how the data were observed is given in the APT file, accessible through a query in STScI's APT application (search by PID 1309) or here at STScI (<a href="https://www.stsci.edu/jwst/science-execution/program-information.html?id=1309">https://www.stsci.edu/jwst/science-execution/program-information.html?id=1309</a>).</p> <p>Three of the files correspond to the background star NIR38. These represent spectra of this star taken separately by JWST with the NIRCam WFSS, NIRSpec FS, and MIRI LRS FS instrument modes on JWST. The other two files correspond to the background star J110621 and are spectra taken separately by JWST using the NIRSpec FS and MIRI LRS FS instrument modes.</p> <p>It is necessary to cite the McClure et al. (2023) Nature Astronomy publication when making use of these data, to fully describe the data processing, as well as this Zenodo DOI.</p>
A JWST inventory of protoplanetary disk ices. The edge-on protoplanetary disk HH 48 NE, seen with the Ice Age ERS program
<p>JWST NIRSpec G395H spectrum for HH 48 NE edge-on disk, as analyzed in Sturm et al. (2023). DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202347512</p>
FIGURE 2 in Biodiversity patterns across the Late Paleozoic Ice Age
FIGURE 2. Turnover rates during the LPIA with clades plotted individually and merged. Mean sea-surface temperature (SST) after Song et al. (2019). The two main phases of the glaciation indicated with snowflakes.
Advance and retreat of glaciers during the end of the Little Ice Age in Europe
<p>Input data and model results of Huss&Förster (2019), L'avancée et le recul des glaciers pendant le Petit Age Glaciaire. Actes du colloque du Giétro, 14./15.juin, 2018. In: Annales Valaisannes, publication of the SHVR.</p> <p>Refer to file header for the description of all variables.</p> <p> </p>
Source data for "Glacial isostatic adjustment directed incision of the Channeled Scabland by ice-age megafloods"
<p>The data provided in this repository is the source data for "Glacial isostatic adjustment directed incision of the Channeled Scabland by ice-age megafloods". This repository contains three directories for ANUGA simulations on (1) present-day topography, (2) glacial isostatic adjustment-corrected topography at 18 ka, and (3) glacial isostatic adjustment-corrected topography at 15.5 ka. Each directory includes hydrodynamic modeling data and topographic reconstruction data. This repository also contains MATLAB scripts for analyzing simulated discharge and shear stress values for replicating plots.</p> <p>Cite as: Pico. T., David, S.R., Larsen, I.J, Mix, A., Lehnigk, K., Lamb, M.P., Glacial isostatic adjustment directed incision of the Channeled Scabland by ice-age megafloods, PNAS, 2022.</p> <p> </p> <p><br> </p>
Contrasting phylogeographic patterns of mitochondrial and genome-wide variation in the groundwater amphipod (Crangonyx islandicus) that survived the Ice age in Iceland
<p>In this zip "DataAvailability.zip" all the data and parameter files, as well as R scripts and bash codes used to perform the analyses of the mitochondrial and the RADseq data are provided. A ReadMe file is available at the root describing the content of the different folders and files.</p> <p>Below is the abstract of the associated manuscript:</p> <p>Analysis of phylogeographic patterns have often been based on mitochondrial DNA variation, but recent analyses dealing with nuclear DNA have in some instances revealed mito-nuclear discordances and complex evolutionary histories. These enigmatic scenarios which may involve stochastic lineage sorting, ancestral hybridization, past dispersal, and secondary contacts are increasingly scrutinized with a new generation of genomic tools such as RADseq, which pose also additional analytical challenges. Here, we revisited the previously inconclusive phylogeographic history, showing mito-nuclear discordance, of an endemic groundwater amphipod from Iceland, <em>Crangonyx islandicus,</em> which is the only metazoan known to have survived the Pleistocene beneath the glaciers. Previous studies based on three DNA markers documented a mitochondrial scenario with the main divergence occurring between populations in northern Iceland and an ITS scenario with the main divergence between the south and north. We used double digest restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to clarify this mito-nuclear discordance by applying several statistical methods while estimating the sensitivity to different analytical approaches (data-type, differentiation indices and base call uncertainty). A majority of nuclear markers and methods support the ITS divergence. Nevertheless, a more complex scenario emerges, possibly involving introgression led by male-biased dispersal among northern locations or mitochondrial capture which may have been further strengthened by natural selection.</p>
