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19 results for “immune defence”
Ecological determinants of variation in phenotypic selection on quantitative immune defence traits
Immune defence is an important determinant of organismal fitness. While theoretical models based on trade-offs in resource allocation predict quantitative immune traits to be subject to stabilizing selection due to associated energetic costs and self-harm, empirical studies report mainly positive directional selection. This discrepancy may arise from multiple ecological factors that vary in nature and could influence selection. We examined if selection on immune activity varies depending on immune challenge/infection risk, between immune traits, and among populations in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. We assessed selection on the phenoloxidase-like and antibacterial activity of snail haemolymph while manipulating the level of immune challenge imposed by environmental microbes. We did this using snails from multiple populations and also quantified within-population family-level variation (i.e., evolutionary potential) in the snails' immune activity. We found that the strength of immune challenge and the examined immune trait determined selection on the snails' immune function. Thus, variation in infection risk can be an important factor in maintaining genetic variation in defence traits. Additionally, immune traits showed low among-population differentiation but high within-population genetic variation. This pattern could arise if natural snail populations are exposed to higher temporal than spatial variation in infection risk.
Silicon and Epichloë-endophyte defences in a model temperate grass diminish feeding efficiency and immunity of an insect folivore
<p>Plants deploy diverse anti-herbivore defences which reduce feeding and performance of herbivores. Temperate grasses use silicon (Si) accumulation and<em> Epichloë</em>-endophytes for physical and chemical (i.e. endophytic-alkaloids) defence against insect herbivores. Recent studies suggest that <em>Epichloë</em>-endophytes increase Si accumulation in their host grass. It is unknown, however, how this affects Si-deposition on the leaf surface, their impacts on insect herbivore feeding efficiency and their immunity to potential infection/parasitism.</p> <p>To address this knowledge gap, we grew tall fescue (<em>Festuca arundinacea</em>) hydroponically with and without Si, in the absence or presence of the novel AR584 <em>Epichloë</em>-strain. We exposed plants to <em>Helicoverpa armigera</em> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in both in-situ (intact leaves) and ex-situ (excised leaves) feeding trials and determined the effects of Si and endophyte defences on herbivore feeding efficiency, growth rates and immunity against potential infection/parasitism.</p> <p>Endophytic plants supplied with Si showed 110% and 143% increases in leaf silica density and leaf Si concentrations, respectively, when exposed to herbivory, compared to non-endophytic plants that were herbivore-free. Despite the endophyte-mediated increases in Si concentrations, <em>H. armigera</em> was only affected by Si supply; growth rates decreased by 87% and most feeding efficiency indices decreased by at least 30%. Si supply also increased mandibular wear by 16%, which was negatively correlated with <em>H. armigera</em> growth rates. Cellular and humoral immunity of <em>H. armigera</em> were negatively affected by both Si and endophytes. Endophytic-loline alkaloid concentrations were unaffected by Si supply or herbivory, whereas herbivory increased peramine concentrations by 290%. </p> <p>To our knowledge, this is the first report of Si defences and <em>Epichloë</em>-endophyte-derived alkaloids compromising insect immunity <em>via</em> reduced melanisation response. Using tall fescue and <em>H. armigera</em>, our study suggests that deploying both physical (i.e. Si accumulation) and chemical (i.e. endophytic-alkaloids) defences acting against multiple insect herbivore traits, including feeding efficiency, growth and immunity, may be a successful defence strategy in temperate grasses. This multi-faceted defence may be particularly difficult for insect herbivores to overcome.</p>
Silicon and Epichloë-endophyte defences in a model temperate grass diminish feeding efficiency and immunity of an insect folivore
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Ecological determinants of variation in phenotypic selection on quantitative immune defence traits
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Data from: Genomic signatures of fine‐scale local selection in Atlantic salmon suggest involvement of sexual maturation, energy homeostasis, and immune defence‐related genes
Elucidating the genetic basis of adaptation to the local environment can improve our understanding of how the diversity of life has evolved. In this study we used a dense SNP array to identify candidate loci potentially underlying fine-scale local adaptation within a large Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) population. By combining outlier, gene–environment association, and haplotype homozygosity analyses, we identified multiple regions of the genome with strong evidence for diversifying selection. Several of these candidate regions had previously been identified in other studies, demonstrating that the same loci could be adaptively important in Atlantic salmon at sub-drainage, regional and continental scales. Notably, we identified signals consistent with local selection around genes associated with variation in sexual maturation, energy homeostasis, and immune defence. These included the large-effect age-at-maturity gene vgll3, the known obesity gene mc4r, and major histocompatibility complex II. Most strikingly, we confirmed a genomic region on Ssa09 that was extremely differentiated among subpopulations, and that is also a candidate for local selection over the global range of Atlantic salmon. This region co-localized with a haplotype strongly associated with spawning ecotype in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), with circumstantial evidence that the same gene (six6) may be the selective target in both cases. The phenotypic effect of this region in Atlantic salmon remains cryptic, although allelic variation is related to upstream catchment area and co-varies with timing of the return spawning migration. Our results further inform management of Atlantic salmon and open multiple avenues for future research.
Data from: Defence versus defence: are crucian carp trading off immune function against predator-induced morphology?
