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75 results for “ice and snow”
Sea ice thickness, snow depth, and sea ice freeboard in lagoon sites along the Alaska Beaufort Sea coast, 2019-ongoing
Physical parameters related to snow and sea ice have implications for lagoon circulation, sea-air heat exchange, and underwater light regimes. To understand these relationships and their greater effect on ecosystem function, the Beaufort Lagoon Ecosystem LTER (BLE LTER) uses in situ methods to assess snow depth, ice freeboard, and ice thickness in select water bodies across the Beaufort Sea coast (Elson Lagoon, Simpson Lagoon, Kaktovik Lagoon, Jago Lagoon, and Stefansson Sound). Sea ice thickness is the distance from sea ice bottom to top, not including snow. Freeboard, determined in the same drilled hole, is the distance from the surface of the water to the top of the ice, not including snow cover. These measurements are made annually, close to maximum ice thickness (typically April).
Lake snow removal experiment zooplankton community data, under ice, 2019-2021
Although it is a historically understudied season, winter is now recognized as a time of biological activity and relevant to the annual cycle of north-temperate lakes. Emerging research points to a future of reduced ice cover duration and changing snow conditions that will impact aquatic ecosystems. The aim of the study was to explore how altered snow and ice conditions, and subsequent changes to under-ice light environment, might impact ecosystem dynamics in a north, temperate bog lake in northern Wisconsin, USA. This dataset resulted from a snow removal experiment that spanned the periods of ice cover on South Sparkling Bog during the winters of 2019, 2020, and 2021. During the winters 2020 and 2021, snow was removed from the surface of South Sparkling Bog using an ARGO ATV with a snow plow attached. The 2019 season served as a reference year, and snow was not removed from the lake. This dataset represents under ice zooplankton community samples (integrated tows at depths of 7 m) and some shoulder-season (open water) zooplankton community samples. Zooplankton samples were preserved in 90% ethanol and later processed to determine taxonomic classification at the species-level, density (individuals / L), and average length (mm).
Little Rock Lake Experiment at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Snow and Ice Depth 1984 - 2000
The Little Rock Acidification Experiment was a joint project involving the USEPA (Duluth Lab), University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, University of Wisconsin-Superior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Little Rock Lake is a bi-lobed lake in Vilas County, Wisconsin, USA. In 1983 the lake was divided in half by an impermeable curtain and from 1984-1989 the northern basin of the lake was acidified with sulfuric acid in three two-year stages. The target pHs for 1984-5, 1986-7, and 1988-9 were 5.7, 5.2, and 4.7, respectively. Starting in 1990 the lake was allowed to recover naturally with the curtain still in place. Data were collected through 2000. The main objective was to understand the population, community, and ecosystem responses to whole-lake acidification. Funding for this project was provided by the USEPA and NSF. Snow and ice depth are measured during the winter months on the reference and treatment basins of Little Rock Lake. Sampling Frequency: varies - Number of sites: 4
Lake Mendota at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Snow and Ice Depth 2009-2010
Ice core data collected by Yi-Fang (Yvonne) Hsieh and collaborators for her PhD project, “Modeling Ice Cover and Water Temperature of Lake Mendota.” Part of the project was the development of a 3D hydrodynamic-ice model that simulated both temporal and spatial distributions of ice cover on Lake Mendota for the winter 2009-2010. The parameters from these ice core data were used as model inputs to run model simulations. Parameters measured include: blue ice, white ice, snow depth, and total ice. On February 13, 2009, ice cores were taken on Lake Mendota at four different stations. From January 14, 2010 through March 3, 2010 ice cores were taken on Lake Mendota at 31 different stations. In addition, ice cores were taken on other Yahara Lakes during February of 2009: Lake Kegonsa (4 stations_February 6), Lake Waubesa (4 stations_February 7), Lake Wingra (2 stations_February 8), and Lake Monona (4 stations_February 8). Only total ice measurements are reported for 2009. Included in this data set are the ice core data, and geospatial information for ice coring stations. Documentation: Hsieh, Y.-F., 2012a. Modeling ice cover and water temperature of Lake Mendota. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. The University of Wisconsin - Madison, United States -- Wisconsin, p. 157.