Multi-proxy agreement on Atlantic circulation dynamics since the last ice age: Model output data
<p>This dataset contains model output for the simulations presented in: <em>"Multi-proxy agreement on Atlantic circulation dynamics since the last ice age"</em>.</p> <p> </p>
Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope values for permafrost ice, rain, and snow collected near Fairbanks, Alaska and a summary of all age dates from the CRREL Permafrost Tunnel
<p>Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope values for permafrost ice, rain, and snow collected near Fairbanks, Alaska as well as a summary of all age dates from the CRREL Permafrost Tunnel</p><p>Please contact me for more information or to use the data.</p><p>thomas.a.douglas@usace.army.mil</p>
Relative importance of meridional and zonal sea surface temperature gradients for the onset of the ice ages and Pliocene-Pleistocene climate evolution
<p>Climatologies from the 3 different model simulations performed for the paper published in Paleoceanography (2010, v25, issue 2, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2009PA001809">https://doi.org/10.1029/2009PA001809</a>). This table shows how the names of the simulations provided here relate to the names in the paper:</p> <table align="center"> <caption>Simulation names for cross-referencing</caption> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">Name of Files</th> <th scope="col">Name in Article</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>EPSST_T_85.*.nc</td> <td>Early Pliocene Simulation</td> </tr> <tr> <td>New_MZSST_T_85.*.nc</td> <td>Modern Zonal Simulation</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ctl_85_Kerry.*.nc</td> <td>Modern Control Simulation</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Additionally the NCL script originally used to create all the figures is included. It is called paleoc_onsetNHG_rev.ncl. The abstract of the paper is below:</p> <p>"During the early Pliocene (roughly 4 Myr ago), the ocean warm water pool extended over most of the tropics. Subsequently, the warm pool gradually contracted toward the equator, while midlatitudes and subpolar regions cooled, establishing a meridional sea surface temperature (SST) gradient comparable to the modern about 2 Myr ago (as estimated on the eastern side of the Pacific). The zonal SST gradient along the equator, virtually nonexistent in the early Pliocene, reached modern values between 1 and 2 Myr ago. Here, we use an atmospheric general circulation model to investigate the relative roles of the changes in the meridional and zonal temperature gradients for the onset of glacial cycles and for Pliocene-Pleistocene climate evolution in general. We show that the increase in the meridional SST gradient reduces air temperature and increases snowfall over most of North America, both factors favorable to ice sheet inception. The impacts of changes in the zonal gradient, while also important over North America, are somewhat weaker than those caused by meridional temperature variations. The establishment of the modern meridional and zonal SST distributions leads to roughly 3.2°C and 0.6°C decreases in global mean temperature, respectively. Changes in the two gradients also have large regional consequences, including aridification of Africa (both gradients) and strengthening of the Indian monsoon (zonal gradient). Ultimately, this study suggests that the growth of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets is a result of the global cooling of Earth's climate since 4 Myr rather than its initial cause. Thus, reproducing the correct changes in the SST distribution is critical for a model to simulate the transition from the warm early Pliocene to a colder Pleistocene climate."</p> <p> </p>
Reevaluating the Little Ice Age: Novel insights from oceanic and terrestrial records on unexpected warm winters
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Supplementary data for: "Emergence of Potential Anadromous Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) Habitats in the Svalbard Archipelago after the End of the Little Ice Age"