1. Numerous species adopt inducible defence strategies, i.e. they have phenotypically plastic traits that decrease the risk of capture and consumption by potential predators. The benefits of expressing alternative phenotypes in high- versus low-risk environments are well documented. However, inducible anti-predator traits are also expected to incur costs, as they are not expressed when predators are absent, yet empirical evidence of such costs remains scarce. 2. Virtually all animals in nature are simultaneously under strong selection to evade both capture by predators and infection by parasites or pathogens, and, hence, display a diverse arsenal of defences to combat these threats, raising the possibility of trade-offs between defences. A classic example of a predator-induced morphological defence is the deep-bodied shape of crucian carp that reduces risk of predation from gape-size limited predators. The goal of this study was to examine if predator exposure affects also immune function in crucian carp, and if the degree of expressed morphological defence is traded off against immune function in individuals. 3. Following exposure to manipulations of perceived risk (predator presence/absence) in a long-term experiment (eight months), key aspects of innate immune function and individual differences in the expression of inducible morphological defence were quantified. 4. Predator-exposed individuals showed lower haptoglobin levels and complement activity, but higher natural antibody titres than fish from predator-free conditions. When experimentally challenged with a mimicked bacterial infection (LPS injection), fish reared in the presence of a natural predator showed a weaker immune response. Moreover, among predator-exposed individuals, the magnitude of morphological defence expression correlated with both baseline immune function and the ability to mount an immune response. However, these relationships were not consistently supportive of a general trade-off among defences. 5. Our results suggest that fish exposed to predators on average reduce investment in immune function and, further, the observed relationships among defences in predator-exposed individuals can best be explained from individual fitness and pace-of-life perspectives.
Active eosinophils regulate host defence and immune responses in colitis
<p>This repository contains processed R objects generated and used for this publication. </p><p>The code is available at: <a href="https://github.com/Moors-Code/Eosinophils_scRNASeq">https://github.com/Moors-Code/Eosinophils_scRNASeq</a>.</p><p>The publication can be accessed from here: <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05628-7">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05628-7</a></p><p>The scRNAseq raw datasets are available here: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE182001">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE182001</a>.</p>
Data from: Genomic signatures of fine‐scale local selection in Atlantic salmon suggest involvement of sexual maturation, energy homeostasis, and immune defence‐related genes
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Data from: Defence versus defence: are crucian carp trading off immune function against predator-induced morphology?
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Data from: Life-history and ecological variables as drivers of the evolution of avian innate immune defences
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Data from: The double-edged sword of immune defence and damage control: do food availability and immune challenge alter the balance?
1.Animal immune systems must adaptively balance aggressive immune resistance (ability to destroy pathogens) with infection tolerance (ability to withstand the negative effects of infection; e.g., immunopathology or damage due to pathogen metabolism). 2.Insects offer unique insight into this balancing act because phenoloxidase (PO)-mediated melanisation is a key feature of immune resistance, but PO activation obligates the production of non-specific reactive species that can cause self-damage. The antioxidant glutathione (GSH) can provide protection against such reactive molecules, but high levels of GSH can impair melanisation. In support of the hypothesis that GSH can protect insects (e.g., crickets) from self-damage during an immune response, we found that bacterially infected crickets showed a significant positive relationship between GSH haemolymph concentration and fecundity after controlling for bacterial growth rate. That is, GSH may be a mechanism of infection tolerance because it correlated with fecundity despite bacterial proliferation. 3.Next, we factorially manipulated food availability and immune activation in female crickets to examine whether the relative balance between a component of immune resistance (i.e., PO) and protection from self-damage (i.e., GSH) was plastic and sensitive to environmental conditions. 4.Glutathione and PO were positively correlated, and the PO:GSH ratio was robust and not affected by food availability or immune activation. Thus, increased investment in a mechanism of immune resistance may obligate a concomitant increase in GSH to reduce self-damage (i.e., increase infection tolerance). Chronic immune activation led to greater tolerance of oxidative stress suggesting that repeated immune activation up-regulates infection tolerance mechanisms. Food limitation led to reduced PO activity, but not GSH concentration. This result suggests that mechanisms of immune resistance may be more sensitive to resource scarcity than mechanisms of infection tolerance. 5.We demonstrate that some mechanisms of immune resistance and infection tolerance can be correlated, and that they can be affected by food availability or immune activation.
Data from: The double-edged sword of immune defence and damage control: do food availability and immune challenge alter the balance?
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The histone chaperone HIRA promotes the induction of host innate immune defences in response to HSV-1 infection
GEO Series GSE128173. Homo sapiens. 6 samples. Type: Genome binding/occupancy profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Conservation of cell communication systems in invertebrate host–defence mechanisms: possible role in immunity and disease
<p>Video S1. TNT-like structures (white arrow) in live hemocytes from Mytilus galloprovincialis.</p>
Data from: Multivariate immune defences and fitness in the wild: complex but ecologically important associations among plasma antibodies, health and survival
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Salmonella persisters undermine host immune defences during antibiotic treatment
GEO Series GSE104785. Mus musculus; Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium. 18 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Oxaloacetate sensing promotes innate immune antiviral defence against influenza virus infection
GEO Series GSE259217. Homo sapiens. 6 samples. Type: Genome binding/occupancy profiling by high throughput sequencing.
DNA-damaging agent and immune inducer synergistically induced defence gene expression in Arabidopsis
GEO Series GSE44793. Arabidopsis thaliana. 12 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ entry is a potent host innate immune defence against influenza A virus
GEO Series GSE120730. Homo sapiens. 16 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.