A Global Review of Long-range Transported Lead Concentration and Isotopic Ratio Records in Snow and Ice (Supplementary Data)
<p><strong>This is the supplemental material for:</strong></p> <p>Brooks, H.L., Miner, K.R., Kreutz, K.J., Winski, D.A., (in review). A Global Review of Long-range Transported Lead Concentration and Isotopic Ratio Records in Snow and Ice. </p> <p><strong>Purpose:</strong></p> <p>This systematic literature review contextualizes current data availability and examines spatial and temporal gaps in the long-range transported Pb analyses (concentration and isotope ratios) in ice and snow samples. Additionally, we note areas of needed community improvement. It is our hope that researchers will also benefit from a queryable set of references, allowing for quick access to the records appropriate to address multiple research questions. </p> <p><strong>Available Files:</strong></p> <p><em><strong>Table A1:</strong></em> Metadata for Pb records -- Individual sample sites</p> <p><em><strong>Table A2:</strong></em> Metadata for Pb records -- Transect sample sites</p> <p><em><strong>Table A3:</strong></em> Records grouped into 23 regions</p> <p><em><strong>Supplement_fig_25Aug2024: </strong></em>Additional figures supporting main manuscript</p> <p><em><strong>Supplement_method_25Aug2024: </strong></em>Methodology used for the systematic literature review</p> <p><em><strong>Supplement_citations_25Aug2024:</strong></em> Citations for all records included in the systematic literature review</p> <p><em><strong>citations_export.bib:</strong></em> Export of all systematic literature review citation data as bibtex format. Easy import to citation managers (Zotero, Mendley, Endnote, etc)</p> <p><em><strong>indexedReferences.csv:</strong></em> CSV dump of citations_export.bib indexed with citation keys used in TableA.3</p> <p><em><strong>tables.RDS: </strong></em>TableA.1, TableA.2, and indexed References formatted for easy import into R</p> <p><em><strong>tables.sqlite: </strong></em>TableA.1, TableA.2, and indexed References formatted for SQL queries in SQLite</p> <p><em><strong>readme_tables_sqlite.md:</strong></em> Examples of SQLite queries</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Systematic Literature Review Methodology:</strong></p> <p>To address the current spatial and temporal distribution of long-range transported Pb deposited in the cryosphere (snow-pits and ice cores), we completed a systematic literature review, following the methodology outlined by Booth et al (2016). We completed an “exhaustive coverage [search], citing all relevant literature" (Booth et al., 2016), using the search terms “Lead (Pb) isotopes and concentration in surface snow, snow pits, and ice cores”. We performed an initial comprehensive literature search on these search terms on Web of Science Collection databases in September 2020 and May 2023. Records evaluated for relevance using the title and abstract. Removal of clearly off-topic papers (e.g., the chemistry of penguin feces) gathered in the search due to the dual meaning of “lead” reduced the paper count to 326 titles. The full text of the remaining publications was evaluated with clear explicit criteria for inclusion and exclusion, based on the following criteria.</p> <ol> <li> <ol> <li>Only studies examining long-traveled background atmospheric lead signals were considered. All point source pollution studies examining the localized effects of traffic, road salt, mines, industry, power plants, human activity at base camp stations, etc, were excluded. An exception was made for samples which were taken at sufficient depths in the analyzed record to predate the pollution source or where wind trajectory did not transport pollution to the collection site regardless of close geographic proximity.</li> <li> <p>Only studies of natural, undisturbed snowpacks and ice cores were examined. Studies which sampled snow from urban structures were excluded. Point source studies of emissions detail the localized effects of traffic, road salt, mines, industry, power plants, and human activity at base camp stations. While meaningful for understanding the direct emissions from various sources and developing new technology aimed at reducing source emissions, point source emission studies do not contribute to the understanding of regional and global signals. Additionally, studies examining the volcanic signal in snow following major modern eruptions were excluded, as this was classified as disturbed snow.</p> </li> <li>Studies must specify the sampling localities by providing a minimum of latitude and longitude. Where sampling locations are only referenced by colloquial names, the distance from point source pollution cannot be verified. Therefore, such studies were excluded.</li> <li> <p>Records of <sup>210</sup>Pb in snow and ice were excluded. <sup>210</sup>Pb is useful for establishing chronology in young snow and ice due to its small half life (~ 22.3 years). But it is not useful for consideration of old records and the source constraint of <sup>210</sup>Pb into the atmosphere is poorly constrained over time (Nijampurkar & Clausen, 1990). Therefore, it cannot be considered in conjunction with Pb isotopes and concentrations. Records of <sup>210</sup>Pb in snow and ice were excluded.</p> </li> <li> <p>Pb isotopes and concentrations taken from cryoconites (soil-like composites of dust, industrial soot, and microbial mats of photosynthetic bacteria) were excluded from this literature review. Cryoconites are important to glacial systems as they alter the albedo of the glacier surface, and therefore affect the glacier melt rate (Fountain et al., 2004). However, they must be considered separately from surface snow, snow pits, and ice cores due to the drastic differences in formation and biologic nature.</p> </li> <li> <p>The publication must be available to the author (<em>e.g.,</em> through the University Library, from collaborators)</p> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> <p>To ensure that the literature search conducted on the Web of Science was robust and complete, citations were checked to ensure inclusion in the literature search results and included when missing. Publications were indexed into Table A.1 and Table A.2. Following the completion of publication indexing, Table A.1 and Table A.2 were evaluated against the 23 regions (Table A.3) -- 20 from RGI 7.0 (RGI 7.0 Consortium, 2023) and 3 author defined regions -- to identify areas/papers that may have been missed in the initial search. Areas with few or no results were searched again using Google Scholar and Web of Science.</p> <p>Based on these searches, we sought to understand the current spatial and temporal coverage of these records, shed light on gaps in the previous research and make recommendations on mitigating these gaps going forward. We used tables and graphics, included in the main text and the supplement, to summarize the characteristics of the compiled records. In the main text, we discuss the limitations and gaps within the current long-range transported Pb literature, and recommend paths to mitigate these gaps. Finally, in the main text, we illustrate an example of how researchers can query this record compilation, allowing for quick access to the records appropriate to address their research questions.</p> <p><strong>Methodology Bibliography:</strong></p> <p>Booth, A., Sutton, A., & Papaioannou, D. (2016). Systematic approaches to a successful literature review (Second edition). Sage.</p> <p>Fountain, A. G., Tranter, M., Nylen, T. H., Lewis, K. J., & Mueller, D. R. (2004). Evolution of cryoconite holes and their contribution to meltwater runoff from glaciers in the McMurdo dry valleys, Antarctica. Journal of Glaciology, 50(168), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756504781830312</p> <p>Nijampurkar, V. N., & Clausen, H. B. (1990). A century old record of lead-210 fallout on the greenland ice sheet. Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 42(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1990.00005.</p> <p>RGI 7.0 Consortium. (2023). Randolph glacier inventory—A dataset of global glacier outlines, version 7.0. (Version 7.0) [Dataset]. NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center. https://doi.org/doi:10.5067/f6jmovy5navz</p>
Lake Mendota water temperature secchi depth snow depth ice thickness and meterological conditions 1894 - 2007
Data for water temperature at different depth and different frequencies assembled from various sources by Dale Roberson. A table with additional parameters collected at the same time is also provided for dates when available. These parameters are weather observations, secchi depth, snow and ice depths.