<p><strong>Supplementary data for: “Emergence of Potential Anadromous Arctic Charr (<em>Salvelinus alpinus</em>) Habitats in the Svalbard Archipelago after the End of the Little Ice Age” </strong></p> <p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JG008367">https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JG008367</a></p> <p> </p> <p>Abstract: Glaciers in the Svalbard Archipelago are retreating rapidly in response to climate change. The retreat of glaciers leads to alteration of the hydrological and thermal regimes of the freshwater ecosystems. In this delicate context, existing anadromous Arctic charr (<em>Salvelinus alpinus</em>) populations are at severe risk and might disappear from the archipelago. However, the retreat of glaciers also promotes the formation of new lake systems that might be suitable for colonization by anadromous Arctic charr. These systems may provide a substantial opportunity for the establishment of new populations of anadromous charr, potentially buffering the decline in existing systems. To date, there is a lack of information on the number of recently deglaciated lake systems that have emerged since the end of the Little Ice Age (ca. 1920) that might be suitable for charr colonization. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to provide an initial assessment of the number of these lakes. To this end, and in accordance with previously published research, this study assesses whether a recently deglaciated lake system is potentially open to colonization based on gradient, river length, and lake surface area. Depending on the applied threshold (four in total), up to 24 lake systems are classified as potentially open to colonization by anadromous Arctic charr, with Spitsbergen emerging as a colonization hotspot. The findings of this paper might serve as basis for new studies and for implementing proactive management and conservation strategies to protect anadromous charr populations.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data description:</strong></p> <p> </p> <p><em>Recently_Deglaciated_Systems</em> [EPGS: 25833] - Shapefile containing the information of 168 lake systems that emerged between 1936/1938 and 2020 in the Svalbard Archipelago</p> <p>ID: Identification number</p> <p>X: Easting</p> <p>Y: Northing</p> <p>Fall?: Presence of the lake system in fall (with dates when the lake was visible in satellite images)</p> <p>Spring?: Presence of the lake system in spring (with dates when the lake was visible in satellite images)</p> <p>Info: information regarding the type of system (i.e., larger lake surrounded by lakes and ponds or system of multiple lakes and ponds). If blank, lake is considered single.</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Analysis</em> [EPGS: 25833] - Shapefile containing the analysis of 125 lake systems with connection to the ocean.</p> <p>ID: Identification number</p> <p>X: Easting</p> <p>Y: Northing</p> <p>Surface (km<sup>2</sup>): Surface of the connected recently deglaciated lake system (km<sup>2</sup>)</p> <p>Elevation (m): Elevation of the outlet (m)</p> <p>Length (m): River length (m)</p> <p>Slope (%): Slope of the river (%)</p> <p>SV1: Result of the classification with SV1</p> <p>SV2: Result of the classification with SV2</p> <p>HY: Result of the classification with HY</p> <p>NO: Result of the classification with NO</p>
Demography and linked selection interact to shape the genomic landscape of codistributed woodpeckers during the Ice Age
<p><span>The influence of genetic drift on population dynamics during Pleistocene glacial cycles is well understood, but the role of selection in shaping patterns of genomic variation during these events is less explored. We used resequenced whole genomes to</span><span> i</span><span>nvestigate </span><span>how demography and natural selection interact to generate the genomic landscapes of Downy and Hairy Woodpeckers, species co-distributed in previously glaciated North America. First, we explored the spatial and temporal patterns of genomic diversity produced by neutral evolution. Next, we tested (1) whether levels of nucleotide diversity along the genome are correlated with intrinsic genomic properties, such as recombination rate and gene density, and (2) whether different demographic trajectories impacted the efficacy of selection. Our results revealed cycles of bottleneck and expansion and genetic structure associated with glacial refugia. Nucleotide diversity varied widely along the genome, but this variation was highly correlated between the species, suggesting the presence of conserved genomic features. In both taxa, nucleotide diversity was positively correlated with recombination rate and negatively correlated with gene density, suggesting that linked selection played a role in reducing diversity. Despite strong fluctuations in effective population size, the maintenance of relatively large populations during glaciations may have facilitated selection. Under these conditions, we found evidence that the individual demographic trajectory of populations modulated linked selection, with purifying selection being more efficient in removing deleterious alleles in large populations. These results highlight that while genome-wide variation reflects the expected signature of demographic change during climatic perturbations, the interaction of multiple processes produces a predictable and highly heterogeneous genomic landscape.</span></p>