Snow depth, snow water equivalent, ice thickness in Fuglebekken and Revdalen catchments collected in the SnowPilot campaign in Spring 2022
<p>File SnowPilot_snowdepth_along_the_GPR_profile_2022 contains snow depth measurements taken along the GPR profile performed during the SIOS SnowPilot campaign in Spring 2022. File SnowPilot_snowdepth_swe_2022 contains depth, snow water equivalent and basal ice thickness. Snowpits were dug on GPR profile crossings in the Fuglebekken and Revdalen catchments in the Hornsund fiord, Spitsbergen catchment. Snow density was measured with an IG PAS snow tube, and snow depth and basal ice (ice forming on the ground surface) thickness were measured with an avalanche probe. Point locations measured. with handheld GPR reciever.</p>
Water stable isotope, temperature and electrical conductivity dataset (snow, ice, rain, surface water, groundwater) from a high alpine catchment (2019-2021).
<p>Data collected in the Otemma forefield in Switzerland (45°56’03”N,7°24’42”) from July 2019 to October 2021.<br> Data were collected by the research teams of Bettina Schaefli<sup>2</sup> and Stuart N. Lane<sup>1</sup>.</p> <p><sup>1</sup> Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics (IDYST), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland</p> <p><sup>2</sup> Institute of Geography (GIUB), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland</p> <p>For further information, please contact:</p> <ul> <li>tom.muller.1@unil.ch</li> </ul> <p><strong>Description of the dataset</strong></p> <p>This dataset contains water stable isotope (δ<sup>2</sup>H, δ<sup>17</sup>O, δ<sup>18</sup>O), water temperature and water electrical conductivity (EC) measurements collected from the Otemma glacier catchment.</p> <p>All water isotope samples were collected directly from the source and stored in 12 mL amber glass vials with an air-tight caps. River samples were first collected with an automatic ISCO 6712 portable water sampler with 1L open plastic bottles and transferred in 12 mL vials every one to two weeks. All isotope analysis were performed using a Wavelength-Scanned Cavity Ring Down Spectrometer (Picarro 2140-I, Santa Clara, California, USA) and expressed relative to the international Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) standards.</p> <p>All EC and water temperature measurements were performed with a WTW Multi 3510 IDS logger with a IDS TetraCon® 925 probe.</p> <p>The dataset contains measurements performed at various locations within the catchment. A total of approximately 1500 measurements are provided. In the dataset each point correspond to a measurement station (column "<strong>Station</strong>") which we classified in specific class of water (column "<strong>Type</strong>") as follows :</p> <ul> <li><strong>Stream </strong>: samples collected at three locations, from the glacier snout, after a small outwash plain and 2km downstream.</li> <li><strong>Tributary </strong>: 5 hillslopes tributaries originating from small seasonal overland flow or small springs at the base of the morainic hillslope. Those tributaries were monitored weekly. In addition, a few other seasonal lateral streams were sampled in various locations (Type: Other tributaries).</li> <li><strong>Bedrock </strong>: A few exfiltrations directly leaking out of the bedrock outcrop were sampled.</li> <li><strong>Ice </strong>: Ice was sampled either as surface ice (small cores 5 cm deep), as deeper cores (5 to 8m deep) or as meltwater from supraglacial gullies. All solid ice samples were melted at ambiant air temperature in air-tight plastic bags before being transferred into 12 mL vials.</li> <li><strong>Snow </strong>: The snowpack was sampled either at the surface (0 to 5cm) or at about 20 cm depth. Where possible, meltwater leaking from the snowpack was sampled. At 3 locations in 2021, we dug snowpits from which we sampled snow at different layers with depth. All solid snow samples were melted at ambiant air temperature in air-tight plastic bags before being transferred into 12 mL vials</li> <li><strong>Rain </strong>: Rainwater was mostly sampled at our camp site at 2450 m. asl. Rainwater samples represent single rain events which are identified by dry periods of at least one day long.</li> <li><strong>Groundwater </strong>: shallow (2 to 3 meters) fully-screened groundwater wells were installed in the outwash plain and water sampled monthly in the snow-free season.</li> </ul> <p>- GPS coordinates are provided with each point (Swiss coordinate system CH1903+ / LV95<strong> (EPSG: 2056)).</strong></p> <p>- Dates are provided in local timezone (GMT+1 with daylight saving time) and in UTC date format.</p> <p>- Analyitcal error from the Picarro spectrometer is reported as 1 standard deviation.</p> <p>More information can be accessed in the corresponding publication by Müller et al. (to be published in 2023).</p> <p><strong>Data files</strong></p> <ul> <li><em>Otemma_isotope_EC_T_2019_2021.csv</em> : file containing all data with GPS coordinates</li> <li> <p><em>isotope_locations_Otemma.jpg</em> : an overview of the locations of each measurement point</p> </li> <li> <p><em>Otemma_Isotopes_2019-2020.html </em>: interactive plots of all datasets (δ<sup>2</sup>H, EC, temperature), classified by Type.</p> </li> </ul>
Snow, ice, and total glacier mass balance measurements, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (1993-2023, ongoing)
As part of the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, a systematic sampling program has been undertaken to monitor glacial mass balance and meltwater flow. This data package includes mass balance changes at each stake on six glaciers (Canada, Commonwealth, Hughes, Suess, Howard, and Taylor) in Taylor Valley and one glacier (Adams) in Miers Valley, all of which are located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys region of Antarctica. The values are the result of an analysis of the raw data presented in other data files (glacier stake heights, snow depths, and glacier snow densities). Included here for each stake are the change in ice and snow water equivalent (mass) values, and the total mass change. The standard deviation or the range for each total is also given. Most measurements began during the 93-94 field season. Adams measurements were established during the 14-15 field season. Measurements are ongoing except at Hughes and Suess Glaciers where monitoring ceased following the 08-09 field season. Monitoring the changes in these measurements over time provides a record of mass balance, and aids in determining the role of glaciers in the polar hydrologic cycle.
North Temperate Lakes LTER: Snow and Ice Depth 1982 - current
Snow and ice depth are measured during the winter months on the eleven primary lakes (Allequash, Big Muskellunge, Crystal, Sparkling, Trout lakes, unnamed lakes 27-02 [Crystal Bog] and 12-15 [Trout Bog], Fish, Mendota, Monona and Wingra). 10 snow depth measurements are taken in a circle around the sampling location and averaged to single measurement. Sampling Frequency: every 6 weeks during ice-covered season in the north and typically once during the winter in the south. Number of sites: 11.
Lake snow removal experiment phytoplankton community data, under ice, 2019-2021
Although it is a historically understudied season, winter is now recognized as a time of biological activity and relevant to the annual cycle of north-temperate lakes. Emerging research points to a future of reduced ice cover duration and changing snow conditions that will impact aquatic ecosystems. The aim of the study was to explore how altered snow and ice conditions, and subsequent changes to under-ice light environment, might impact ecosystem dynamics in a north, temperate bog lake in northern Wisconsin, USA. This dataset resulted from a snow removal experiment that spanned the periods of ice cover on South Sparkling Bog during the winters of 2019, 2020, and 2021. During the winters 2020 and 2021, snow was removed from the surface of South Sparkling Bog using an ARGO ATV with a snow plow attached. The 2019 season served as a reference year, and snow was not removed from the lake. This dataset represents phytoplankton community samples (pooled epilimnion and hypolimnion samples representative of 7 m water column) both under-ice and during some shoulder-season (open water) dates. Samples were collected into amber bottles and preserved with Lugol's solution before they were sent to Phycotech Inc. (St. Joseph MI, USA) for phytoplankton taxonomic identification and quantification.
Satellite-derived monthly Arctic winter sea ice thickness, snow depth, freeboards, ice draft, and bulk ice density (2011-2022) and validation datasets
<h1><strong>[Description]</strong></h1> <p>This dataset is curated for a manuscript published in Earth and Space Science by Hoyeon Shi and his colleagues in April 2024. </p> <blockquote> <p>Shi, H., Tonboe, R., Lee, M., Dybkjær, G., Sohn, J., Singha, S., & Baordo, F. (2024). A Simple and Robust CryoSat-2 Radar Freeboard Correction Method Dedicated to TFMRA50 for the Arctic Winter Snow Depth and Sea Ice Thickness Retrieval. <em>Earth and Space Science</em>, <em>11</em>(10), e2024EA003715. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003715</p> </blockquote> <p>Here, version 2 is uploaded, corresponding to the revised manuscript during the revision. The main changes compared to version 1 are:<br> 1) Update of the CryoSat-2 radar freeboard dataset (from v2p4 to v2p6)<br> 2) Update of the coefficients for the radar freeboard correction equations<br> 3) Extension of the retrieval period for the CS2IS2 method (April is now included)<br> 4) Removal of OIB data points used for the regression from the validation datasets<br> 5) Inclusion of the Fram Strait mooring dataset in the validation dataset</p> <p>It consists of three directories, each described below.</p> <h2><strong>01_retrieval_results</strong></h2> <p>This directory includes CryoSat-2-based monthly fields of Arctic sea ice thickness, snow depth, total freeboard, ice freeboards, ice draft, and bulk sea ice density for the winter months of the 2011-2022 period (January-March for alpha method and January-April for CS2IS2 method). Those variables are obtained using six combinations of two retrieval methods and three radar freeboard correction methods.