Ancient bears provide insights into Pleistocene ice age refugia in Southeast Alaska
<p>During the Late Pleistocene, major parts of North America were periodically covered by ice sheets. However, there are still questions about whether ice-free refugia were present in the Alexander Archipelago along the Southeast (SE) Alaska coast during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Numerous subfossils have been recovered from caves in SE Alaska, including American black (<em>Ursus</em> <em>americanus</em>) and brown (<em>U</em>. <em>arctos</em>) bears, which today are found in the Alexander Archipelago but are genetically distinct from mainland bear populations. Hence, these bear species offer an ideal system to investigate long-term occupation, potential refugial survival, and lineage turnover. Here we present genetic analyses based on 99 new complete mitochondrial genomes from ancient and modern brown and black bears spanning the last ~45,000 years. Black bears form two SE Alaskan subclades that diverged >100,00 years ago, one preglacial and one postglacial. All postglacial ancient brown bears are closely related to modern brown bears in the archipelago, while a single preglacial brown bear is found in a distantly related clade. A hiatus in the bear subfossil record around the LGM and the deep split of their pre- and post-glacial subclades fail to support a hypothesis of continuous occupancy in SE Alaska throughout the LGM for either species. Our results are consistent with an absence of refugia along the SE Alaska coast but indicate that vegetation quickly expanded after deglaciation, allowing bears to recolonize the area after a short-lived LGM peak.</p>
Colonial coral resilience by decreasing size: reaction to increased detrital influx during onset of the late Palaeozoic Ice Age
<p><span>Modern coral reefs and associated biodiversity are severely threatened by increasing terrestrial runoff. Similar scenarios could be suspected for geological times, but reef coral resilience is still an enigma. In late Visean</span><span>-</span><span>Serpukhovian (Mississippian foraminiferal zones/MFZ 14-16) times, a major glaciation phase of the late Palaeozoic Ice Age (LPIA) associated with enhanced terrestrial weathering and runoff coincides with a biodiversity crisis and coral reef decline. In this study, the impact of enhanced terrestrial runoff is tested on size variations of colonial corals <em>Aulina rotiformis</em> and <em>Lithostrotion decipiens</em> along a gradient of contemporaneous (Serpukhovian) open marine carbonate to nearshore siliciclastic facies in South China. Along this gradient, their sizes decrease from carbonate, through intermediate carbonate-siliciclastic, to siliciclastic facies. This is consistent with increasing abundance of terrestrial materials of high silicon, aluminium, and phosphorus values. On a larger million</span><span>-</span><span>year</span><span>-</span><span>long interval (MFZ14-16) and for several palaeocontinents, size data of <em>Lithostrotion decipiens</em> and <em>Siphonodendron pauciradiale</em> show a distinct decline in late Visean, when enhanced terrestrial weathering occurred commonly with palaeosols developed during regression. This suggests that terrestrial sediment and nutrient input may have mainly controlled phenotypic plasticity in Mississippian reef corals, with a decrease in size as a component of resilience across the LPIA onset.</span></p>
Zircon U-Pb ages of debris from the basal ice of the Byrd ice core, central West Antarctica
<p>This dataset comprises of 16 zircon U-Pb ages. Zircon grains were picked out of the 75-150 micron size fraction of debris melted from two intervals of basal ice from the Byrd ice core. The Byrd ice core was drilled at 80<i><strong>°</strong></i> 0.1'S, 119<i><strong>°</strong></i> 31.0'W at Byrd Station, West Antarctica, in January 1968.</p>
Ancient bears provide insights into Pleistocene ice age refugia in Southeast Alaska
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Demography and linked selection interact to shape the genomic landscape of codistributed woodpeckers during the Ice Age
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.