</p> <p><em>Retrieval methods</em></p> <ul> <li>alpha method: A simultaneous retrieval method based on Shi et al. (2020) and Shi et al. (2023), combining CryoSat-2, AVHRR, and AMSR data</li> <li>CS2IS2 method: A simultaneous retrieval method based on Kwok and Marcus (2018) and Kwok et al. (2020), combining CryoSat-2 and ICESat-2 data</li> </ul> <p><em>Radar freeboard correction methods</em></p> <ul> <li>Wave speed correction method: Mallet et al. (2020)</li> <li>Empirical correction method: An empirical correction derived from the CS2_OIB_matchup data, using snow depth as a predictor</li> <li>Bias correction method: An empirical correction derived from the CS2_OIB_matchup data, doing bias correction</li> </ul> <p>The datasets used for generating this dataset are as follows:</p> <ul> <li>CryoSat-2 <br>- AWI CryoSat-2 sea ice thickness v2p6 (doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10044554" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.5281/zenodo.10044554</a>)</li> <li>ICESat-2<br>- NSIDC ATL20 dataset (doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5067/ATLAS/ATL20.004" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.5067/ATLAS/ATL20.004</a>)</li> <li>AVHRR<br>- Copernicus Marine Service's surface temperature datasets (doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.48670/MOI-00130" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.48670/MOI-00130</a>, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.48670/MOI-00123" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.48670/MOI-00123</a>)</li> <li>AMSR<br>- JAXA AMSR-E 6.9 GHz brightness temperature (doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.57746/EO.01gs73ayng11rpwk7n54aynyj1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.57746/EO.01gs73ayng11rpwk7n54aynyj1</a>)<br>- JAXA AMSR2 6.9 GHz brightness temperature (doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.57746/EO.01gs73b1nzeh3g66jr4p04mr0j" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.57746/EO.01gs73b1nzeh3g66jr4p04mr0j</a>)</li> <li>Auxiliary data<br>- Sea ice concentration: OSI SAF (doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.15770/EUM_SAF_OSI_0013" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.15770/EUM_SAF_OSI_0013</a>, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.15770/EUM_SAF_OSI_0014" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.15770/EUM_SAF_OSI_0014</a>)<br>- Sea ice type: OSI SAF (doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.15770/EUM_SAF_OSI_NRT_2006" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.15770/EUM_SAF_OSI_NRT_2006</a>)</li> </ul> <p>The naming convention is 'RetrievalMethod_CorrectionMethod_yyyymm.bin'. The 'RetrievalMethod' is either 'alpha' or 'CS2IS2', and the 'CorrectionMethod' is either 'WaveSpeed,' 'Empirical,' or 'BiasCorrection.' The data format is a 32-bit floating point array in the shape of 6 x 448 x 304 (25 km polar stereographic grid). The first dimension indicates the variables (in the order of snow depth (0), sea ice thickness (1), ice freeboard (2), total freeboard (3), sea ice draft (4), and bulk sea ice density (5)). For example, to read the sea ice thickness of January 2020 based on the alpha method with an empirical correction, you may write this Python command:</p> <p><code>import numpy as np</code><br><code>data = np.fromfile('alpha_Empirical_202001.bin', dtype=np.float32).reshape(6,448,304)</code><br><code>hi = data[1,:,:]</code></p> <p>The unit of thickness-related variable is cm, and the unit of density is kg/m3. The 25 km polar stereographic grid information is available on the NSIDC website (doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5067/N6INPBT8Y104" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.5067/N6INPBT8Y104</a>).</p> <h2><strong>02_valdiation data </strong></h2> <p>This directory includes reference data used for quality assessment of retrievals. There are three sub-directories:</p> <p>'Mooring_draft_psn25_monthly' includes sea ice draft measurements from the moorings in the Beaufort Sea (https://www2.whoi.edu/site/beaufortgyre/data/mooring-data/), Fram Strait (doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.21334/npolar.2022.b94cb848" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.21334/npolar.2022.b94cb848</a>), and the Laptev Sea (doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.912927" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.1594/PANGAEA.912927</a>, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.899275" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.1594/PANGAEA.899275</a>).</p> <p>'OIB_SD_psn25_monthly' and 'OIB_TFB_psn25_monthly' include airborne snow depth and total freeboard measurements from NASA's Operation IceBridge campaign (doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5067/G519SHCKWQV6" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.5067/G519SHCKWQV6</a>, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5067/GRIXZ91DE0L9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.5067/GRIXZ91DE0L9</a>).</p> <p>Original data were processed to become monthly gridded data to make a comparison with satellite retrievals. The OIB data points used for the regression were excluded when processing the monthly gridded data. The naming convention of each file is 'Var_yyyymm.bin,' where 'Var' is the variable name (SD: snow depth, TFB: total freeboard, Di: ice draft). For example, you can use the following code to read the OIB snow depth in March 2014.</p> <p><code>import numpy as np</code><br><code>hs = np.fromfile('SD_201403.bin', dtype=np.float32).reshape(448,304)</code></p> <h2><strong>03_CS2_OIB_matchup</strong></h2> <p>This directory includes a match-up of AWI's CryoSat-2 L2P track data and OIB track data. The matching was done by resampling two high-resolution data on a coarser-resolution common grid (25 km polar stereographic grid) using a drop-in-a-bucket resampling method. The file format is CSV, and it is straightforward to understand when it is opened.</p> <h1><strong>[Abbreviations]</strong></h1> <p>AMSR: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer<br>AVHRR: Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer<br>AWI: Alfred Wegener Institute<br>CS2: CryoSat-2<br>JAXA: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency<br>NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration<br>NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center<br>OIB: Operation IceBridge<br>OSI SAF: Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility</p> <p> </p>
NASA Eulerian Snow On Sea Ice Model Version 1.1 (NESOSIMv1.1) data: 1980 - 2024
<p><strong>Repository updates</strong></p> <p><em>Update on Sep 12th 2024: The repository now includes NESOSIM v1.1 output from September 1st 2022 to April 30th 2023 and September 1st 2023 to April 30th 2024 </em></p> <p><em>Update on Sep 5th 2022: </em>The repository now includes NESOSIM v1.1 output from September 1st 2021 to April 30th 2022</p> <p><em>Update on June 7th 2022: </em>The repository now includes NESOSIM v1.1 output from September 1st 2021 to March 31st 2022</p> <p><em>Update on March 8th 2021: </em>The gridded forcing files are now available in the gridded_forcings.zip file. Data are stored as Python pickles which can be easily read in by the core NESOSIM source code. </p> <p><em>Update on March 8th 2021: </em>The repository now includes zip files of gridded forcing (snowfall, winds, ice drift, ice concentration, initial conditions) as well as gridded Operation IceBridge snow depths. </p> <p><em>Update on January 30th 2021: </em>The repository now also includes a NESOSIM v1.1. daily gridded snow climatology using the mean (np.nanmean) of all data available between September 1 2010 and April 30 2020.</p> <p><strong>Overview</strong></p> <p>NESOSIM is a three-dimensional, two-layer (vertical), Eulerian snow on sea ice budget model developed with the primary aim of producing daily estimates of the depth and density of snow on sea ice across the polar oceans through the winter accumulation season, generally September through April (Petty et al., 2018).</p> <p>This repository contains model output from September 1st 1980 to April 30th 2021 [and September 1st 2021 to March 31st 2022 as of June 7th 2022] based on the NESOSIM v1.1 code release which is available on GitHub (https://github.com/akpetty/NESOSIM/tree/v1.1) and archived through Zenodo (10.5281/zenodo.4448355). More information about changes between the v1.0 and v1.1 model framework can be found in those links.</p> <p>A preprint is now available in <em>The Cryosphere Discuss</em> explaining these upgrades and their impacts on ICESat-2 winter Arctic sea ice thickness estimates (Petty et al., 2022). </p> <p><strong>Data production:</strong></p> <p>Data are re-initialized at the end of summer each year (September 1st) using summer near-surface air temperature-scaled initial snow depths and run through until the end of April of the following year. The 1987-1988 winter is missing due to the lack of passive-microwave derived ice concentration data available during this period. Daily data are generated on a 100 km x 100 km North Polar Stereographic grid (EPSG: 3413) across the entire Arctic Ocean including the peripheral seas.</p> <p><strong>Forcings:</strong></p> <p><em>NB: Recent year runs often require the use of near-real-time data products, so the underlying forcings used in this v1.1 release can change in time, as noted below:</em></p> <ul> <li>Snowfall: European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA5 (https://cds. climate.copernicus.eu, September 1 1980 onwards2) + CloudSat scaling (Cabaj et al., 2020).</li> <li>Near-surface winds: ECMWF ERA5 (https://cds. climate.copernicus.eu, September 1 1980 onwards).</li> <li>Sea ice drift: NSIDC Polar Pathfinder v4 (https://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0116, September 1 1980 to April 30 2019), OSI SAF merged (https://osi-saf.eumetsat.int/products/osi-405-c, September 1 2019 onwards).</li> <li>Sea ice concentration: Final v3 NSIDC Climate Data Record (https://nsidc.org/data/g02202/versions/3/, September 1 1980 to December 31 2020), and near-real-time v2 NSIDC Climate Data Record (https://nsidc.org/data/g10016, January 1 2021 onwards).</li> <li>Near-surface air temperature (to derive temperature-scaled initial conditions): ECMWF ERA5 (https://cds. climate.copernicus.eu, September 1 1980 onwards).</li> </ul> <p><em>The forcings used to generate each winter dataset are described in a new 'forcings' variable in each NetCDF file. </em></p> <p><strong>Operation IceBridge snow depths:</strong></p> <p>The repository now also includes the gridded Operation IceBridge snow depths we used for calibration purposes, as described in Petty et al., (2022). The data contained within <em>gridded_oib_snowdepths.zip</em> includes the daily gridded data on the NESOSIM v1.1 100 km domain, ordered by day of collection. Data are stored as Python pickles and text files and include estimates derived from the following snow depth algorithms: SRLD (2009-2015): snow radar layer detection, JPL (2009-2015): Jet Propulsion Laboratory, GSFC (2009-2015): Goddard Space Flight Center, NSIDC (2009-2012): archived NASA GSFC data on the NSIDC, QL (2013-2019): NSIDC quick-look data based on the GSFC algorithm. MEDIAN (2010-2015): consensus snow depth from median of GSFC, JPL and SRLD. </p> <p><strong>References:</strong></p> <p>Cabaj, A., P. J. Kushner, C. G. Fletcher, S. Howell, A. Petty (2020), Constraining reanalysis snowfall over the Arctic Ocean using CloudSat observations, Geophysical Research Letters, 47, doi:10.1029/2019GL086426.</p> <p>Petty, A. A., M. Webster, L. N. Boisvert, T. Markus (2018), The NASA Eulerian Snow on Sea Ice Model (NESOSIM) v1.0: Initial model development and analysis, Geosci. Model Dev., doi: 10.5194/gmd-11-4577-2018.</p> <p>Petty A. A., N. Keeney, A. Cabaj, P. Kushner, M. Bagnardi (2023), Winter Arctic sea ice thickness from ICESat-2: upgrades to freeboard and snow loading estimates and an assessment of the first three winters of data collection, The Cryosphere, 17, 127–156, doi: 10.5194/tc-17-127-2023.</p>
Lake snow removal experiment snow, ice, and Secchi depth, 2019-2021
Although it is a historically understudied season, winter is now recognized as a time of biological activity and relevant to the annual cycle of north-temperate lakes. Emerging research points to a future of reduced ice cover duration and changing snow conditions that will impact aquatic ecosystems. The aim of the study was to explore how altered snow and ice conditions, and subsequent changes to under-ice light environment, might impact ecosystem dynamics in a north, temperate bog lake in northern Wisconsin, USA. This dataset resulted from a snow removal experiment that spanned the periods of ice cover on South Sparkling Bog during the winters of 2019, 2020, and 2021. During the winters 2020 and 2021, snow was removed from the surface of South Sparkling Bog using an ARGO ATV with a snow plow attached. The 2019 season served as a reference year, and snow was not removed from the lake. This dataset represents the snow depths, black and white ice thickness, and Secchi depths during the period of ice cover each winter.
Simulated Sea Ice and Snow Thickness along the MOSAIC drift trajectory, from AWI-CM-1 and AWI-CM-3 nudged simulations.
<p>Sea ice thickness and snow (on sea ice) thickness from nudged simulations performed using the coupled climate models AWI-CM-1 (zonal wavenumber truncated at 20) and AWI-CM-3 (T20 truncation; Pithan et al., 2023) with a 1h relaxation time. The model data is collocated to the drift trajectory of the Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAIC) across the Arctic Ocean, from 01 September 2019 until 31 August 2020. The collocation is done daily, by finding all model grid cells within the area covered by the distributed network of snow and sea ice measuring instruments deployed and maintained during MOSAIC. The sea ice and snow thickness is then spatially averaged for each day. </p><p>Data is provided in three .nc files for each model and variable (m_ice for sea ice thickness, m_snow for snow thickness) representing ensemble members 1 to 3.</p>
On the importance of representing snow over sea-ice for simulating the Arctic boundary layer
<p>Correctly representing the snow on sea-ice in coupled numerical weather prediction models has great potential to improve weather forecast and climate monitoring applications, such as climate reanalyses, which are usually produced using such systems. In this study two different methodologies to account for the effect of the snowpack accumulating over the sea-ice in 5-day global forecasts are compared. </p> <p>This dataset contains the high-resolution (dx=9km) model data for the different simulations, with and without the snow over sea-ice, co-located with observations at the locations of the SHEBA and N-ICE2015 field campaigns. The dataset also contains the daily averaged skin temperature, for the different simulations (interpolated on 0.25x0.25) performed over the extended time period, 2015-01-01 to 2015-02-28. </p>
DATASET: In situ measurements of meltwater flow through snow and firn in the accumulation zone of the SW Greenland Ice Sheet
<p>This repository contains all the data and code used to analyse these data related to the paper "In situ measurements of meltwater flow through snow and firn in the accumulation zone of the SW Greenland Ice Sheet" by Clerx et al. (2022), published in "The Cryosphere".</p>
Supporting data for "Arctic sea ice response to flooding of the snow layer in future warming scenarios"
<p>Supporting data for "Arctic sea ice response to flooding of the snow layer in future warming scenarios" submitted to Earth's Future in April 2021</p> <p>Contains model output from both the Icepack and CCSM4 experiments from the paper. File descriptions for the Icepack and CCSM4 data are contained in the files README_icepack and README_CCSM respectively.</p>
Repository: Potential for Photosynthesis on Mars within snow and ice
<p>This repository contains:</p> <p>1. Modeled Spectral Irradiances (W m-2 micron-1) within Vertically Inhomogeneous Glacier Ice from Khuller, Warren, Christensen & Clow (2024)</p> <p>a) Fig_1_12cm_model: Modeled Spectral Irradiance at 12 cm <br>b) Fig_1_36cm_model: Modeled Spectral Irradiance at 36 cm <br>c) Fig_1_58cm_model: Modeled Spectral Irradiance at 58 cm <br>d) Fig_1_77cm_model: Modeled Spectral Irradiance at 77 cm </p> <p>2. Modeled Spectral Actinic Flux (W m-2 micron-1) from Khuller, Warren, Christensen & Clow (2024)</p> <p>a) Clean Snow/Firn/Ice (without dust) at 33 S latitude<br> i) Fig_2a: Pure snow with 0.5 mm grain size<br> ii) Fig_2b: Pure firn with 2.5 mm grain size<br> iii) Fig_2c: Pure glacier ice with 14 mm grain size</p> <p>b) Clean Snow/Firn/Ice (without dust) at 54 N latitude<br> i) Ext_Fig_2a: Pure snow with 0.5 mm grain size<br> ii) Ext_Fig_2b: Pure firn with 2.5 mm grain size<br> iii) Ext_Fig_2c: Pure glacier ice with 14 mm grain size </p> <p>c) Dusty Snow/Firn/Ice (with 0.01% dust by mass) at 33 S latitude<br> i) Fig_2d: Dusty snow with 0.5 mm grain size<br> ii) Fig_2e: Dusty firn with 2.5 mm grain size<br> iii) Fig_2f: Dusty glacier ice with 14 mm grain size</p> <p>d) Dusty Snow/Firn/Ice (with 0.01% dust by mass) at 54 N latitude<br> i) Ext_Fig_2d: Dusty snow with 0.5 mm grain size<br> ii) Ext_Fig_2e: Dusty firn with 2.5 mm grain size<br> iii) Ext_Fig_2f: Dusty glacier ice with 14 mm grain size</p> <p>e) Dusty Snow/Firn/Ice (with 0.1% dust by mass) at 33 S latitude<br> i) Fig_2g: Dusty snow with 0.5 mm grain size<br> ii) Fig_2h: Dusty firn with 2.5 mm grain size<br> iii) Fig_2i: Dusty glacier ice with 14 mm grain size</p> <p>f) Dusty Snow/Firn/Ice (with 0.1% dust by mass) at 54 N latitude<br> i) Ext_Fig_2g: Dusty snow with 0.5 mm grain size<br> ii) Ext_Fig_2h: Dusty firn with 2.5 mm grain size<br> iii) Ext_Fig_2i: Dusty glacier ice with 14 mm grain size </p> <p>3. Modeled Depths for DNA Damage Limit, PAR Upper Limit, and PAR Lower Limit (meters) from Khuller, Warren, Christensen & Clow (2024)</p> <p>a) Sensitivity to dust content<br>FILE FORMAT: Dust Content (ppmw), DNA Damage Limit Depth (m), PAR Lower Limit Depth (m), PAR Upper Limit Depth (m)<br> i) final_Depths_south_dust_sensitivity: sensitivity to dust content for the martian southern hemisphere<br> ii) final_Depths_north_dust_sensitivity: sensitivity to dust content for the martian northern hemisphere</p> <p>b) Sensitivity to ice grain radius<br>FILE FORMAT: Ice Grain Radius (micron), DNA Damage Limit Depth (m), PAR Lower Limit Depth (m), PAR Upper Limit Depth (m)<br> i) final_Depths_south_radius_sensitivity: sensitivity to ice grain radius for the martian southern hemisphere<br> ii) final_Depths_north_radius_sensitivity: sensitivity to ice grain radius for the martian northern hemisphere</p> <p>c) Sensitivity to latitude<br>FILE FORMAT: Latitude (degrees), DNA Damage Limit Depth (m), PAR Lower Limit Depth (m), PAR Upper Limit Depth (m)<br> i) final_Depths_south_latitude_sensitivity: sensitivity to latitude for the martian southern hemisphere<br> ii) final_Depths_north_latitude_sensitivity: sensitivity to latitude for the martian northern hemisphere</p> <p>d) Sensitivity to solar zenith angle<br>FILE FORMAT: Solar Zenith Angle (degrees), DNA Damage Limit Depth (m), PAR Lower Limit Depth (m), PAR Upper Limit Depth (m)<br> i) final_Depths_south_zenith_sensitivity: sensitivity to solar zenith angle for the martian southern hemisphere<br> ii) final_Depths_north_zenith_sensitivity: sensitivity to solar zenith angle for the martian northern hemisphere</p> <p>4. Wavelengths used for files listed in 1 from Khuller, Warren, Christensen & Clow (2024)<br>wavelengths_greenland: wavelength in microns</p> <p>5. Wavelengths used for files listed in 2 and 3 from Khuller, Warren, Christensen & Clow (2024)<br>wavelengths: wavelength in microns</p> <p>6. Depths used for files listed in 2 from Khuller, Warren, Christensen & Clow (2024)<br>depths: depths in meters</p> <p>7. Normalized DNA spectrum used in Khuller, Warren, Christensen & Clow (2024)<br>norm_dna_spectrum: normalized DNA spectrum</p> <p> </p>
Multi-frequency altimetry snow depth product over Arctic sea ice
<p>Satellite altimetry can be used to estimate sea ice thickness, an essential variable to better understand and forecast the dynamic ice cover. Nevertheless, some sources of uncertainty remain, and one of the most important concerns the snow depth, a key parameter to convert the measured ice freeboard into sea ice thickness.</p> <p>Snow depth can be estimated using different altimeter frequencies with different snow penetration capabilities. We have developed a monthly snow depth product based on the differences between CryoSat-2 SAR Ku and IceSat-2 laser altimeters covering the period 2018-2021 with a spatial resolution of 25 km. </p> <p> </p>
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